Revenge in the play Medea

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When Juvenal said, For revenge is also the delight of a mean spirit, of a weak and petty mind! You may immediately drawproof of this- - that no one rejoices more in revenge than a woman. He was wrong. Medeas violent act of killing her own children in the play Medea, was without a doubt brought on by her husband Jason, who was the one that committed the act of revenge.

In the times of Medea and Jason, women were thought to be feeble minded, and only good for two things child bearing and housework. With the myth of Medea comes a story that changed the whole perception of the common woman. Instead of being ignorant

and helpless, Medea saved the life of Jason, and ultimately brought him his victory on a silver platter. It could be argued that

Jason was the one that had to go through all the fighting and danger, but Medea was the brains of the group, and no one couldOrder custom research paper on Revenge in the play Medea

argue that she was not the hero of the story.

People throughout the land that Jason and Medea lived in could probably tell that she had the upper hand in the relationship, and

they couldnt perceive that as a good thing. To them, Jason was a weak man, who was being controlled by an even weaker thing a

woman. Jason could probably tell that he wasnt getting the proper respect that he deserved, and became resentful of Medea for

being such a strong minded, natural born leader, and causing him to be the laughingstock of Corinth. In his mind, no woman was

supposed to control him, and so he plotted a revenge on her by choosing to destroy her self-confidence and gain respect at the

same time. His way of doing this was by leaving her and marrying a younger woman, therefore causing Medea to come running back to

him, and attaining a trophy wife, who happened to be a princess. It worked. Medea was thrown into a fit, and Jason was engaged to

be married to the princess, which he explained to Medea as a way to further their status.

I wanted to bring up the children in a style worthy of my house, and, begetting other children .to bring them all together and

unite the families. Then my happiness would be complete.(Euripides, 44)

Anyone who is smart knows that Jason is lying, and that he really isnt trying to give Medea and the children a better life. He

just wants to improve his own self with a pretty wife that does everything he pleases. He finds the way that Medea acts with him

to be outlandish, and because many people thought that people from other countries were backwards, he might have even started to

feed into their thoughts, and believe she was barbaric.

Euripides should have chosen to break all stereotypes with his story, but with all the positive things being said about a woman,

there was no way that the men that were reading this story could understand it. Few of them had probably ever seen or met a woman

of this caliber, and thought that it was all a bunch of made up garbage. To be reviewed as a good author, Euripides had to offset

the obvious heroism of Medea with a gruesome ending, which is her killing her two children. How and why he did this is actually

very interesting. If you look into history a little bit more, you will find that Medea actually had 14 children, and after she

killed Cruesa, the princess that Jason was to marry, Creon killed 1 of her children and hung them in the marketplace for

everyone to see. Even after four hundred years, tourists refused to visit Corinth, Euripides was hired to write a version in

which Medea killed her own children. This version was widely spread, and many people actually did start to visit Corinth

because of this alteration of history.

Medea was in fact, not the one that committed the act of revenge. She was a strong willed woman that contrary to social belief,

ran her household, and threatened her husbands reputation by putting him in a position that he couldnt rule. This is why he

planned to cast her to the side and rid himself of her, because he was getting her back for making him look like a coward. Jason

is the one with the Weak and petty mind. and the one that ultimately rejoices in the revenge. He loves to see Medea begging him

to take her back, and wondering why she cant stay in Corinth with her children. This is why Medea was looked down upon, because

she was the man in the story. She was the hero, and the one who ultimately won out in the end. In this story, the victory that

was usually given to the men was given to her, and that is what provoked Jason in his spiteful revenge plot.

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Bertolt brecht

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Bertol Brecht was a playwright from the late 1800's who sought to put a message out through his theatre performances. Brecht used many dramatic devices and techniques to do this in a very different and individual process, so that the audience would not become attached to the characters he used in his scripts. Why you ask is it important for the audience to remain unattached to the characters? Using the Caucasian chalk circle as an example to explain why this is important, how its works, and what other dramatic devices Brecht uses.

Original name Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht, born. Feb. 10, 188, Augsburg, Germany. German poet, playwright, and theatrical reformer whose epic theatre departed from the conventions of regular theatre and developed the drama as a social and ideological forum for Marxist causes. Brecht was, first, a superior poet, with a command of many styles and moods. As a playwright he was an hard worker, a restless piecer-together of ideas not always his own (The Threepenny Opera is based on John Gays Beggars Opera, and Edward II on Marlowe), a sarcastic humorist, and a man of rare musical and visual awareness; but he was often bad at creating living characters or at giving his plays tension and shape. As a producer he liked lightness, clarity, and firmly knotted narrative sequence; a perfectionist, he forced the German theatre, against its nature, to underplay. As a scholar he made principles out of his preferences, and even out of his faults.

Brecht was opposed to Aristotelian drama and its attempts to attract the Audience into a total identification with the hero, resulting in feelings of terror and pity and, ultimately, an emotional bond. Brecht didnt want his audience to feel emotions, but instead to think. Brecht argued that plays should not try to make the audience believe in or identify with the characters on the stage; instead, a play should follow the method of epic poetry, which is to make the audience realize that what it sees on the stage is merely an account of past events that it should watch with critical detachment. Brechts epic (narrative, non-dramatic) theatre is based on detachment, on the alienation, to disrupt the viewers normal or run of the mill perception by introducing elements that will suddenly cause the viewer to see familiar objects in a strange way and to see strange objects in a familiar way (Fuegi, p8). This was achieved through techniques that reminded the audience that they were being shown a demonstration of human behaviour in scientific spirit rather than an illusion of reality. The audience must be reminded that it is watching a play, and that the theatre is only a theatre and not the world itself. The clearest of his alienation devices was the projection of captions preceding the scene so that the audience knew in advance what would happen and could therefore concentrate on how it happens.

Some of the techniques of Brechts staging included music as an important part of the performance; actors whose songs were intended to narrate rather than emote; an overt moral purpose to the production underscored by clear and realistic physical acting. Brecht insisted that actors demonstrate their social attitudes through the physical disposition of their bodies.

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Three-dimensional set pieces, machinery and in particular the revolving stage were used, although lighting often used to trick the audience was refrained from.

The audience was free to come and go at will. Spectators were actually free to watch rehearsals Often Brecht would ask such casual observers for their suggestions and if they were good ones he would adopt them (Fuegi, p ). Indeed, before rehearsals Brecht did not have a final text of the play but he did have a clear notion of the style he wished to impose (Fuegi, p 0).

Brechts influence on twentieth-century theatre was greater than other key Dramatists except Stanislavski. Modern theatre has been most influenced by the settings and costumes of Brechts productions, and contemporary design shows the influences of his staging. Brecht attempted to reform theatre by departing from the conventions of theatrical fantasy and using drama as a social and ideological forum for his Marxist views. However, these views have reduced Brechts influence in Western theatre, and his Formalist techniques became unpopular with Stalin and his artistic advisor, Zhadanov. It would become ever clearer that Brechts stage work was basically opposing to Stalins conservative cultural policy with its strong endorsement of Stanislavski and literal realism (Fuegi, p 84). Furthermore, Nazi Germany was opposed to Brecht as a decadent and had his citizenship revoked. Therefore, Brecht lived in exile, and his influence on contemporary theatre is problematic.

Written in exile during the Second World War, the story subverts an ancient Chinese tale - echoed in the Judgement of Solomon - in which two women claim the same child. The message of Brechts parable is that resources should go to those who will make best use of them. Thanks to the naughty judge, Azdak, one of Brechts most vivid creations, this story has a happy outcome the child is entrusted to the peasant Grusha, who has loved and nurtured it.

The excerpt introduced, is found toward the end of the play. There are obvious part that exemplify Brechtian techniques, such are; The singer and chorus tell the audience what is to come in the play so they expect it, and are not as much wondering what will happen, more so how will it get to that point, and why. When Azdak has two cases going on at once, people become distracted from the real cause of the play and are not so sympathetic toward the people involved. There is a song of chaos, this is an alienation technique, which entertains the audience with its humour, as it is an unnecessary place to have the cast break out in song.

There are no real relevance to the people in this excerpt of the play, as they are merely something to make a break in the play and to show that Azdak is not always a fair judge. Azdak is the only character who really is relevant to the play, this is shown as he is in the text for quite some time before Grusha re-enters the scene. The characters are not given names otherwise the audience would no longer see them as one dimensional characters and they would feel they got to know them.

There are two opposing forces in the play which help to alienate the audience this is the singing and the dialogue, also the humour and the seriousness of the message that Brecht is trying to put across. With the dialogue in the excerpt Brecht has used the upper class accent and the lower class accent, you can tell that there are differences in the people.

Sometimes the effects aren't reasonable and don't always turn out the way you wanted them to, and Brecht shows this in his text. The message Brecht is putting across in his play is that resources should go to those who will make best use of them.

Brecht used many dramatic devices and techniques to do this in a very different and individual process, so that the audience would not become attached to the characters he used in his scripts. Why you ask is it important for the audience to remain unattached to the characters? I have shown you within this essay that the reason for Brechts plays were to get a massage across and if people are reading into characters and story lines they miss the message entirely.

Bibliography

Fuegi, John (187). Bertolt Brecht Chaos, According to Plan. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 187.

Brecht on Theatre. Ed. John Willet. London Eyre Methuen Ltd, 17.

International Brecht Society http//polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/german/brecht

Moonstruck Drama Bookstore http//www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc15.htm

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Depressive Illnesses

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Depressive Illnesses

People that have a difficult time dealing with the forever-changing world often fall into psychological depression. Psychological depression is on the rise and many of the world's population have no idea that a problem exists. Depression is the "common cold" of mental illness and can occur in any group of people at any age. Without professional help, the type of depression one has is hard to determine. Major depression, dysthymia, and manic-depression are the most common of the many types of depressive disorders. Major depression, also known as clinical depression, is the most severe type of depressive disorders. Dysthymia and manic-depression are not as severe but do consist of long term chronic symptoms. All depressive illnesses are associated with a variety of symptoms such as suicide, fatigue, and feelings of hopelessness.

Major depression is the most severe depressive illness and affects the whole body. It is a disorder that involves one's physiology, biochemistry, mood, thoughts and behavior. Major depression causes subtle changes in the brain's chemistry and can create a terrible dissatisfaction affecting every dimension of one's being. Several symptoms for major depression include sad or empty mood, suicide attempts and fatigue. Sleep disturbances such as insomnia, early morning walking or oversleeping are also symptoms. Decreased energy, slurred speech, eating disturbances and feelings of hopelessness are indications that a psychological disorder exists.

Dysthymia, another common depressive disorder, is far less severe than major depression. This disorder is often undiagnosed or dismissed as a case of psychosomatic illness, which is the same as the saying "all in your head." Dysthymic people do well in psychotherapy and also under medication because dysthymia does not hinder a person like major depression. Dysthymia consists of persistent symptoms that do not disable, but keep a person from functioning at their full capacity. The most outstanding symptoms for dysthymia are difficulties sleeping, a hopeless outlook, fatigue, low self-esteem, and depressed mood for most of the day. Headaches, digestive disorders or chronic pain are persistent physical disturbances that do not respond to treatment.Order custom research paper on Depressive Illnesses

Manic-depressive illness, also among the three most common types of depression, is also known as bipolar disorder. This affective disorder is a mood disorder characterized by mood swings from mania to depression. Mania is the exaggerated feeling of well being in which a person can lose touch with reality while depression is the overwhelming feelings of suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts. This disorder usually appears around the age of 5 and affects both male and female equally. The cause of this disorder is unknown and seems to be genetically involved. Symptoms occur in two different phases switching from depressive to manic. In the depressive phase, a person may feel a loss of self-esteem, or may have difficulty concentrating and making decisions. The symptoms for the manic phase are almost opposite. Elevated mood, inflated self-esteem, hallucinations and decreased need for sleep are among these symptoms. Maintaining good and regular sleep habits can prevent the manic-depressive illness from reoccurring.

Major depression, dysthymia and manic-depression are the three most common types of depressive disorders. Depression is complex and its symptoms are expressed on many levels. This illness can create physical problems, behavior problems, troubled relationships or even changes in emotional well being. Getting proper diagnosis for a depressive illness can lead to the appropriate help needed for treatment.

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Cause for Vegetarianism

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The choice of eating meat or not has been a debated issue for a continued number of years. There have long since been two sides the proponents and opponents of meat consumption. More and more debates of its value and effect on the world have risen. Many claim it is wrong, while others think of it as a needed pleasure.

Today, a greater percentage of the population eats meat. Only a few individuals seek the alternative route. Yet, there has been a steady rise in the number of vegetarians.

Many may already know that religions all over the world have advocated a meat-free diet. While a few are lenient, the majority is steady. The reason a vegetarian diet has been preferred over meat dates back thousands of years. Take for example, the Christian tradition. Although most are now lenient, previously many great saints advocated a meat-free diet, for more reasons than one. In the beginning it was said by God, Here I have given you all vegetation bearing seed which is on the surface of the whole earth...to you let it serve as food. (gen.1.) Later it was spoken by Jesus of the commandment, thou shall not kill. Jesus said, You heard that it was said to those of ancient times, Thou shall not kill; and whoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment.(Matthw.5.1) There is also the Hindu tradition, where a meatless way of life has gone on for thousands of years (until the invasion by foreign rule, forcing some to comply to foreign acts). This tradition has volumes of scriptures proclaiming vegetarianism. Take for example this quote from the Srimad Bhagavatam 1.7.7, A cruel and wretched person who maintains his existence at the cost of others lives deserves to be killed for his own eternal well-being, otherwise he will go down by his own actions.

There are many more such quotes from scriptures all over the world. Yet nowadays, there is just the opposite of vegetarianism in compliance of these ancient texts.

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Although meat-eating has been denied to the human form by God and his sons and daughters of the past, people still adopt the process. Such are the statements of devout followers who adhere to a meat-free diet in accordance to scriptural texts.

Those who advocate vegetarianism profess that many people are weak of heart and so succumb to meat eating. While those who advocate a meat-oriented diet say that a meat diet is essential for a normal and healthy life, for they provide protein.

[The Dutch chemist, Gerrit Jari Mulder, in his experiments, has proved in 188, that protein is biologically essential, for every living creature needs a certain amount to survive. This fact about protein is due to the presence of amino acids, the building blocks of life.]

While it is true that animals provide essential protein for the human body, scientific reports have provided additional information that may seem to support a vegetarian viewpoint.

In his Book Diet for Transcendence, Steven Rosen states from other sources that plants are the sources of protein and that animals are the secondary sources, having consumed such plants. Plants can synthesize amino acids from air, earth and water, but animals are dependent on plants for protein, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating an animal which has eaten and metabolized plants.

There have also been many scientific reports of late showing the defects of a meat-oriented diet. Cancer and heart disease are nearly epidemic in nations with a high per capita consumption of meat, while they rarely occur in societies where little meat is consumed, quoted from Steven Rosens book Diet For Transcendence.

With a variety of groups forming all over the world advocating vegetarianism, this issue will remain a top issue.

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Use of Information Technology in Business

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This essay discusses the strategic role of Information Technology in business management and its global implication. This essay further discusses evolution of business and information technology systems. Use of the internet has helped business to make a strong impact on the globe. Information technology has changed the global organizational structures. Information technology helps achieve the organizational goals and objectives in different ways. The discussion elaborates upon the uses of Information Technology in different management functions. Technology effects an organization's productivity, cost-effectiveness and ability to influence the society.

To discuss the effect of technology on business, let us first discuss the evolution of businesses and management systems. In ancient times, the business involved more face-to-face conversations. The societies were small; people knew each other and exchanged goods and services. The type of business was bartering. Then currencies came and the function of businesses changed. The businesses were not the exchange of goods, but about buying and selling of goods and services. A major development occurred with the industrial revolution, which brought in mass production and mass marketing. This brought in the demand for specialized and skilled people. All these developments progressively changed the organizational structures and functions (Levine, Locke, Searls and Weinberger, 000).

In the recent times we have seen the technology advancing at a faster pace. For instance, it required 50 years to commercialize telephones but it only took five years (Amor, 00) for the internet to be common. There were few multi-national companies prior to the advent of internet. The internet has provided younger companies to do e-business and grow globally. It took many years for the companies, such as GE (founded in 18, with its market value of 8 in 1), IBM (founded in 111, with its market value of in 1), Wal-Mart (founded in 16, with its market value of 11) to reach their present positions. On the other hand, the relatively young companies using e-business, either reached or surpass the old blue chip companies. For example, Microsoft (founded in 181, with a market value of 48), Lucent (founded in 15, with a market value of 0) and Cisco (founded in 184, with a market value of 0). In 15, the number of public internet companies was four; in 000 the number was 16. The combined market value rose from $1. billion to $451. billion. This indicates the number of companies in creased 40 times. In addition, the combined market value of these companies increased 00 times.(Wilson, 1). This depicts the strategic role of information technology to increase the investment in businesses and their globalization.

For the purpose of illustration, let us take Ford Company. It uses Information Technology in all its important management functions. The Information Technology Department has three core groups Process and Technology Group, Application Development Services and Information Technology Infrastructure Group. "The PTG is responsible for knowing the business and the technology, and identifying opportunities to improve both. Our departments are Manufacturing & Supply Chain Systems, Product Development Systems, Global Consumer Systems, and Management Systems." Similarly, the Application Development Services "is the engine behind our support of Ford Motor Company. We are responsible for software architecture, delivery, maintenance, and support across the life cycle." And "Information Technology Infrastructure is the framework that holds it all together." (Company Official Cite, 00). The senior management of the Ford Company looks towards the Information Technology Department to assist them right from the inception of a new vehicle through the entire product life cycle. The Information Technology department also provides backbone support to the suppliers and consumers. The Information Technology department does business process re-engineering and integrates the best practices to achieve the management's goals and objectives.

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Let us do an analysis on our sample company. First, we find that information technology is an integral part of decision making within the management. However, the core business of the company is not information technology but we find extensive use of it. The senior management of the company starts business cycle of a product (a car for example) with the help of IT. The car is designed, simulated and test even before going to its production stage. IT department uses business process re-engineering to suit each new product by employing the best practices within the organization. The IT department is responsible, accountable and has multi tasking individuals. They know and understand the business practices of the organization. This leads to a matrix structure of the organization. This also indicates that Ford is able to achieve its objectives with less human resources. In this information era, companies with less people perform better because they are easier to manage. Since IT department is involved at every stage of the product life cycle, Ford is able to optimize the available resources. Ford is able to respond to the changing market conditions quickly because of the backbone support of the information technology department. Its sales and marketing, customer service and production departments can effectively communicate to reposition themselves in the changing market at a minimum possible time. (Ford's Official website, 00). The same applies to many other organizations that are using information technology for all of their important management decisions.

Technology is an "industrial arts" (Price, 16). It is not restricted to schools of engineering only. Technology is available in the society as well as people in the organization. Successful organizations cater to society needs using new and innovative technologies. Since the technology is available anywhere in the globe, successful organizations adapt them and increase their productivity.

Most of the organizations do not strategically manage technology. They fail on three accounts. First, they are unable to understand the status and trends of the technology for their competitive advantage. Second, they focus too much on product technologies but fail to focus on process technologies; especially the information technology for their business advantage. Lastly, they are unable to accurately assess the cost and time of converting market need into demand. Information technology demands companies and management to perform effectively and faster than their competitors (Price, 16). The main objective in the information technology is to deliver the services as soon as possible. Corporate people feel an urgency because of the increasing resource requirements for technological advancement. This same implies to the accelerating rate of global technology diffusion (Price, 16). At this moment in time, the management balances the complexities of people and technology; along with the goal of earning maximum profit.

Always when human beings live in present, there are perceptions regarding future. A primary concern among the people is where will these advancements of technology lead them? No one has the accurate answer to this. The future management would be more based upon the virtual employees (Armor, 00; Malhotra, 001; Perseus Publishing, 00). The speed at which the technology proceeds might make it harder for the businesses to decide on how to approach certain things. Technology will perhaps quickly outstretch human's ability to perform as effective as technology. Businesses, management and life require serious and quicker adaptations to change. In order to do these, people must understand that technology is the changing factor that is most responsive to creative styles in management action. It all boils down to the adaptation of technology in the profit of organization, people, profit of business and mainly the globalization of the company. Over the internet, the world has access to a single business. This builds closer relation with the customers and employees (Perseus Publishing, 00). Shopping online allows and provides the flexibility to customers of time to market. Putting the business on the net, will require less people to manage and therefore reduce the cost. An example of it can be seen in the type of a bank ING Direct. ING Direct only has its head offices; however, the transactions and other financial tasks are performed over the net. It is a neat way of attracting customers and lowering down the costs as well. On the contrary, the e-businesses might build some concerns. For instance, the channel conflict and increase in competition. Due to increase, a major concern is regarding customer acceptance and pricing. This leads us to the two types of businesses that will be common in future, such as, service providers and service developers (Armor, 00).

In the nutshell, the strategic role of information technology is evident from the beginning to the present and from present to the interpretation of the future. Now, every business uses technology in one form or the other to make the task easier and increase productivity. These changes lead to the infrastructure of the formation of business management. Due to this change, the organizational structures are changing to more of a matrix form. Since the businesses need to grow, they globalize. Now, the most effective way to globalize as we see in using the information technology. This is clear now that technology provides management the means for coping with the changes in the internal and external factors to achieve competitive success and the fact that the evolution of technology has certainly changed our view and life style of society.

There is bibliography....however, i do not have it with me anymore.

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Ashland oil

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Ashland Oil

In January 188, a 4-million gallon oil storage tank owned by Ashland Oil Company, Inc., split apart and collapsed at an Ashland oil storage facility located in Floreffe, Pennsylvania, near the Monongahela River. The tank split while being filled to capacity for the first time after it had been dismantled and moved from an Ohio location and reassembled at the Floreffe facility. The split released diesel oil over the tanks containment dikes, across a parking lot on an adjacent property, and into an uncapped storm drain that emptied directly into the river. Within minutes the oil slick moved miles down river, washing over two dam locks and dispersing throughout the width and depth of the river. The oil was carried by the Monongahela River into the Ohio River, temporarily contaminating drinking water sources for an estimated 1 million people in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, contaminating river ecosystems, killing thousands of wildlife, damaging private property, and adversely affecting businesses in the area. Round-the-clock clean-up efforts were undertaken by Ashland and its contractors, under the supervision of governmental coordinators located at the terminal in Floreffe. After local authorities executed the initial on-scene response during the night, EPA took control of the cleanup operations. The Incident-Specific Regional Response Team (RRT) was formally activated two days after the incident. The RRT consisted of many environment and health-related agencies from both the federal level as well as the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Contractors employed by Ashland performed the actual cleanup duties. The contractors used booms, vacuum trucks, and other equipment to retrieve the spilled oil, recovering about 0 percent of the oil that flowed into the river. EPA, in cooperation with other agencies, monitored the cleanup process and river conditions. Personnel set up a river monitoring system to track the spill, as well as a sampling and analysis process to protect water supplies. The Agency also performed follow-up activities such as compliance inspections and a spill prevention control and countermeasures plan inspection. The instantaneous causes of the collapse of a recently reconstructed four million gallon Ashland Oil, Inc., diesel fuel tank were a flaw located near the top edge of a steel plate in the first level, ambient temperatures cold enough that the steel was brittle and static stress from filling the tank to its capacity with product. The failure by Ashland to find the flaw and establish relevant material properties are the two most serious excursions from sound practice and code compliance by the company. Ashland, its employees, and some contractors displayed a pervasive pattern of negligence and ignorance in selecting, assigning, constructing, supervising, and inspecting the reconstruction project. Reconstruction of the tank failed to conform to industry standards or the terms of the contract for the project. A more rapid establishment of a central command post would have enhanced response coordination. In addition, the delay of RRT activation until days after the incident may have decreased opportunities for valuable assistance to the responding agencies. Communication problems and lack of available containment and monitoring equipment also hindered response efforts. Evaluators of the response recommended that inventories of locally available equipment be prepared to assist emergency responders in quickly locating needed equipment. It was also recommended that to protect public water sources in future emergencies, water suppliers should plan for the availability of contingency water supplies and equipment. Ashland Oil, Inc.'s response to the incident was adequate but slow. This was the first major oil pollution accident in the company's 64 year history. The company's response indicated that it had governmental guidelines to respond to an incident of this nature, but none of its own standard operating procedures for crisis response. This crisis highlights the company's lack of internal conduct and safety operating procedures for checks and balances of its industries. Finally, this incident shows the lack of policies and involvement by government agencies. These agencies should have taken active roles through continual inspections and verifications of the plants operations. SECTION II ETHICAL ANALYSIS More than 511,000 gallons of diesel fuel from the spill, one of the largest inland incidents ever to have occurred, remain unrecovered and are presumed in the rivers. The known acute effects of the introduction of the diesel fuel into the environment include the death of at least 11,000 fish and ,000 birds, and the contamination of dozens of miles of shoreline. Studies conducted after the crisis do not account for the emotional anguish of citizens, for personal inconveniences, unknown health risks, or for the economic losses on commercial activities. Without argument Ashland Oil, Inc. is liable for injuries caused from the Floreffe spill to the environment and the community. Aside from the legal, the ethical liabilities remain as long as cause and effect relationships exist between the spill, environment, and the community. The company has a sketchy past in relation to its ethical conduct. In 175, it had received its first public reprimand, when the Security and Exchange Commission fined AOI for making $717,000 in illegal political contributions. From 17-181, senior executives became divided over a series of questionable payments to Middle Eastern middlemen, some of whom were foreign government officials. This violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, barring U.S. firms from bribing foreign officials. The former CEO was known as a wheeler and dealer with a loose deal making style that strained corporate resources. A corporate structure in which its management's conduct is unethical will mirror its ethical structure accordingly. The issues against Ashland concerning the spill are example to this. The company did not have a permit to construct the tank. The tank was constructed of old steal, and was tested through a shortcut method. These were all bad decisions that ring of cost cutting shortcuts and laziness. Although at this level, the management had little control over the actions of its employees, it is the trend of unethical conduct that creates a link between the two. Whatever long-term ramifications resulting from the spill surface in time AOI is responsible and liable for them. The company needs to continuously take an active role in the community and conduct studies to unveil all the effects of the spill. It also needs to maintain open lines of communication with the community keeping them informed and plan ahead for any issues that may arise. Finally, the company needs to renew its commitment to the company's core ethical values and business practices and instill them in its management and employees. SECTION III THE PRESS RELEASE The two press releases serve their purpose conveying to the public an apology, responsibility for the action, commitment to repair, and acknowledgement to the hardship placed upon those affected. Press release A forgoes the attorney-client privilege and brings right to the forefront the issues and facts concerning the spill. Press release B does not do this and remains general. Neither press releases are bad each with it merits and negative repercussions, but press release publicly admits wrongdoing opening the issues for further scrutiny with potential legal and criminal repercussions. At this point, the CEO was not prepared to unleash the skeletons resulting from press release A. Press release B is the proper release to use. I would use press release B verbatim, until I got a control of the situation and understood all the issues. I would also have those involved with the clean up with me to field questions as subject matter experts.

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Public relations

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Public Relations professional paper

Introduction

In today's fast moving business world; where mergers, friendly and hostile takeovers, bankruptcy, and corporate scandals reign supreme; a company's image and reputation are perhaps two of the most important assets a firm may possess. Creating "just the right image" in the public's eye is essential for the survival of any organization.Buy public relations term paper

The field of Public Relations deals precisely with this aspect of business. Public Relations professionals work hard at developing good, positive relations between a firm and the many different publics it serves.

In the following pages, we will take a look at how this field developed, what the duties of the public relations manager of a company may be, how PR affects the organization and its functions, the skills necessary to properly and effectively function in the capacity of a public relations practitioner. Finally, the results of an interview of one of the public relation professionals, who works at the General Board of Pension and Health Benefits of The United Methodist Church will be presented.

Historical overview

The Public Relations field is not considered a profession yet, in the same way as law or medicine is. Public Relations is essentially a trend of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, its origins can be traced back to ancient civilizations.

Public Relations possesses, as one of its intrinsic characteristics, the practice of influencing people through the use of communication. One could cite the story of Moses and the 10 Commandments as the first public relations act in history, In this account, explicit instructions were handed down from God to Moses with the specific objective to influence the Jewish people and guide them to modify their behavior.

A more recent, and perhaps more widely accepted instance of the use of public relations in ancient history, is found in the Babylonian civilization of 1800 BC, where the most up-to-date harvesting techniques of the day wwere promoted by carving out the instructions in stone tablets for farmers to look at and use.

But it was not until 10 that a former Wall Street reportedm Ivy L. Lee, introduced the idea that would slowly developed into what is known today as RP. Mr. Lee proclaimed that the public deserved to be informed, and that business should address its critics by presenting its side "honestly, accurately, and forcefully." (Sietel, pp. 0)

This idea of Mr. Lee's that business has a responsibility to maintain the public properly informed grew stronger in the American society during the 0th Century, and came of age with the advent of the growth of corporations, the turmoil for sociological survival of the many different interest groups represented in society, the increase in the sophisticated knowledge of people, and finally by the blossoming of world democracy.

What does a PR manager do?

In the same way as any other business function manager, a PR manager is most concerned with setting strategies to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization for which he/she works; while at the same time, keeping the efforts of the department to achieve those goals under tight budgetary control. However, there are no two managers who can define exactly what must be done in accomplishing these goals.

Perhaps, the best way to approach the question of what the PR manager does is by looking at what the Public Relations function has been defined as. According to the Task Force on the Stature and Role of Public Relations of the Public Relations Society of America, this PR function can be defined as, "an organization's efforts to win the cooperation of groups of people." (Seitel, pp. 45)

The PR professional manages all communications between a firm and its publics, which directly or indirectly affects the organization's goals and objectives.

How does PR affect the organization and its functions?

One of the major functions of an organization affected by public relations is marketing. In fact, a number of organizations still consider public relations a part of the marketing department, even if often times when positioned in this way, public relations as an entity of its own is neglected. Nonetheless, a properly run public relations department is an integral part of the overall success of an organization. "Good public relations can enhance a[n organization's] marketing, burnish its image in the community and improve the institutions overall competitiveness." (Beavers-Moss. PR The Credibility Enhancer)

PR defines the different publics to be considered and targeted in the sales efforts of the marketing department. These efforts clearly point to the effect PR has on the Human Resources Department, Production Department, and the sales portion of the Marketing Department.

Through this identification of the target audience, the marketing efforts are focused and made more efficient; thus, lowering both financial and human requirements, in order to achieve a firm's goals.

The results of a more focused view of what type of employee must be hired to accomplish these goals has a direct effect on the Human Resources Department, which is now directed to search and hire a specific type of individual to produce, promote, and sell the wanted goods of the identified public.

Qualifications of a PR professional

When asked, what does a public relations agent look like?, some individuals may think of the10s and 140s imagine Hollywood has left us with of fast talking, fast moving, busy men carrying two telephone conversations at the same time, all while speaking with a client in his office. Others may have the more contemporary imager, which includes the executive sitting in a glass-wall office high above the city skyline.

Our text however, present a more realistic view of what these men and women working in public relations should be like. The world has changed very much, placing very specific qualifications for the public relations position. According to Harold Buson, chairman of Burston-Marsteller, while it is difficult to make a blanket statement about what all PR agents should be like, there are four major qualifying characteristics of people in this position

1. They are bright people, who are able to ask just the right question at the right time. They are intelligent and quick learners.

. They have excellent people's skills. They know how to get along with others.

. They are motivated and creative. Self starters with no need for anyone to guide them as to what the next step to take should be.

4. They are good, persuasive writers. They are not afraid of the "blank piece of paper."

Interview with RP professional at GBOPHB

Whether for-profit or non-for-profit, public relations is an integral part of daily business. The General Board of Pension and Health Benefits (GBOPHB) is no exception. Appendix A is a short questionnaire completed by one of the public relations agents in this organization.

Conclusion

The importance of public relations is monumental to the financial health of any business enterprise. Without these dedicated, hard-working professionals' expertise some of the public would never get to experience the full benefit of an organization's offerings of goods and services.

We have seen the growth of this function in the life of the human race, and how its influence and importance came of age during the cross over from an agricultural to an industrial society during this 0th Century.

Public relation's individuality makes its position in the general scheme of an organization's objectives one of the most valued and important stepping stones in the 1st century. As the technical revolution marches on, public relations is bound to gain more and more strength in the business structure, and eventually will become a major function of all industry globally.

Beavers-Moss, Deborah. The Credibility enhancer. http//www.apollolibrary.com/srp/ubm/MKT48.

Seitel, Fraser P. The Practice of Public Relations. Special Ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (New Jersey, 18)

Please note that this sample paper on public relations is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on public relations, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on public relations will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!