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After the Camp David Accords between the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli premier Menachem Begin, Egypt gave up its guiding role in the Arab world. This leading role was passed on to the Iraqi dictatorial president Saddam Hussein. The western powers did not begrudge him this honor as long as he challenged Islamic fundamentalism. And in May 180, Hussein combated Islamic extremists by starting a war with fanatical neighbor Iran. With economic and military aid from from other secular Arab countries and the West, Hussein predicted the war would end very quickly. Instead, it was an exhausting war of attrition, which lasted for nine years.
In 188, a UN brokered truce ended the conflict, but by then Iraq was armed to the teeth with hi-tech weaponry; mostly supplied by the U.S. However, the nation was burdened with debt. Given his economic situation, Hussein set his sights on the neighboring oil rich country of Kuwait. He accused the Emir of Kuwait of breaking agreements that limit oil production in the Middle East. According to Saddam Hussein, this brought down world oil prices severely and caused billions of dollars in lost Iraqi revenue. So, on August nd, 10, on Saddams orders, Iraqi military forces invaded and occupied the small Arab state of Kuwait.
By invading Kuwait, Iraq succeeded in surprising the entire world. By releasing a statement demanding he withdraw his troops immediately, the U.S. ended its policy of accommodating Saddam Hussein. The Iraqi leaders demonization was taking place in the international press and President Bush confronted little difficulty in winning Americans support for the potential war against Iraq. Negative attitude toward Iraq was soon a worldwide phenomenon.
The United Nations Security Council passed 1 resolutions condemning the invasion, and approved the use of force. President Bush also sent his defense minister Richard Cheney to Saudi Arabia to show King Fahd reports revealing Iraqi intentions of invading his country, thus obtaining permission to send Allied troops and planes to Saudi Arabia. It took very little time for the United States to form a coalition of countries, including the Arab countries Syria, Egypt, and Morocco, and more than $5 billion was pledged and received. The ultimate decision was to use military force if Iraq did not withdraw unconditionally by January 15, 11. When the deadline was set, it was time to start preparing for the worst; 500,000 soldiers (including 00,000 Americans) positioned themselves at the Saudi-Iraqi border.Custom writing service can write essays on The second Gulf war
And on January 17, 11, war replaced words, as five successive waves of bombers armed with HARM (High-speed Anti-Radiation Missiles) and cruise missiles launched the first attack on Iraq. The missiles wreaked terrible destruction on Iraqi forces. However, the missiles not only hit military targets but also the center and outskirts of Baghdad, killing hundreds of innocent civilians.
To minimize casualties of the coalition forces, under the command of U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf, a strategy with five weeks of intensive air attacks and ending with a ground assault was planned and initialized. Besides the tremendous air power, the coalition deployed technologically advanced weapon systems, never before engaged in combat, such as the U.S. F-117A Stealth bomber, advanced infrared targeting that illuminated Iraqi tanks buried in the sand and laser-guided smart bombs. The large-scale usage of air force and the latest technology made the war short and saved great numbers of Allied soldiers lives.
After establishing air superiority, coalition forces disabled Iraqs command and control. This caused communication to fail between Baghdad and its troops in the field. The next stage was to relentlessly attack Iraqs infantry, which was dug in along the Saudi-Kuwaiti border, and the elite 15,000 man Republican Guard in southeastern Iraq and northern Kuwait.
In retaliation, Iraq started launching SCUD missiles at Israel. Saddam was counting on the fact that the Israeli government would react and enter the war. Given the Arabs hatred of the Jews, he hoped to incite the whole of Islam in a Jihad against Allied forces. But the maneuver failed, Israels anti-missile defense intercepted and destroyed the SCUDs in mid-flight.
Every move Saddam made was unsuccessful. His last attempt was when Iraqi soldiers set three Kuwaiti oil wells on fire and sent hundreds of thousands of burning oil into the Persian Gulf, creating an ecological disaster, and brought down the disapproval of the entire world.
The ground war began on February , after a last ditch attempt at mediation, and featured a massively successful out-flanking movement of the Iraqi forces. The Iraqis apparently anticipated that they would be attacked frontally, by a large Allied amphibious landing and had heavily fortified those defensive positions. Schwarzkopf instead moved the bulk of his forces west and north, and in a major use of helicopters, attacked the Iraqis from their rear. The five weeks of intensive air attacks had greatly demoralized the Iraqi front-line troops, causing widespread desertions. Iraqi commanders had already lost much of their ability to communicate with Baghdad, which made their situation even worse. Remaining front-line forces were quickly killed or taken prisoner with minimal coalition losses.
President Bushs decision to terminate the ground war at midnight February 8, 11, was criticized, because the United States left Saddam Hussein in power, instead of taking him prisoner and trying him before an international tribunal. It allowed Baghdad to rescue a large amount of military equipment and personnel that were later used to suppress the postwar insurrections of Iraqs Shiite and Kurdish citizens. In his own defense, the president asserted that the war had expelled the Iraqi forces from Kuwait and reestablished Kuwaiti independence. Bushs decision was probably influenced by his desire to maintain coalition unity. A particular reason was to keep on board the Arab members, who were increasingly unhappy at the devastation inflicted on Iraqs infrastructure and civilian population.
Iraqi representatives accepted allied terms for a provisional truce on March , and a permanent cease-fire on April 6. Iraq agreed to pay reparations to Kuwait, reveal the location and extent of its stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons, and eliminate its weapons of mass destruction.
Operation Desert Storm was perhaps the most efficient war in American History, at least when considering the cost in American lives. It also marked a new stage in world affairs in which there would be only one superpower, a power that was prepared to put its military might to use to dissuade any country attempting to disrupt the world order.
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