Effects of rising sports salaries

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One does not have to be a genius to understand that professional sports are losing popularity and that players' salaries have become ridiculous, when comparing wages of regular citizens with unpretentious jobs. It seems absurd that the starting base salary of a Major League Baseball player is the same as what the president of the United States reportedly makes in a year. Rapidly increasing players' salaries is having a devastating impact in the industry of professional sports because teams are losing money, game attendances are down, and fans are losing respect for athletes and professional sports.

With all the money thrown around in professional sports, it seems unbelievable for us to accept that owners of teams are losing money, but it is true. Players' salaries have increased so rapidly over the past five years that almost half the teams in the Major League of Baseball have reported losses for the 001- 00 season. Additionally, the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League were unable to pay Mario Lemieux the remainder of his contract when he retired in 16, so they decided to give him majority shares of the team. It is not surprising that owners of professional sports teams are having to declare bankruptcy as the only way to escape their financial burdens, such as the Ottawa Senators and Montreal Expos. All Players' contracts are negotiated in United States currency; therefore, Canadian teams have to forfeit more money because of the weakening Canadian Dollar. If these outrageous salaries keep inflating, professional sports in Canada will no longer exist because team owners will no longer be able to afford quality players and fans will not want to support a losing team

The key factor to a successful sports team making money is to over crowd stadiums with as many people as possible, but the last few seasons, most pro sports leagues have been reporting that fan attendance is at an all time low. Major League Baseball reported 6.1 % drop in fan attendance for the 001- 00 season. With ticket prices rising every year, most people cannot afford to support his or her favorite sports team. In order for an average family of four to attend a Washington Capitols hockey game, it will cost them around $7.50 US dollars; whereas, most families are not willing to give half a weeks net wages, in order to view a live game. In addition, outrageous concession prices have soared to help compensate for poor fan attendance and over inflated player's earnings. Fan base is the main source of revenue for professional sports teams and the main factor for the success or failure of any event. Owners had better recognize that loyal fans are fed up with the increasing costs of attending games; therefore, better start dropping prices in order to fill stadiums back up to capacities again and restore the interest back into fans.

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Another considerable effect from players enormous incomes is that fans are losing respect for professional sports and the athletes. Firstly, community property taxes are constantly increasing because of new gigantic complexes needed to house and support the growing demand of professional sports. Fans are also sick of hearing how underpaid pro athletes are. How can athletes declare they are underpaid? Alex Rodriguez of the Texas Rangers makes an astonishing $ million a year. Mathew Barnaby of the New York Rangers, who scored no goals, no assists, and received 70 minutes in penalties, earned $1.5 million last year. Lastly, players are not performing with the same amount of passion from that of previous years. If players want to win back the respect of the fans, they have to be prepared to compete everyday and show his loyalty to his team, instead of asking to be traded to teams with the most money. If fans were to have more influence managing their teams, you would see a severe improvement in their attitudes towards their team.

In conclusion, when looking at all the facts, it is the fans that ultimately decide the future of professional sports and not the players. We have a choice to rebel against over inflated ticket prices, in which we can boycott attending games and start watching them televised. The coverage is spectacular and the price is right free. It is to bad that the cost of watching professional sports is greater than the enjoyment. If current trends continue, professional sports might lose what remains of its integrity and become another industry auctioned off to the highest bidder.

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Accounting

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The article summarized came from www.msnbc.com and references the subject of "Business Accounting" that was covered in chapter 17 of the textbook. This story is a re-cap of "Corporate America's" biggest scam artists and talks about the 1 largest scandals in business, referring to them as "The Dirty Dozen". The article references a video that is being put out by CNBC and describes in detail many of the white collared criminals from as far back as the 10s. Accounting scams in the United States have a very long history. Some of the worst scandals in the United States include companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco. These companies have left investors and working Americans distraught at the way executives do their jobs. Governance reforms like the Sarbanes-Oxley law have helped soothe the pain a bit, but now being one year after the bill's passage, it's worth remembering that there were problems with accounting scandals way before Enron and the others. The 180s, for example, had more than its share of infamous moments and headlines in the news. Most of the illegal operations of companies come to a head when either the accused is sentenced to a prison sentence or they take their own lives before the faults are found. Still, scandals are happening and may never be exposed before they affect more than just themselves.

KEY PROVISIONS OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY LAW

Created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to oversee and investigate auditors, including setting auditing standards, with various disciplinary powers for rules or professional-standards violations. Unlike the previous self-regulatory body, it has a guaranteed source of funding.

Gave enhanced authority to corporate audit committees, including mandatory pre-approval of many activities. Committees may have only independent directors.

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Prohibits auditors from providing various consulting and other services including lucrative financial information-systems design.

Requires rotation of key audit partners and restricts movement of auditors to the company.

Mandates certification of financial reports by top executives and prohibits improper influence on audits.

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English Clipping Folder

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American Pie Don McLean

A long long time ago

I can still remember how that music used to make me smile

And I knew if I had my chanceOrder custom research paper on English Clipping Folder

That I could make those people dance

And maybe theyd be happy for a while.

But February made me shiver

With every paper Id deliver

Bad news on the doorstep

I couldnt take one more step

I cant remember if I cried

When I read about his widowed bride

But something touched me deep inside

The day the music died

{Refrain}

So bye-bye, Miss American Pie

Drove my Chevy to the levee

But the levee was dry

And them good old boys were drinkin whiskey and rye

Singin thisll be the day that I die

Thisll be the day that I die

Did you write the Book of Love

And do you have faith in God above

If the Bible tells you so

Do you believe in rock n roll

Can music save your mortal soul

And can you teach me how to dance real slow

Well, I know that youre in love with him

Cause I saw you dancin in the gym

You both kicked off your shoes

Man, I dig those rhythm and blues

I was a lonely teenage broncin buck

With a pink carnation and a pickup truck

But I knew I was out of luck

The day the music died

I started singin

{Refrain}

Now for ten years weve been on our own

And moss grows fat on a rollin stone

But thats not how it used to be

When the jester sang for the King and Queen

In a coat he borrowed from James Dean

And a voice that came from you and me

Oh, and while the King was looking down

The jester stole his thorny crown

The courtroom was adjourned

No verdict was returned

And while Lenin read a book of Marx

The quartet practiced in the park

And we sang dirges in the dark

The day the music died

{Refrain}

Helter Skelter in a summer swelter

The birds flew off with a fallout shelter

Eight miles high and falling fast

It landed foul out on the grass

The players tried for a forward pass

With the jester on the sidelines in a cast

Now the half-time air was sweet perfume

While the Sergeants played a marching tune

We all got up to dance

Oh, but we never got the chance

Cause the players tried to take the field

The marching band refused to yield

Do you recall what was revealed

The day the music died

We started singing

{Refrain}

Oh, and there we were all in one place

A generation Lost in Space

With no time left to start again

So come on, Jack be nimble, Jack be quick

Jack Flash sat on a candlestick

Cause fire is the Devils only friend

Oh, and as I watched him on the stage

My hands were clenched in fists of rage

No angel born in hell

Could break that Satans spell

And as the flames climbed high into the night

To light the sacrificial rite

I saw Satan laughing with delight

The day the music died

He was singing

{Refrain}

I met a girl who sang the blues

And I asked her for some happy news

But she just smiled and turned away

I went down to the sacred store

Where Id heard the music years before

But the man there said the music woudnt play

And in the streets the children screamed

The lovers cried, and the poets dreamed

But not a word was spoken

The church bells all were broken

And the three men I admire most

The Father, Son and the Holy Ghost

They caught the last train for the coast

The day the music died

And they were singing

{Refrain}

They were singing bye-bye, Miss American Pie

Drove my Chevy to the levee

But the levee was dry

Them good old boys were drinking whiskey and rye

Singin thisll be the day that I die

AMERICAN PIE by Don McLean

The song "American Pie" by Don McLean is a timeless favourite of many people around the world and has been voted number 5 in a poll to discover the best songs of the twentieth century. The song it self is a English students dream as it has hundreds of metaphors, imagery, alliteration, rhyme too name a few but most importantly it relates strongly to change.

The song is biographical and presents an abstract story of Don McLean's life from the mid 50s until when he wrote the song in the late 60s. It is almost entirely symbolised by the evolution of popular music over these years and represents a change from the lightness of the 150s to the darkness of the late 60s. This is also very symbolic of the change occurring in America during this era. In Don McLean's life the transition from light (the innocence of childhood) to the darker realities of adulthood probably started with the death of Buddy Holly and culminated with the death of his father in 161 and with the assassination of President Kennedy in 16. These three people are represented in the song as "The Father, Son and the Holy Ghost" however probably not in that order.

Sources.

http//www.don-mclean.com/pdf/americanpie.pdf

http//www.bmi.com/musicworld/features/00004/dmclean.asp

http//www.antiessays.com/show.php?cat=arts&eid=14

Neil Armstrong

"That's one small step for man, and one giant leap for man kind"

Neil Armstrong only did two famous things in his life one of which was simply being the first man on the moon and the other was to say possibly the most important words in the history of the human race, the words he said don't even take up one line on a page but if you look at the sentence and split it in half you could write a book on it.

If the words weren't written for him then he must have spent a lot of time thinking for the write ones. Because this sentence in short, means while physically he I just stepping of the ship, really what he is doing is proving to the world that America is superior showing all the scientific advances, proving wrong all the millions of people who said man would never walk on the moon and setting down the foundations for future space exploration. Neil Armstrong changed the way all humans view life and death.

Sources

www.nasa.com

Dr Christiaan N. Barnard, South African surgeon

Dr Christiaan N. Barnard was the first man to perform a successful heart transplant. On December , 167, fifty-three-year-old Lewis Washkansky received the first successful heart transplant at a Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Surgeon Christiaan Barnard, who trained at the University of Cape Town, performed the revolutionary medical operation. Washkansky, a grocer who suffered from chronic heart disease, received the transplant from Denise Darvall, a twenty-five-year-old woman who had been fatally injured in a car accident.

In the speech Dr Christiaan N. Barnard explains some of the training and involved in performing a Heart transplant and also some of the procedures, which took place on the operating table. The change that takes place isn't really in the text but occurs because of the text, it signifies the change of the human race from a primitive culture to a almost godly culture were we are able to give life, take life, extend life and shorten life.

Sources

http//www.stanford.edu/home/welcome/research/heart_transplant.html

http//www.historychannel.com/speeches/

http//web.uct.ac.za/depts/dpa/monpaper/7-no4/botha.htm

The Patriot

The Movie the patriot was directed by Roland Emmerich tells the story of an American colonial farmer in 1776 named Benjamin Martin who is forced to take up arms and fight against the British and King George III

In the movie many changes take place however the first major change occurs when the British colonel Tavington (Jason Isaacs) murders Thomas, one of Benjamin's older sons, the rage quickly burns inside of Benjamin and he chases of after the British soldiers and managers to kill about twelve of them. This is such an enormous change as up until then Benjamin had been a pacifist, totally against the war and wanted nothing to do with it, also it provides the viewer with a small image into his background because, as we see him kill the soldiers it is evident that Benjamin is battle hardened and has had many years experience, in war.

Also in this movie some of the main characters go through a personal change "changing self" this is shown at various points in the film as Benjamin falls in love with another woman, and Benjamin goes from being a devoted father, to a merciless warrior, who is only killing people for revenge of his two dead sons, to a patriot who will die for his cause. (Later his country) and finally a lover.

Sources

http//www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/0/5ee8c16888560b000d6b0?OpenDocument

http//www.all-reviews.com/videos/patriot.htm

The Patriot, DVD produced by Columbia Pictures.

Shrek

The movie Shrek tells the very clichstory about a valiant knight who must go and save the beautiful princess from a tower guarded by a mighty dragon, however with a twist. The twist being that there is no valiant night instead it is a ogre that has been bribed by that king and his annoying companion who just wont go away.

The change that occurs in the film is in the ogre, at the beginning of the film the ogre (shrek) has himself, his swamp and his small house and that's the way he likes it, but when the deed to his beloved swamp gets stolen from him he must go and rescue the princess in order to get it back. After a battle here and there he rescues the princess and on the way home realises that he is in love with the princess. So the change that occurs is self change where shek goes from a grumpy totally self centred inconsiderate ogre who is only doing this errand to get his swamp back, to a kind, loving and gentle one.

Sources

Shrek, DVD, directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson and produced by Aron Warner and John H. Williams

http//movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/s/shrek.html

http//www.thebigpicturedvd.com/cgi-bin/master/viewer.cgi/Shrek

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Those Were the Days

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PE17 Fellows,

On a special occasion like this, I urge you all to lie on your back for a sec, free your minds, and think back to the first day you step in here. Your memories are definitely varied, your expectations might be totally diverse, but I firmly believe there are two things in mind we have in common. One is the impression on people and place; and another is the impression on the steady, freshly-permed look on "Mr. K" hair. Isn't it nice to know that in this ever-changing world there is still one thing you can rely on? Well, I will get back to that later.

First thing first. I tried to think hard of all the academic places I have seen, and just could not imagine any single one similar to ours. Nowhere else I known would offer such a luxurious dinner in the five star hotels, absolutely free of charge, to the notoriously "eat-till-you-drop" students on a monthly basis. I tried to dig deeper and the numbers of remembrances just keep coming up. Could you think of any Economy course constructed by such a professor who is heavenly kind enough to let you have an all-day final test and still be able to call it off to the night? Or even the time after done something terribly disrespectful in Well Test class (you know, that time) and still we have a second chance to redeem ourselves? Not to mention the soda we got bought in every session of Advance Topic course, despite knowing that we would surely pass out after a grand dim-sum lunch buffet (shame on us). Yes, we have those times here in our second home.

The biggest pride of ours must not be far off from that we were the last in the breed to learn Nat Gas with Ajarn Kung. Though not realizing it at the time, but it did expand our horizon and safe our butt in the real world. As well, one of the strongest memories must be on that burgundy-red sleeping sack we are all acquainted with. I suppose there is nobody here to argue it really did serve its function. I recall one time The Giant (Mr. First) was in the middle of his afternoon nap right in the corner of the room, and that was exactly the moment Ajarn Yingyos just walked in. For an indefinite breathless moment of us - he just laughed, and let us out of the hook. If I may say, we were indeed embraced by all the teachers and personnel here.

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As three years went on, we did share the time, unavoidably, on the pace of study. I have tried, thus far, to portray the entire cast and crew characteristics, and yet a long way to go. We got an Arabian Girl, who by the way is dazzling pretty that guys standing in line just to talk to her. Vise versa, we have the sassy boy who just could not tie down with one girl (or that is just the cover? Only God knows he is straight or not). We got the three stooges who were playing the computer games all night long and ironically only one could not attend the class in the morning (yes, the Egyptian SLB labor). It is devastating to say that one of them have already been a Vietnamese roustabout, a serious contradiction to his behavior given that he could not find the place to take a good bath over there. The last guy has finally found his ultimate love in PTTEP (don't look around Joe, I mean you, the secretary-loving stereotype). We also got a loud girl who tends to complain a lot, but she surely gets the job done. We all owe her a thank you for a number of times. More on that, we surely need "The Pole" who can be all in one a photographer, webmaster, and guitarist to sort things out for us. We have the bloody genius that might be the only one that has a smooth relationship with his girl (since nobody else got one). And me, who can be a pain in the butt sometime, hope I got your excuses. Let's see, are those all we have? Did I leave out someone? Just take a glance at the first paragraph again and you will find out. Yeah, he is beloved - just when you need someone to throw the trash on. You are in our great help for a stress relief. No hard feeling?

I have to confess, I am not good at doing these touchy things at all. This article does not mean to get you sobbing or longing for the past when the dreams were young and the future awaits. Instead, the sake of it is rather more to remind us how immeasurable the value we gain here and how can we pay them back, just to make our community the better, the stronger, and maybe the greatest among all. So where can we get started? Well, one thing I always wish for is a nice, cozy couch for the students to lie on after lunch and hide away from the class…

Just an opinion, after all.

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The Effects of Sin

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According to Webster's NewWorld Dictionary, sin is defined as an action that is or is felt to be highly reprehensible. In layman's terms, it is saying that the average person would agree that it is only human nature to sin. Except often times the more important part of sin is the effect rather than the sin itself. Although Hester's sin was bad it was nothing compared to the evil doings of Roger Chillingworth. This also applies to Arthur Dimmesdale because he committed the sin with Hester and didn't take any punishment but by not telling the truth it slowly killed him. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter revolves around the single theme of the effects of unforgivable, adulterous sin, which affects Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth to their very cores.

Hester's sin forces her to become a social outcast and forces her to live on the outskirts of Boston. The guilt of the sin affects Hester's everyday life by changing the way she lives, where she lives, and how to raise her new daughter, Pearl. Hester decides that the Puritan way of living is not the correct way to raise a child, because she realizes that, that system is flawed. Hester chooses to embrace her sin instead of running from it and hiding back in her homeland. She decides to face it head on without letting the people of Boston bring her down, by this it makes her stronger everyday. Hester challenges the original idea of the scarlet letter A in the Puritan society and showed that it didn't mean "adulteress" but by the end of the story meant "able". She challenges the

Puritan ways, by challenging them to change their practices to ones that were more liberal.

Dimmesdale is one of the most intriguing characters in this book because he demonstrates that he is a coward, strong, yet not courageous. Dimmesdale is too distracted by the fear of being discovered of his sin that he overlooks the fact that he let the biggest enemy move in w/ him. Dimmesdale looses more in his lie by not telling the truth because if he told the truth then Chillingworth probably wouldn't of had to put him through that torture because the town would have taken care of it. Dimmesdale also would have been in better health and not had to live his life as one big lie. Although he committed a very serious crime in Puritan times it was taken to the extreme in their case and that is why Hester did not give away Dimmesdale. She knew he didn't want to be put through that and also she thought that he should tell the people himself.Cheap University Papers on The Effects of Sin

Although it seems that Roger Chillingworth was sinned in the beginning, he ultimately is the greatest sinner out of Hester and Dimmesdale. Under the mask of a fake name, Chillingworth who really is Hester Prynne's husband is free to hunt down the man who committed adultery with his wife. From this point forth, Chillingworth acts immorally and inhumanely, reducing his spiritual worth in Hester's and Dimmesdale's eyes because they are the only ones that know of this. Chillingworth feels like he did not deserve such a young, beautiful wife, therefore he does put the blame on her for cheating on him. This is apparent when he says, "We have wronged each other. Mine was the first wrong, when I betrayed thy budding youth into an unnatural relation with my decay." Which is saying that he wronged her for having then married when he is so old and she is so young and she didn't love him and their relationship was a lie. After Chillingworth finds out that Dimmesdale is the father of Pearl, he makes it his life's mission to put Dimmesdale through hell. Chillingworth begins to torture Dimmesdale mentally and physically to get revenge on him. Chillingworth gets him mentally by hinting that he knows of Dimmesdale sin but doesn't out right confront him. Then he also torture Dimmesdale physically by giving him drugs that are slowly eating away at him. Chilling worth took the role of god and killed Chillingworth which if the town's people knew of this he would surely die for it.

The Scarlet Letter revolves around the theme of effects of sin on people and not the true affect but the person most affected by the sin is Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth. Hester loved Dimmesdale more than Chillingworth and did not expect to get pregnant for her relations with Dimmesdale but still should have expected the worse. The most ignorant move that Dimmesdale did was to not tell that he was the father and hide his guilt from the world and not be able to raise Pearl correctly.

Please note that this sample paper on The Effects of Sin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Effects of Sin, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college essays on The Effects of Sin will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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What on

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THE FINDING was based on 171 women whose average age was 74 at the start of a 14-year study described as the first long-term look at physical activity and the ability to function later in life.

"Functional status relates directly to what people can do for themselves, so having a high functional status means the person is more likely to be able to live independently," said Jennifer Brach of the University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, chief author of the study.

"Regular physical activity, which can be as simple as walking, not only helps people to live longer and healthier, it helps them to live with fewer limitations and a better quality of life," she added in the study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine.

Women in the study were checked intermittently via a questionnaire and tests that measured what they did in the way of sports or leisure activities, number of blocks walked and other physical activity.

The researchers found that women who were the most active, and were most consistent about getting exercise, were the most likely to be living independently 14 years later. Women who were always inactive were less likely to be independent, the study said. No details on blocks walked or other kinds of of physical activity was listed.

"With people living longer, this emphasizes that everyone, young and old alike, should be physically active," Brach added.

00 Reuters Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters.

THE FINDING was based on 171 women whose average age was 74 at the start of a 14-year study described as the first long-term look at physical activity and the ability to function later in life.

"Functional status relates directly to what people can do for themselves, so having a high functional status means the person is more likely to be able to live independently," said Jennifer Brach of the University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, chief author of the study.

"Regular physical activity, which can be as simple as walking, not only helps people to live longer and healthier, it helps them to live with fewer limitations and a better quality of life," she added in the study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine.

Women in the study were checked intermittently via a questionnaire and tests that measured what they did in the way of sports or leisure activities, number of blocks walked and other physical activity.

The researchers found that women who were the most active, and were most consistent about getting exercise, were the most likely to be living independently 14 years later. Women who were always inactive were less likely to be independent, the study said. No details on blocks walked or other kinds of of physical activity was listed.

"With people living longer, this emphasizes that everyone, young and old alike, should be physically active," Brach added.

00 Reuters Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters.

THE FINDING was based on 171 women whose average age was 74 at the start of a 14-year study described as the first long-term look at physical activity and the ability to function later in life.

"Functional status relates directly to what people can do for themselves, so having a high functional status means the person is more likely to be able to live independently," said Jennifer Brach of the University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, chief author of the study.

"Regular physical activity, which can be as simple as walking, not only helps people to live longer and healthier, it helps them to live with fewer limitations and a better quality of life," she added in the study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine.

Women in the study were checked intermittently via a questionnaire and tests that measured what they did in the way of sports or leisure activities, number of blocks walked and other physical activity.

The researchers found that women who were the most active, and were most consistent about getting exercise, were the most likely to be living independently 14 years later. Women who were always inactive were less likely to be independent, the study said. No details on blocks walked or other kinds of of physical activity was listed.

"With people living longer, this emphasizes that everyone, young and old alike, should be physically active," Brach added.

00 Reuters Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters.

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Irony and Foreshadowing in "The Cask of Amontillado"

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"The Cask of Amontillado" is one of Poes best-known tales of horror. It is

primarily about pride and revenge. The Cask of Amontillado is a pretty

straightforward story of crime and guilt, of conscience and suffering, and of a

man who cannot repent for his sin; a man who enjoyed killing his victim, andCustom Essays on Irony and Foreshadowing in "The Cask of Amontillado"

enjoys reliving the memory. The story begins with the main character,

Montressor, presumably old and on his death bed, attempting a confession to a

nameless priest. Yet, as he begins to tell his story, in great detail, we sense that

there is no contrition or sorrow for the crime, and thus there will be no

forgiveness. The crime the main character committed was the murder of an

acquaintance who wounded only his pride.

In the story, the narrator states that he has been insulted by an

acquaintance by the name of Fortunato, and he seeks revenge. He wants to do

so in a measured way, without any risk to himself, and indeed hatches just such

a plan to exact his retribution. Montressor decides to use Fortunatos fondness

for Italian wine against him.

During the carnival season, the narrator approaches Fortunato, telling him

that he has acquired something that could pass for Amontillado (a light Spanish

sherry). He tells Fortunato that since he was not around, a man named Luchesi

tasted it. Fortunato is apparently competitive with Luchesi and claims that this

man could not tell Amontillado from Sherry. Fortunato is anxious to taste the

wine and to determine for Montressor whether it is Amontillado or not. Fortunato

insists that they go to the narrators vaults.

When the two men arrive at the narrators house, no servants are around.

They descend into the vaults, which are very damp and full of nitre, which makes

Fortunato cough. The narrator keeps offering to bring Fortunato back home, but

Fortunato refuses. The men go deep into the long vaults, which are full of the

dead bodies of the Montressor family.

At one point in their journey, Fortunato makes a movement that is a secret

sign of the Masons, an exclusive, fraternity-like organization. Montressor does

not recognize this hand signal, but claims that he is a Mason. When Fortunato

asks for proof, Montressor shows him his trowel. (The implication is that

Montressor is a stonemason.) Fortunato says that he must be jesting and the two

men continue onward.

They walk into a crypt, where human bones decorate three of the four

walls (the bones from the fourth having been thrown down on the ground). On

the exposed wall is a small recess, where Montressor tells Fortunato that the

Amontillado is being stored. Fortunato starts to try to move a stone blocking the

recess. Montressor chains Fortunato to the stone. Then, taunting Fortunato with

an offer to leave, Montressor begins to wall up the entrance to this small crypt,

leaving Fortunato inside. Fortunato screams as Montressor builds layer upon

layer of the wall. Just as Montressor is about to finish, Fortunato laughs as if

Montressor were playing a joke on him, but Montressor is not joking. Finally,

Fortunato stops answering Montressor, who claims that his heart feels sick

because of the dampness of the catacombs. He fits the last stone into place and

plasters the wall closed. He repositions the bones on the wall. For fifty years, he

writes, no one has disturbed them. The final line is Latin for May he rest in

peace.

The two most important literary elements within this story are Poe's use of

irony and foreshadowing. The ironic twists make the remain interesting from start

to finish, and the foreshadowing creates a wonderfully effective atmosphere of

suspense and tension. The combination of these elements leads to a conclusion

that is at once brilliant and fulfilling, carefully tying together each strand of Poe's

expert storytelling in a neat package of gothic horror.

Irony plays a huge part in the telling of this story, and in the effect is has

upon its audience. This irony is very evident throughout the story, but particularly

in the unusual form of revenge played out by the narrator, and the implications of

success -- and which characters ultimately attained it -- after the whole story is

played out.

The mode of revenge in this story is interesting. Montressor avenges

himself by fooling his victim into literally walking into his own grave. Fortunato

pursues the cask which ends up being his own casket. Montressor even asks

Fortunato repeatedly whether he would like to turn back. With this method, he

takes Fortunato completely by surprise and makes his death ironic. After all,

Fortunato is the one eager to get to the end of the catacombs.

Another instance of irony is Montressors statement to his friend that they

should return because his health is precious. This bit of conversation is ironic

because Montressor does not really want to protect Fortunatos health, but

indeed to kill him.

It is also ironic in that Fortunato falls prey to Montressors plans because

he is so proud of his connoisseurship of wine, and it is for the sake of his own

pride that Montressor takes revenge on Fortunato.

To build suspense in The Cask of Amontillado, Poe uses a great deal of

foreshadowing. First, when Fortunato says, I shall not die of a cough,

Montressor replies, True, because he knows that Fortunato will in fact die from

dehydration and starvation in the crypt.

Then, Montressors description of his familys arms also acts as

foreshadowing. The shield is A huge human foot dor, in a field azure; the foot

crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel. In this

image, the foot represents Montressor and the serpent Fortunato. Although

Fortunato has hurt Montressor with insults, Montressor will ultimately crush him.

But the question remains to be seen whether that is the extent of the damage

being depicted in this coat of arms.

A key feature to focus in on Montressors coat of arms is that it is a

circular argument. It depicts a giant foot crushing a serpent that bites the foot.

Either way, both things die. The foot is bitten by the snake, presumably a

poisonous reptile, and dies. The snake is crushed to death by the foot. And thats

the point Montressor loses no matter what he does. And though he takes great

pride in his coat of arms, he never really understands it. The Montressors are

doomed. In fact, the setting of the catacomb is rather ingenious, because that is

the burial place for all the other Montressors, all of them now dead. He is the last

of his clan, and now he will go down. Snake or foot? It doesnt matter. They will

both die.

Another instance of foreshadowing comes with the trowel scene.

Fortunato asks whether Montressor is a member of the Masonic order, but

Montressor replies with a visual pun. When he declares that he is a mason, he

means that he is a stone mason--that is, that he will be building things out of

stones and mortar namely Fortunatos grave.

What is perhaps unnatural is that Fortunato denies Montressor the

pleasure of hearing him scream and beg. He grows silent, and only the jangle of

the chain is heard at the end. It isnt clear, but its quite possible that Fortunato

dies (of a heart attack or something like that) before he has any chance to really

suffer by starving to death in the ghastly tomb. After all of Montressors clever

plans, Fortunato dies!

Yet, nature wins out. Fortunato becomes the fortunate one in the sense

that he may well get to Heaven, while Montressor is really the one who will be

buried alive in the darkness -- the darkness of Hell. Montressor is unable to

repent. He enjoys telling his story to his Confessor. And the amount of detail in

the story reveals this fact. Symbolically, Montressor buries himself alive in the

catacombs. The fortunate one escapes punishment. Montressor is cheated by

his crime. He never gets the ultimate satisfaction of glorying in Fortunatos

sufferings, because Fortunato never suffers. Only Montressor suffers, by the

very fact of being cheated in the end. And now, because he cannot repent, he

will suffer eternally.

Evidence of this is shown when Montressor has almost finished bricking

up the crevice and he is overcome by a sudden fear, and he places his hand on

the wall, to feel something solid, in order to get back his senses. Its almost as if

he gets a glimpse of eternity, of Hell, for a moment, and he becomes fearful that

there may indeed be a spiritual side after all. Montressor seems to go into his

crime without any religious faith.

Yet, we know he is confessing this crime on his deathbed, so it seems

that somewhere along the line he begins to have doubts. He may even come to

believe in God and the afterlife. And still, he will lose any chance of a possible

Heaven because he cant feel sorry for what he did. A clue to understanding this

is found in that moment where he touches the wall. This is the only time during

the murder that Montressor actually displays fear.

However, I think the remainder of his life has been lived in fear. He only

comes to face his fear -- and his true self -- when he balances his fear of going

to Hell against his joy of killing Fortunato, the scale tips towards the joy. And that

will be Montressors undoing; that is what Cask of Amontillado is all about.

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Fate vs. Free Will in the Cantanbury Tales and The Divine Comedy

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Fate and free will are two very controversial subjects. Since the beginning of time it has been an argument whether it is fate or our own free will that gets people to their final resting place. In Dante's Inferno it explains the use of free will and how it gets people to heaven or hell. Then in The Pardoner's Tale, which is one of the Cantanbury Tales, it shows how fate is used in getting people to their final resting place.

In Dante's Inferno Dante Alighieri explains all the different levels of hell. He goes through all these different levels with a guide named Virgil that helps him gain access. Each level of hell has the sinners and their punishment given to them. For instance, "Dante awakened to the Third Circle, where the Gluttonous, are failed by cold and filthy rain and tourmented by Cerberus" is an example of a level of hell with its sinners and punishment (Mandelbaum 185). As Dante journeys through these different levels he sees souls that he knew on Earth and famous people he had learned about. They were here because of the mistakes they made in their life on Earth. The further down Dante and Virgil went the sin and punishment got worse and worse.

Lucifer which is the leader of hell has monsters or demons to carry out the punishment for the sinners. Until, Dante and Virgil got to the bottom of hell, which was called the Fourth Ring of the Ninth Circle, which is when Lucifer himself inflicted the punishment upon the sinners. These were the worst sinners which were Traitors to their benefactors. There were three of these sinners one was Judas Iscariot who betrayed Christ, and the other two were Brutus and Carsius who murdered Julius Caesar.

The way Dante's Inferno is written is that the things people do in life is what get them to their final resting place. Everyone was given free will by God and how people choose to live their lives decides where they end up. Dante's journey through hell depicts his version of what will happen if people who abuse the use of free will for the wrong things. The opposing side to free will would be fate which is expressed in the Pardoner's Tale. The story is about three Flemish youngsters that want to avenge their friend's death. They found an old man and asked where they could find death and the old man said, "Do you see that oak tree? Just there you will find This Death, and God, who brought again mankind, Save and amend you!" (Chaucer 115). Following the old mans directions they set out on a journey to find death under an oak tree; in doing so they find eight bushels of gold and decide to split it amongst the three of them. They drew straws to see who would go into town to get food and wine; the youngest was picked. As he goes to town the two others plan his death so they can have more of the wealth.

Little do they know but the youngest one that went to town is devising a way to kill them by poisoning two of the three bottles of wine. As the one comes back from town he is killed, and in celebration the two others drink the two bottles of wine that happened to be the ones that were poisoned. All three of the youngsters ended up killing each other. The thing that killed these three youngsters was greed and treachery. The old man was right in that they did find death under the oak tree.

The way that fate is depicted in this story by Geoffery Chaucer is by the old man knowing that they would find death under the oak tree. The old man said that he had been searching for death and so it was fate that the boys died because why would the old man go under the oak tree if he wanted to die. It was meant for them to all die under the oak tree that day. The three youngsters did do things to end up where they did but in the end it was all up to fate. The two other youngsters that did not go to town just happened to drink the right bottles of wine to kill them. It was fate that killed them to show a lesson.

Whether people believe in fate or free will it will help them through life. Fate is all about having our life planned out and not having any control to what happens. Free will is about deciding and choosing how people live their life; and the choices that they make are what decide where their final resting place will be. These two stories make good examples of each of the two sides fate and free will. It is up to people to decide what they want to believe in to get them through life.

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Consumerism

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Dawe's ideas of consumerism may not be unique because there are many evidences from other sources that have shown similar ideas to his. For example there is a cartoon strip by Leunig called "The sunrise" which has the same idea/theme as "The Not-so-good Earth", another cartoon strip called "Entertainment Tonight" with the same ideas as "Enter without so much as knocking" and another one of Leuing's cartoon strips called "The Holy Grail" which has similar ideas as another one of Dawe's poems called 'Break through"

In one of Dawes poems called "The Not-so-good earth", the message given to us about Anti-Consumerism is that since we view the television so much in our lives, we lose the sense of reality in the way the real world works. There is much confusion between the sense of reality and fiction (Class notes, The Not-so-good earth) and this is the same point given to us in the cartoon strip by Leunig called "The Sunrise". In the carton strip, we see a window with the sun rising on the outside and beside the window you see a father showing his son the exact sunrise on the television set. This shows us like Dawes poem, we view the television so much in our lives that we seek information and entertainment from the T.V. Another point given out is consumerism and material products are controlling our worlds, sometimes making the viewer cold. (Dawe, The Not-so-good Earth) By having the father and son watch a natural event on a screen, it shows us the loss of beauty from the real experience, which they could have gotten instead.

Even though the two being compared are very similar Dawe still has some points in his poem that makes his work unique. For example, in his poem Dawe sends out his message in a more satirical tone whereas Leunig uses normal humour to change and convince our minds about consumerism.

The poem "Enter without so much as knocking" by Dawes is similar to "Entertainment Tonight", both by expressing the society is being false and superficial. They lack personal identity by being in a consumer society. In the poem Dawe makes the society into the product of the consumer age and human life is determined as a by-product, lacking in real value and soon concluded as worthless. Another common point is however much we consume, life will still come to an end or we will still end up with nothing. (Website at Bored of Studies, English Std) Both of these articles show that our everyday lives are being controlled by consumerism; difference with Dawe's poem is he starts with the birth of the baby being introduced to the consumer world by hearing the sounds of the television than of his mothers voice to the death of the person whose funeral was still being controlled by consumerism having his face have much more of a "healthy tan" than showing us as just adults being controlled by the consumer world in our everyday lives like, consuming a movie, food, clothes etc as what 'entertainment tonight' has focused on. Dawe, by doing this, made a more effective touch to the poem, making it much more interesting to read.

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The similarity of Bruce Dawe's "Break Through" and Leunig's "The Holy Grail" are the use of exaggeration on the consumerism society and the use of exploitation of religious figures and items. Both works askes us to question what we seek comfort and direction from. (Class notes, Break Through)

In 'Break Through', Dawe exaggerates consumerism by expressing unimaginable limits advertisements can go to reach the consumers and the uses of religious imagery (angels, heaven etc) and black humour to criticize modern society for it accepts advertising in its self, and explores the exploitation of people. The Advertisements has affected people to worship products and to value highly the acceptance of the consumer world. (Eng. STD/ Consumerism, Hanady)

In Leunig's cartoon strip, 'The Holy Grail' there is exaggeration on the way a man's goal on life is to 'have' and 'need' products that are purposely useless. He is in a mad dash to fill his 'deep, aching void in his lonely, hungry, tortured soul', and is bound with joy when he finds a 'Reduced to clear' special on the 'one and only' Holy Grail. (Leunig, The Holy Grail) Leunig through using sarcasm in this comic shows how shallow the human form is when we are under the control of consumerism. It makes us ask ourselves if we are really in need of all these consumer products or are they just wants in our lives.

In Conclusion, even though many of Dawe's poems (The Not-so-good Earth, Enter without so much as knocking and Break through) may not have original ideas and most could be found in the three related texts (Leunig's The sunrise and The Holy Grail and Entertainment Tonight) I've used, he still presents us with different types of other issues of consumerism that was not used.

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Serial Killers

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Although my life has never been personally changed by a serial killer, it is a topic I have always found fascinating, and have always tried to learn as much about as possible. After reading The Anatomy of Motive, by John Douglas and Mark Olshaker, I found that something doesn't necessarily have to directly happen to you in order for it to affect your life. The book was riveting and I had a lot of trouble putting it down, but the dreams, or more descriptively nightmares, I started having were a very undesirable side effect. Most nights after reading I would wake up covered in sweat, gasping for breath. The thought of some of the cases I read about made me sick to my stomach, and the way I started looking at those around me even changed a little bit. But the pursuit of information on such an interesting topic took over and I kept up with the research regardless of the results. What I found was a very interesting description of how people can do these things, why they would want to, and most importantly how to catch them.

On December 7, 171 police were called to a large Victorian mansion on Hillside Ave in Westfield, New Jersey. Neighbors had decided to call when they noticed that there had been lights burning in the house all day and all night for weeks on end. What was found turned out to be much worse then anyone would have imagined. There were several bodies in sleeping bags on the floor of the house's ballroom and over the loudspeaker a funeral dirge could be heard playing repeatedly. The dead were Helen, forty-five years old; her sixteen year old daughter, Patricia; and two sons, John Frederick, fifteen, and Frederick, thirteen. On further inspection of the house the police also found the body of Helen List's eighty-four-year-old mother-in-law in a storage room. Each victim had suffered a gunshot wound to the back of the head.

Before the officers left that day there was one suspect on their minds, the missing father, John Emil List. The evidence against him consisted of a series of letters that he ad written, but never sent to various people of importance to the List family. The letters explained his reasoning for what he had done. List had also had the paper canceled, stopped the milk delivery, told the children's schools they would be absent, and withdrawn the remaining $,8 from the family's bank account. His car was found at Kennedy Airport in Queens, with the title and owner's identification left inside. John List had disappeared, and had left no trace. All of this shows how carefully he was able to plan and act on his family's murders, there was no sense of urgency, and no sense of regret. So the question is why? Why would a man go to such lengths to kill his family, and how was he able to do it so meticulously? In one of the letters he had written he made reference to the fact that he was afraid the family was turning away from God, and he wanted to stop them before they went too far. Also in the letter he explained that he wasn't earning anywhere near enough to support his family. He also justified the murder of his mother by saying that the events would have been too much of a shock to her so he had to kill her to relieve her of the pain.

These reasons are obviously not reasons a sane man could have justified, so what made him different? Former FBI profiler John Douglas suggests that List was an obsessive compulsive type who needed everything to piece together the way he saw fit. He felt his life and the life of his family had gotten far too messy and out of control, so he took things into his own hands in order to "save them". Douglas made the assumption that List would return to a place that was familiar and comfortable to him. He ended up being right. On June 1, 18 List was found living in Midlothian, Virginia with his new wife, only a couple miles away from where he had met his first wife. He was living under another name, and might never have been caught if not for America's Most Wanted, and one of his old neighbor's recognition of him. Through fingerprints the police were able to identify with certainty that it was List, and they arrested him.

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The first thing I thought of when I read this story was how someone could ever convince them self that killing their family was an answer to any problem. And even though Douglas gives a lot of basic information about what List's problems actually were, there is no real way to answer the question of what his motive truly could have been, other then the fact that List was not a mentally well-off individual, perhaps partly by nature, but also by the nurturing he had received throughout his life.

As The Police song states, "Once that you've decided on a killing First you make a stone of your heart And if you find that your hands are still willing Then you can turn a murder into art", The first step a serial killer has to take is making them self numb to what they're doing. Many serial killers have had pasts that include some kind of extreme physical or sexual abuse from a parent or parental figure. There have also been studies that show many serial killers tortured animals as children. This shows that from a very young age they were not only being taught that hurting others is okay, but also how to make a living creature suffer with no regret or remorse. Shervert Frazier, who has served as president of the American Psychiatric Association, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, and supervisor of psychiatric services at Massachusetts's Bridgewater State Hospital for the criminally insane, has concluded that "these killers had been subjected to brutalizing treatment that generated overwhelming hostile and ultimately murderous emotions". Though I do feel pity for anyone who was abused as a child, it does not serve as a good enough excuse for this kind of behavior, and it still doesn't explain to me how someone could do such a thing.

The average serial killer tends to be white heterosexual males in his twenties or thirties who is a loner with low self esteem. His methodical rampages are almost always sexually motivated. His killings tend to be part of an elaborate sexual fantasy that builds to a climax at the moment of his murderous outburst. Serial Killers usually murder strangers with cooling off periods between each crime. Many are sadistic in nature. They enjoy returning to grave sites and crime scenes to fantasize about the previous kills. Furthermore, many killers like to insert themselves in the investigations of their crimes and some like to taunt the police. Serial killers generally are very smart, and very patient. They have the ability to plan out their crimes without any interruption from their conscience. They seem to explore killing like it's a game. It's as if they have taken human life and turned it into a sick entertainment system in order to see what happens when they destroy it.

One question I've always wondered about serial killers is whether or not they know what they're doing is wrong. Either they do, and they just don't mind, or they are so sick in the head that they don't even see their actions as morally wrong. It's very difficult for me to imagine a person who doesn't understand that killing is wrong, but on the other hand it's even harder to imagine a person who knows it is wrong, but does it anyway. Overall, through the reading I've done, it seems that more then anything these people want power. They want the feeling that comes along with "playing God", regardless of what it entails. This leads me to believe that they do know what they're doing, they have just lost (if they ever had) the ability to care.

One last thing to think about is the crime scene itself. It is stated in The Anatomy of Motive that "to know the artist, you must study his art". Many serial killers leave clues behind, they want the police to have to search to find them, but eventually their goal is to get caught. In order to gain the infamy that comes along with this occupation you need to be caught. It's odd to think about someone wanting their name to go down in history as a serial killer, but in many cases that is the goal. The killer thinks it is the only thing they can really succeed at, so why not? This ends up being the main difference between serial killers, and Spree. Spree killers murder for a "purpose" of some kind, and usually end up killing themselves at the end of their reign of terror. Serial killers have far too much respect for their art to do such a thing, they want to be known, and studied.

In the end I do feel the book gave a good description of the life of a serial killer, and a couple interesting theories as to their motives. But I don't feel any more confident in the reasons people do this. Maybe it is the type of thing that no one ever truly understands without living that life. If that is the case then I'm fine with my ignorance, but it still bothers me to think that there are people out there either raised to act this way, or born to act this way. How can society try to help these people before their acts become murderous? What can we do to pick them out and notice them, before they have hurt others? Maybe these questions are impossible to answer; maybe this is just one of the facts humans have to live with in an imperfect world. But I would like to believe that with each new case that gets investigated, we are getting closer and closer to the reasons behind these acts, and the prevention necessary to stop them.

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Philosophy

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Philosophy

Philosophy has come a long way. There have been many philosophers who have come and gone teaching the ways of many different views in philosophy. This Paper will do its best in writing about five of the best philosophers in history. Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Mills, are the five that are thought of being among the best.

Socrates was born about 10 years after the Battle of Salamis. His father, Sophronisus, was a friend of the family of Aristides, the founder of the Delian League, empire arose. The philosopher's mother, Phaenarete, acted as a "midwife". Socrates married late in life, Xantippe (Xanthi), whom he left three sons. One an infant. When his son Lamprocles got angry because of his mother's temper, Socrates taught him to be grateful for all the gifts a mother has given to child. Socrates was a good warrior; his outward appearances were grotesque, stout and with prominent eyes, snub nose, broad nostrils and wide mouth. "Intellectually the acutest man of his age, he was himself the dullest person and morally the purest. He had an ardent and amorous temperament. He liked to spend all his time in the streets, marketplace, and more particularly, gymnasia. He cared little for the country. He also talked freely to politicians, poets, and artisans about various subjects, of their notions, of right and wrong, familiar matters of their interest. Socrates, as a young man, was enthusiastically interested in "natural science", and so, familiarized himself with the nature.(Tredennick 6) That "Mind" is the source of all cosmic order because this meant, "everything is ordered as its best, as it should be" that the universe is a rational teleological system. He loved the "ethical", character and conduct both private and public, with "nature" at large. He was one of the eminent philosophers who believed in God and acknowledged his sovereignty. He practiced self-denial, repressed his appetites for sensual desires and turned away from material pleasures. He went to the mountains where he dwelt in cave. He dissuaded men from worshipping idols and taught them the way to God, the Lord of Mercy, until the ignorant rose up against him. They arrested him and put him in prison to death. (Tredennick 0) What a penetrating vision of philosophy this eminent man had! He is most distinguished of all philosophers and was well versed in wisdom. He had a profound knowledge of such sciences as were current amongst men and their minds. The sophists taught eristics or the skill of clever debate which aimed at winning arguments and legal battles at any cost and with little concern for the truth. The sophists were both scorned and sought after. Socrates' dialectical question / answer method was confused with the bellicose debate of the sophists. Socrates suggests that there will be no cessation of such troubles until philosophers become the rulers or the rulers pursue philosophy. The guardians must be the wisest. Socrates exhorts his listeners to keep their souls unspotted and follow the upward way in pursuing justice with wisdom, so that they will be dear to the gods in this life and the next. (Scott 87)

Plato was born around the year 48 BCE into an established Athenian household with a rich history of political connections including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Plato's parents were Ariston and Perictone, his older brothers were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his younger sister was Potone. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. (Pappas 6) The biographical tradition is unanimous in its observation that Plato engaged in many forms of poetry as a young man, only later turning to philosophy. Aristotle tells us that sometime during Plato's youth the philosopher-to-be became acquainted with the doctrines of Cratylus, a student of Heraclitus, who, along with other Presocratic thinkers such as Pythagoras and Parmenides, provided Plato with the foundations of his metaphysics and epistemology. Upon meeting Socrates, however, Plato directed his inquiries toward the question of virtue. The formation of a noble character was to be before all else. Indeed, it is a mark of Plato's brilliance that he was to find in metaphysics and epistemology a host of moral and political implications. How we think and what we take to be real having an important role in how we act. Thus, Plato came to believe that a philosophical comportment toward life would lead one to being just and, ultimately, happy. It is difficult to determine the precise chain of events that led Plato to the intricate web of beliefs that unify metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and politics into a single inquiry. In what appears to be a matter of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for bringing Socrates to trial in on the charges of corrupting the youth, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and engaging in unusual religious practices. During his trial, which is documented in Plato's Apology, Socrates explained that he had no interest to engage in politics, because a certain divine sign told him that he was to foster a just and noble lifestyle within the young men of Athens. This he did in casual conversations with whomever he happened to meet on the streets. When Socrates told the court that if set free, he would not stop this practice, claiming that he must follow the voice of his god over the dictates of the state, the court found him guilty (though by a narrow margin), and he was executed one month later. This final sequence of events must have weighed heavily on Plato, who then turned away from politics, somewhat jaded by the unjust behavior of the Thirty, disappointed by the follies of the democracy, and forever affected by the execution of Socrates. Whether or not Plato began to write philosophical dialogues prior to Socrates' execution is a matter of debate. But most scholars agree that shortly after Plato began to write extensively. Although the order in which his dialogues were written is a matter of strong debate, there is some consensus about how the Platonic corpus evolved. This consensus divides Plato's writings into three broad groups. The first group, generally known as the "Socratic" dialogues, was probably written between the years and 87. These texts are called "Socratic" because here Plato appears to remain relatively close to what the historical Socrates advocated and taught. (Pappas 7) One of these, the Apology, was probably written shortly after the death of Socrates. The Crito, Laches, Lysis, Charmides, Euthyphro, Hippias Minor and Major, Protagoras, Gorgias and Ion, were probably written throughout this twelve year period as well, some of them, like the Protagoras and Gorgias, most likely at its end. Plato was forty the first time he visited Italy. Shortly thereafter, he returned to Athens and founded the Academy, located nearly a mile outside the city walls and named after the Attic hero Academus. The Academy included a nice grove of trees, gardens, a gymnasium and many shrines including one dedicated to Athena herself, the goddess of the city. Plato created his own cult association, setting aside a portion of the Academy for his purposes and dedicating his cult to the Muses. Soon this 'school' became rather well-known on account of its common meals and sympotic lifestyle, modified, of course, to suit a new agenda. Indeed, Plato's Academy was famed for its moderate eating and talks as well as all the appropriate sacrifices and religious observances. Overshadowing all of that was, of course, its philosophical activity. We know little of the remaining thirteen years in Plato's life. Probably sick of his wanderings and misfortunes in Sicily, Plato returned to the philosophical life of the Academy and, most likely, lived out his days conversing and writing. During this period, Plato could have written the so-called "later" dialogues, the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus and Laws, in which Socrates plays a relatively minor role and the metaphysical speculation of the "middle" dialogues is meticulously scrutinized. Plato died in 47, leaving the Academy to Speusippus, his sister's son. The Academy served as the model for institutions of higher learning until it was closed by the Emperor Justinian in 5 CE, almost one thousand years later.Write my Essay on Philosophy

Aristotle was born at Stagira, a Macedonian city two hundred miles to the north of Athens in the year 84 B.C. His father was the friend and physician to the king of Macedon, Amyntas. Aristotle was brought up in the odor of medicine, though many other philosophers were brought up in the odor of sanctity. There are many stories of Aristotle. One story takes him to Athens at the age of eighteen and puts him under the teachings of the great master, Plato. But even this likelier account there is sufficient echo of a reckless and irregular youth, living rapidly. (Durant 4) The reader may console himself by observing that in the story the philosopher anchors at last in the quiet groves of the academy. Under Plato he studied eight or twenty years. One would like to imagine these as very happy years; brilliant pupils guided by an incomparable teacher, walking like Greek lovers in the gardens of philosophy (Durant 4). But they were both geniuses, and it is notorious that geniuses accord with one another as harmoniously as gasoline and fire. Almost half a century separated them; it was difficult for understanding to bridge the gap of years and cancel the incompatibility of souls (Durant 50). While under Plato, Aristotle spent a lot of money on books, or in those days, manuscripts. He was the first, after Euripides, to gather a library. Plato spoke of Aristotle's home as "the house of the reader". The work of Aristotle was great. So great that it was not hard for him to find pupils. He eventually established a school called the Lyceum. This school was devoted to mathematics and speculative and political philosophy. The Lyceum was also attentive to science and biology. If we may believe Pliny, Alexander instructed his hunters, gamekeepers, gardeners, and fishermen to furnish Aristotle with all the zoological and botanical material he might desire (Durant 5). Another writer had many believe that he had over a thousand men scattered through out Greece and Asia collecting specimens. It makes you wonder where he got all the funds for this. Well, by the time this came about, Aristotle was a wealthy man. He had married into one of the most powerful men in Greece, Athenaeus. It was said that Alexander had given Aristotle some 800 talents, which would equal up to about four million dollars. Yet we should do Aristotle injustice if we were to ignore the almost fatal limitations of equipment which accompanied these unprecedented resources and facilities (Durant 54). He was compelled "to fix time without a watch, to compare degrees of heat without a thermometer, to observe the heavens without a telescope, and the weather without a barometer….Of all our mathematical, optical and physical instruments he possessed only the rule and compass, together with the most imperfect substitutes of some few others. Chemical analysis, correct measurements and weights, and a thorough application of mathematics to physics, were unknown. The attractive force of matter, the law of gravitation, electrical phenomena, the conditions of chemical combination, pressure of air and its effects, the nature of light, heat, combustion, ect., in short, all the facts on which the physical theories of modern science are based were wholly, or almost wholly, undiscovered."(Durant 55) The first great distinction of Aristotle is that almost without predecessors, almost entirely on his own he created a new science, logic. Logic simply means the art and method of correct thinking. In politics, Aristotle was conservative because of the turmoil and disaster that had come out of Athenian democracy. Like any other scholar or philosopher, he wanted peace, order, and security.

The first great philosopher of the modern era was RenDescartes, whose new approach won him recognition as the progenitor of modern philosophy. Descartes's pursuit of mathematical and scientific truth soon led to a profound rejection of the scholastic tradition in which he had been educated. Much of his work was concerned with the provision of a secure foundation for the advancement of human knowledge through the natural sciences. Fearing the condemnation of the church, however, Descartes was rightly cautious about publicly expressing the full measure of his radical views. The philosophical writings for which he is remembered are therefore extremely circumspect in their treatment of controversial issues. After years of work in private, Descartes finally published a preliminary statement of his views in the Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason 167. Since mathematics has genuinely achieved the certainty for which human thinkers yearn, he argued, we rightly turn to mathematical reasoning as a model for progress in human knowledge more generally. Expressing perfect confidence in the capacity of human reason to achieve knowledge, Descartes proposed an intellectual process no less unsettling than the architectural destruction and rebuilding of an entire town. In order to be absolutely sure that we accept only what is genuinely certain, we must first deliberately renounce all of the firmly held but questionable beliefs we have previously acquired by experience and education. At the outset of the Third Meditation, Descartes tried to use this first truth as the paradigm for his general account of the possibilities for achieving human knowledge. In the cogito, awareness of myself, of thinking, and of existence are somehow combined in such a way as to result in an intuitive grasp of a truth that cannot be doubted. Perhaps we can find in other cases the same grounds for indubitable truth. But what is it? The answer lies in Descartes's theory of ideas. Considered formally, as the content of my thinking activity, the ideas involved in the cogito are unusually clear and distinct.( Haldane and Ross 4) But ideas may also be considered objectively, as the mental representatives of things that really exist. According to a representative realist like Descartes, then, the connections among our ideas yield truth only when they correspond to the way the world really is. But it is not obvious that our clear and distinct ideas do correspond to the reality of things, since we suppose that there may be an omnipotent deceiver. In some measure, the reliability of our ideas may depend on the source from which they are derived. Descartes held that there are only three possibilities all of our ideas are either adventitious (entering the mind from the outside world) or factitious (manufactured by the mind itself) or innate (inscribed on the mind by god). But I don't yet know that there is an outside world, and I can imagine almost anything, so everything depends on whether god exists and deceives me.(Ariew )

The son of James Mill, a friend and follower of Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill was subjected to a rigorous education at home he mastered English and the classical languages as a child, studied logic and philosophy extensively, read the law with John Austin, and then embarked on a thirty-five career with the British East India Company at the age of seventeen.(Kemerling) Despite such a rich background, Mill credited the bulk of his intellectual and personal development to his long and intimate association with Harriet Hardy Taylor. They were devoted friends for two decades before the death of her husband made it possible for them to marry in 185; she died in Avignon six years later. Mill continued to write and to participate in political affairs, serving one term in Parliament. Philosophically, Mill was a radical empiricist who held that all human knowledge, including even mathematics and logic, is derived by generalization from sensory experience. In A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive he explained in great detail the canons for reasoning inductively to conclusions about the causal connections exhibited in the natural world.(Kemerling) Mills moral philosophy was a modified version of the utilitarian theory he had learned from his father and Bentham. In the polemical Utilitarianism Mill developed a systematic statement of utilitarian ethical theory. He modified and defended the general principle that right actions are those that tend to produce the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people, being careful to include a distinction in the quality of the pleasures that constitute happiness.(Kemerling) There Mill also attempted a proof of the principle of utility, explained its enforcement, and discussed its relation to a principle of justice. Mills greatest contribution to political theory occurs in On Liberty, where he defended the broadest possible freedom of thought and expression and argued that the state can justify interference with the conduct of individual citizens only when it is clear that doing so will prevent a greater harm to others. Mill also addressed matters of social concern in Principles of Political Economy and Considerations on Representative Government and eloquently supported the cause of womens rights in The Subjection of Women. Mills Utilitarianism is an extended explanation of utilitarian moral theory. In an effort to respond to criticisms of the doctrine, Mill not only argued in favor of the basic principles of Jeremy Bentham but also offered several significant improvements to its structure, meaning, and application. Although the progress of moral philosophy has been limited by its endless disputes over the reality and nature of the highest good, Mill assumed from the outset, everyone can agree that the consequences of human actions contribute importantly to their moral value. Against those who argue that the utilitarian theory unreasonably demands of individual agents that they devote their primary energies to the cold-hearted and interminable calculation of anticipated effects of their actions, Mill offered a significant qualification.(Kemerling) Precisely because we do not have the time to calculate accurately in every instance, he supposed, we properly allow our actions to be guided by moral rules most of the time. Partly anticipating the later distinction between act and rule utilitarianism, Mill pointed out that secondary moral principles at the very least perform an important service by providing ample guidance for every-day moral life. Finally, however, he emphasized that the value of each particular action�especially in difficult or controversial cases�is to be determined by reference to the principle of utility itself. Mill argued that social applications of the principle of utility are fully consistent with traditional concern for the promotion of justice. Justice involves respect for the property, rights, and deserts of individual citizens, along with fundamental presumptions in favor of good faith and impartiality. All of these worthwhile components of justice are adequately preserved by conscientious application of the principle of utility, Mill supposed, since particular cases of each clearly result in the greatest happiness of all affected parties. Although a retributive sentiment in favor of punishing wrong-doers may also be supposed to contribute to the traditional concept of justice, Mill insisted that the appropriately limited use of external sanctions on utilitarian grounds better accords with a legitimate respect for the general welfare. Mill also pointed out that the defence of individual human freedom is especially vital to living justly, but that had been the subject of another book.(Kemerling)

These philosophers have paved the way for newcomers and have pretty much raised the bar. Each philosopher,though, has their own perspective on life and different subjects, but they all have the same idea on preaching the gospel. They have done a great job giving people a reason to think about something deeper rather than giving a simple answer. They also give people the idea to ask questions to go deeper into an answer of a certain question.

Works Cited

Pappas, Nickolas. Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Republic. London; 15.

Haldane, E.S. and G.T.R. Ross. The Philosophical works of Descartes. Cambridge; 18.

Durant, Will. The Story of Philosophy. New York; January 15.

Ariew, Roger. Rene Descartes, Philosophical Essays and Correspondence. Hackett Publishing; March 000.

Tredennick, Hugh. Plato, The Last Dyas of Socrates. Penguin/Puffin Market; August 17.

Scott, Gary Alan. Does Socrates have a method? Rethinking the Elenchus in Plato's Dialogues and Beyond. Penn State; 00.

Sallis, John. Chorology On Beginning Platos Timaeus. Indiana University; October 1.

Kemerling, Garth. "John Stuart Mills." Philosophy Pages.

5 March 00.

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