Bibliography of the Raelians

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Michelle McGarry

ENG 104-18

Professor Miga

February 1, 00Custom Essays on Bibliography of the Raelians

Annotated Bibliography

Adler, Jerry, Tracy McNicoll, Julie Scelfo, Anne Underwood, Mary Carmichael, Debra Rosenburg. "Spaced Out." Newsweek. 1 Jan. 00 48-5.

· This article discusses a brief back round about the Raelians and gives the con side of the argument.

"Brigitte Boisselier Scientific genius or PR guru?" BBC News. Jan. 00. 1 Feb. 00. http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/science/nature/64445.stm

· This article gives a back round on Brigitte Boisselier and the company Clonaid.

Clonaid

http//www.clonaid.com (Last Visited 1//0)

· This is the website of the company Clonaid. Provides information on what the company does, and how the Raelians are tied in.

Cooperman, Alan. "Raelians Believe Cloning Holds key to Immortality." Washington Post 8 Dec. 00

· Gives a negative picture of who the Raelians are, and their beliefs about cloning.

"Demands Grow for Human Clone Ban." BBC News. 8 Dec. 00. 6 Feb. 00 http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/health/61110.stm

· Goes into depth on French President Chirac's proposal for a worldwide ban on cloning, and the skepticism scientists feel toward Clonaid's announcement of the first cloned baby.

Gibbs, Nancy, Melissa August, Andrea Dorfman, Deirdre van Dyk, Jeff Israely, and Tim Padgett. "Abducting the Cloning Debate." Time Magazine 1 Jan. 00 46-50.

· This article goes into the moral issues of cloning, and gives a negative perspective towards the Raelians' beliefs.

Jerome, Richard, Don Sider, Lori Rozsa, Hope Hamashige, Vicki Sheff- Cahan, Breu Fiovanna, and Bob Stewart. "Maybe Baby." People Magazine 1 Jan. 00 58-6.

· This article a slight back round of the Raelians, why they want to clone, who Eve is, and how the cloning process works.

Lewis, James. The Gods Have Landed. New York State University of New York Press, 15.

· This book gives an extensive back round of the Raelians.

Mother Site of the Raelian Religion.

http//www.rael.org (Last visited 1/5/0)

· This website goes into great depth on the mission, the evidence, and even provides an online store to purchase their merchandise.

Palmer, Susan. Moon Sisters, Krishna Mothers, Rajneesh Lovers; Women's Roles in New Religions. New York Syracuse University Press, 14.

· This book goes into an extensive history of the Raelians, and the role that the women play in their faith.

Rael. Let's Welcome our Fathers from Space. Japan. AOM Corporation, 186.

· This book gives Rael's encounter with the Elohim, and what they told him for the first six days.

---. The Final Message London The Tagman Press, 18.

· This book talks about the interpretations of the Elohim, and how society needs to play a part in the Raelian Religion.

"Raelian Leader Says Cloning First Step to Immortality." CNN.Com 8 Dec. 00. 8 Feb. 00. http//www.cnn.com/00/HEALTH/1/7/human.cloning

· Gives both of the pros and cons of the Raelian cloning movement, and how the Pope and President Bush oppose.

"The Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity Condemns Human Cloning Claim." FindLaw. 7 Dec. 00. 14 Feb. 00 http//news.corporate.findlaw.com/prnewswire/0017/7dec0001808.html

· The Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity is a company based in Chicago, which criticized Clonaid for their work even though there was no proof of the claim.

Tracinski, Robert. "Human Cloning Raelians Vs. Reality." Capitalism Magazine. 8 Jan. 00. 8 Feb. 00. http//www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=48

· This article goes into the debate as to why the Raelians should not be allowed to clone humans, and portrays a disapproving attitude towards the religious group.

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Hammurabi Essay

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In ancient times, laws were usually passed along by words, it was never written down. But around 1760 B.C., a man named Hammurabi, King of Babylon, produced what is believed to be the first set of codified laws in Western civilization. They were chiseled on a stone tablet and hung in the center of the city where everyone could see them. In 1750 there was not very much respect for authority and I believe it has improved since then.

I believe over the centuries the respect for authority has drastically changed. I think the reason it has improved since 1750 is because back then they had laws but the laws were for everyone and everything. What I'm trying to say is today we have laws but we have different kinds of laws and authorities, they only had one. We have the provincial government and the municipal government, they have different kinds of responsibilities and we respect them for what each type of government does for us. Also we have different sections of government for us, like substantive law, and procedural law. These are different types of the law which deal with different things. Today we have private and civil law which deals with us, the people of the country, and on the other side we have public law which deals with the relationship of the government and society. What I'm really trying to express is that back in 1750 they did not have different sections of the laws for certain things and people, they had one big law and sometimes the punishments were blown out of context. A good example of this is in one of the excerpts where a witness lies on the stand during a capital trial, and because he lied and it was a capital trial the man will receive the death penalty. Back then they only had one way to decide these punishments, "an eye for an eye", and sometimes this way was unorthodox. The people lost respect for the government and started to overcome with fear. Today we have different kinds of authorities; we also have different kinds of courts such as divorce court, family court, criminal court, etc... I believe because we have all these different kinds the people are happier and respect the government for implementing this kind of system. People even have more respect for smaller levels of authority. Good examples are police officers, a while back they used to be seen as "Pigs" who go to Tim Horton's to eat donuts and drink coffee. But now I can honestly say people respect them a whole lot more and do not make jokes about them and finally realize that the little things they do greatly improve our society.

So yes, I believe the respect for authority has immensely improved since 1750 and will continue to improve as time goes on. And even though there is more respect for authority now, the respect for authority was quite impressive for its time, who would have thought that a civilization over thousands of years old would be capable for producing the worlds very first set of codified laws.

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Open Ocean Biome

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Open Ocean Biome

The Open Ocean Biome is just one of the biomes that are categorized in the world. Oceans are always moving and have mountains, volcanoes and deep trenches on the ground floor. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the four main oceans. Although its name means peaceful, this ocean can be very rough. The Pacific Ocean is 64 million square miles. The Atlantic Ocean is the busiest ocean. Many ships cross the Atlantic carrying cargo between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. It is around million square miles. The Indian Ocean is located in an area bordered by the continents of Asia, Africa, Antarctica, and Australia. It is the second smallest and measures at 8 million square miles. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and the coldest ocean. It is only 5 million square miles. These four main oceans make up the biome that is known as the Open Ocean.

There are many different kinds of animals that live in the oceans of the world. Many times they are referred to as marine animals, which include fish and mammals. Fish are animals that do not need to come up for air to breath. The fish have gills that help them get oxygen to breathe. The mammals on the other hand, must come up to the surface every few minutes to take breaths of air in order to stay alive. Another type of marine animal that lives in the Open Ocean Biome is the mollusk. These specific animals have shells, such as oysters or clams. However, there is an exception for animals that do not that do not belong to the mollusk family. The Octopus is the exception; it does not have a shell, but is still considered to be a mollusk. Crustaceans are yet another variety of marine life under the sea. These animals include crabs and lobsters. The fish of the sea have few adaptations. These include sleek bodies to reduce friction while swimming, gills that allow them to breathe, eyes on the sides of the head to alert them of approaching enemies, fins to help them swim faster, and the color-coded or camouflaged skin to help them hide from their enemies.Custom writing service can write essays on Open Ocean Biome

Oceans are known for the marine life, but are also known for the plants that live in the water also. Plankton is a mixture of plants and animals that reside in the open oceans. Plankton makes up a huge portion of the food source for many species that live in the oceans. The part of plankton that pertains solely to plants is referred to as phytoplankton. Seaweed in the common term used for the Algae, which is any plant that lives under the water. Algae is the primary food source for animals that near or on the shorelines. Algae also has everyday uses that we take advantage of. The algae is a key ingredient in many products used by human such as paints, ice cream, toothpastes and medicines. The greatest concentration of plant life in the ocean can be found in Coral Reefs. In fact, the Cayman Islands is built upon nothing but a coral reef. This island is known for its beautiful reefs and is quite a popular place for snorkeling and scuba diving.

The Ocean Open Biome is also known for its climate. The average temperature of all oceans is about degrees F (.8 degrees C). The Open Oceans of the world though are known for having different temperatures. Tropical Oceans, which are near the equator, are warm and clear on the surface. In the cold polar regions of the far north and far south, the ocean is so cold that its surface is actually frozen. This happens most frequently in the Arctic Ocean. The Huge blocks of ice that develop in this ocean are called Icebergs, and are known to drift around in these waters. Although the Arctic Ocean is known for being the world's coldest ocean, all oceans are cold, dark and appear still when studied deep down below the surface. The sun can only heat the surface of the water and the moon and gravity control the tides.

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Montage of a Dream Deferred

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James Mercer Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 10, in Joplin Missouri to Carrie Mercer Langston Hughes and James Nathaniel Hughes. Shortly after he was born his parents separated. Hughes lived his entire childhood with his mother, maternal grandmother, and family friends. His father moved from the U.S to various other places where he finally settled down in Mexico as a lawyer and businessman. Despite this fact, Hughes grew up in dire poverty. While Hughes was in his early teens, his mother attended college for a year, but was unable to continue attending because she was unable to find a job that could help pay for her schooling. She moved from city to city trying to find work while Hughes stayed with his grandmother. After her death in 114 Hughes lived with her friends the Reeds, where for the first time he had enough to eat.

Hughes then went to Lincoln, Illinois, to live with his mother. There he started writing poetry after he was elected class poet by his graduating grammar school class. His family later moved to Cleveland, Ohio where he attended the Central High School. While there he also published various poems in the school magazine. There he was introduced to poems written by poets such as Dunbar, Longfellow, Sandburg, etc. In the summer of 11, Hughes visited his father in Mexico. This was a summer that Hughes would never forget because he was that close to committing suicide. In addition he wrote "When Sue Wears Red." Later that summer he graduated from high school where he wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," which was later published in the Crisis. This was also a year in which his father relented but agreed to send him to Columbia University rather than Europe. Hughes dropped out of Columbia University after only one year. Prior to Hughes dropping out, the breach between him and his father became final. From that moment, they never saw each other again. Hughes later moved to live in Harlem between the years of 1-1. This was a period of black upliftment and also the Harlem Renaissance. This is when he got his first public reading of "The Weary Blues." Around December of 15 he won poetry prizes from The Crisis and Opportunity. There he began writing poetry in the fom of blues and spirituals. While working as a busboy at Wardman Park Hotel, he paced three poems at poet Vachel Lindsay's dinning table. Lindsay then announced that he had discovered a new poet. The following day Hughes was given nation wide publicity. In Feburary of 16, he entered Lincoln University where he published various poems. In June of 1 he graduated from Lincoln University. Hughes went on to publish various poems while receiving monetary awards. In May of 1 he received a telegram inviting him to partake with other blacks on a movie making trip to the Soviet Union. Hughes toured the Soviet alone for six months. During this time he was inspired by reading D.H. Lawrence's short stories in which he wrote his own short stories and sent them to NewYork for publication. He then went on to publish a collection of his stories in14. During this time he joined radical protest movements on the west Coast. Later that year when Hughes was years of age he got a telegraph announcing his fathers death. Hughes immediately left for Mexico for the reading of the will. Hughes's father left his entire estate to three Spanish Catholic spinsters. Langston was never mentioned in his will. Hughes remember his father as a man whose only interest was making money. In particular he despised blacks, Mexicans, and Indians, all of whom he considered ignorant, backward, lazy, and dishonest. In Onwuchekwa Jemie's Langston Hughes he quotes the book "The Big Sea" (pp. -41,4) which says

My father hated Negroes. I think he hated himself, too, for being a Negro.

He disliked all of his family because they were Negroes and remained in

the United States, where none of them had a chance to be much of anything but servants…. My father had a great contempt for all poor people. He thought it was their own fault that they were poor.

He later returned to Cleveland with his mother where he spent atleast one year. He then moved to Spain where he spent six months covering the Baltimore Afro-American. By 18, he returned to NewYork where he founded various theatres and published various plays for Hollywood films.

Although Hughes is known for the various plays that he published, he is mostly known for his poetic literature. When Langston writes poetry, he plans to record and interpret the loves of common black folks. When Langston went to New york to live this was the period of the black upliftment and various political and economic struggle. In his writing he tries to capture those struggles that he and others around him has been through or was going through. When writing poetry, Hughes paid very little attention to anything that didn't have an impact on the black race. In addition to this being a period for black upliftment, this was also a period of the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was a time where African Americans really showed their work by either publishing or reading it orally. During this time their were various forms of music that was also developing one of which was Jazz. Jazz is a form of music which expressions come the use of instruments. This form of music was used to express one's self through the use of instruments. Because of the genesis of Jazz during this time, part of Hughes's poetry tend to revolve around it. To Hughes the term Jazz is understood to mean black music. Jazz being what it is, the jazz poem attempts to capture the instrumental vigor that it has. When Hughes writes his poetry using Jazz rhythms these poems tend to be written in the language of the common people. Jazz poems tries to capture the essence of jazz itself and the message that the singers are relaying. Most of the poems strength is in its rhythmic energy which is the same rhythmic energy captured in jazz itself. Some of hughes's jazz poems includes "Death in Harlem", and "Montage of a Dream Deferred."

"Death in Harlem" is a very realistic poem that deals with and gives an analysis of Harlem nightlife. This poem builds on a jazz narrative on the structure of a black epic. The setting is Dixie's, a Harlem basement nightclub. This poem talks about a Texas kid who has a thick bill roll in his hands. This lady named Arabella Johnson has her hands on him and their enjoying the night together. They start to drink and dance and just simply enjoying themselves. She then goes to the ladies room and to her surprise when she comes back some other good-time woman is dancing with him. She got so angry because she felt as if this other woman had shown her great disrespect. She then takes out her pistol and shoots the woman. The police then comes and arrests Arabella and she is taken to jail. The Texan Kid then picks up another woman and goes to bed with her. In this poem Dixie's nightclub symbolizes a den of death. Dixie is someone who wants money and doesn't care how they make it. It could be sex money blood money, any money. In this nightclub both whites and blacks poor and rich merge. Down South in Dixie the white woman played on the fact that any rumor of sex or rape of a white woman by a black man meant instant death for the black man. During this time the white women were very infatuated by the black man. If the black man gave in to such infatuation this usually was done in secret. If news of this involvement was to be known the women quickly called it rape. Death in this sense was almost inevitable as the moment of life. This poem relates to situations that is very common to life as we know it today. When a man has a woman she isn't seen as anyone special, if she goes from him for whatever reason, the next girl that she picks up is just as good as she was.

Montage of a Dream Deferred was written in 151.

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Teamwork for the 21st Century

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In 1st century, many organizations are tend to be decentralized, team and teamwork are become popular terms in management circles, in today¡¯s environment, teams promise to be a cornerstone of progressive management for the foreseeable future. A lot of cases show that more and more organization trying to narrow job titles and encourage employees working together to become a effective and efficiently team. According to management expert Peter Drucker, tomorrow¡¯s organizations will be flatter, information based, and organized around teams. (Kreitner & Kinicki, 001)

According to Katzenbach & Smith (1, p.14), a work group become a team when

1. Leadership becomes a shared activity.

. Accountability shifts from strictly individual to both individual and collective.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Teamwork for the 21st Century

. The group develops its own purpose or mission

4. Problem solving becomes a way of life, not a part-time activity

5. Effectiveness is measured by the group¡¯s collective outcomes and products

A group of people working together become a team is required team member have sufficient knowledge, experience, ability to contribute in a team, leadership, top-management support, interpersonal communication skills, and so on. Katzenbach & Smith also stat ¡° the essence of a team is common commitment. Without it, groups perform as individuals; with it, they become a powerful unit of collective performance.

4 types of Work teams

There are including (1) advice, () production, () project and (4) action. Each types of work teams depends on their tasks, for example action work team, such as football team, high specialization is combine with high coordination, include player, backup, coach, physicians, and managers. But these four ways of work teams can changed, not static, depends on the tasks, for example, football player also can be the advice team when they discuss the strategy for next matches with their coacher.

Work team effectiveness

To evaluate the work team effectiveness, two most important factors is the team performance which include the team output meets users¡¯ expectation and viability which include team members are satisfied the experience working together and willing to continue contributing to team effort. Also, effective teams have similar characteristics those include clear purpose, informality, participation, listening and so on.

The three most important factors can cause whether teamwork effective or not are cooperation, trust and cohesiveness. Team members are required to cooperate with other team members rather than compete them, according to Kohn, ¡°success often depends on sharing resources efficiently, and this is nearly impossible when people have to work against one another¡­ competition makes people suspicious and hostile toward one another and actively discourage this process.¡± (18, pp.7-8) Trust is between both teammates and the top-management, trust can be create by communication, support, respect, fairness, predictability and competence. Cohesiveness includes members¡¯ socio-emotional and instrumental cohesiveness. Socio-emotional cohesiveness is individuals derive emotional satisfaction from group participation, and instrumental cohesiveness is when members think them should working because they believe they could not achieve the group¡¯s goal by acting separately. An effective team should balance the socio-emotional and instrumental cohesiveness.

Virtual team

Today technology allows peoples being a member of work team by using Internet, email, video and audio equipment to working together, whether you from different locations, different organization even different time zone. Virtual teams are base on tasks, the benefits of virtual team is include flexible, timing saving for travel, and so on, but some argue is virtual team member lack face-to-face communication, this can cause reduce the team effectiveness because both members are lack trust communication and accountability with others. Virtual team can not replace the tradition factors that includes top-management support, effective leadership, and well designed time schedules.

Self-managed teams

Self-managed teams should be prepared to undergo revolutionary changes in management philosophy, structure, staffing and training practices and reward systems. Still have many managers strongly resist giving up the reins of power to people they view as subordinates, they see self-managed teams as a threat to their job security, therefore, self-managed teams need top-management support those include sufficient funds, autonomy, directly report to senior management. Employees in self-managed teams tend to act as their supervisor, such as planning, scheduling, monitoring and staffing. An effective self-managed teams can increase productivity, have good attitude, while training cost for self-managed teams can be very expensive.

Team building

For greater cooperation, better communication, and less dysfunctional conflict, team building include interpersonal trust exercises, conflict-handing role-play sessions and interactive games. And according to Wheelan, Murphy, Tsumura and Kline, the following eight attributes of high performance teams include

1. Participative leadership. Creating interdependency by empowering, freeing up, and serving other.

. Shared responsibility. Establishing an environment in which all team members feel as responsible as the manager for the performance of the work unit.

. Aligned on purpose.

4. High degree of communication.

5. Future focused. Seeing change as an opportunity for growth.

6. Focused on task. Keeping meeting focus on results.

7. Creative talents. Applying individual talent and creativity.

8. Rapid response. Identifying and acting on opportunity.

Anonymous, 000, Clues for helping communicate corporate culture to employees, Business First, American City Business Journals Inc, available online http//louisville.bcentral.com/louisville/stories/000/10/0/focus.html

Dodgson, P, G & Wood, J, V, 18, ¡° Self-esteem and the Cognitive Accessibility of Strenghts and Weakness after Failure,¡± Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, July 18, pp 178-7

Edwards, O, ¡°Inflammation High-Way,¡± Forbes, February 6, p. 10

Jaasma, M, A, & Koper, R, J, 1, ¡°The Relationship of Student-Faculty Out-of-Class Communication to Instructor Immediacy and Trust and to student Motivation,¡± Communication Education, January 1, pp.41-47

Kreitner, R & Kinicki, A, (001), Organizational Behavior, 5th ed. Irwin McGraw-Hill, Singapore pp.106, 10

Katzenbach, J, R & Smith, D, K, The Wisdom Of Teams Creating the High-Performance Organization (New York HarperBusiness, 1). P. 14

Kohn, A, ¡°How to Succeed without Even Vying,¡± Psychology Today, Sep. 16, pp.7-8

Mcfarlin, D, (001), The Leading Edge Corporate culture can drive, hinder success, Dayton Business Journal, February 5, 001 available online http//www.dayton.bcentral.com/dayton/stories/001/0/05/smallb.html

Schlenker, B, R, Weigold, M, F & Hallam, J, R, (10), ¡°Self-Serving Attributions in Social Context Effects of Self-Esteem and Social Pressure,¡± Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, May 10, pp 855-6

Stein, J, A, Newcomb, M, D & Bentler, P, M, 10, ¡°The Relative Influence on Vocational Behavior and Family Involvement on Self-Esteem¡± Longitudinal Analysis of Young Adult Woman and Man,¡± Journal of Vocational Behavior, June 10, pp.0-8

Raudsepp, E, (185), ¡°Are You Properly Assertive?¡± Supervision, June 1, pp17-18,

Wheelan, S, A, Murphy, D, Tsumura, E, & Kline, S, F, ¡°Member Perceptions of Internal Group Dynamic & Productivity,¡± Small Group Research, June, 18, pp.71-

V Gecas, ¡°The self-concept,¡± Annual Review of Sociology, eds R H Turner and J F Short, Jr (Palo Alto, CA Annual Reviews Inc., 18), vol.8 p .

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Daedalus

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This introductory essay calls for a group effort between religious organizations and society as a whole to improve, protect, and preserve our environment. The suggestion is to "creatively rethink human-Earth relations and activate informed environmental concern from the varied perspectives of the world's religions" ().

The environmental crisis is a global and local problem. Resource depletion, species extinction, pollution, climate change, and overconsumption are significantly and quickly destroying our environment however, no comprehensive solutions have been reached. Changes in such magnitude have been compared to changes in major geological eras such as the Jurassic period.

Although we, collectively as a society, are responsible for this mass destruction we are still capable of turning this around. We are at a critical crossroads, where new boundaries can be formed between continuing with our course of destruction and "reconfiguring the relation of economy and ecology for a sustainable future" (7). On a positive note, the reevaluation of these boundaries has been set in motion by many facets of our society (governmental and nongovernmental organizations, businesses). These groups are forming new ideas on alternative energy sources, environmental technical designs, sustainable fishing and agriculture initiative, and environmental education programs.

Although the participation of science in the implementation of plans to reverse the environmental crisis is great, a call for increased involvement from more religious institutions is necessary. Crimes against creation and the environment should be recognized as crimes against both science and religion. The universe, as well as the environment, should be treated with awe and reverence as many scientists do (10).

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While the responses of religion to the global environmental crisis were slow to start, a solid increase has occurred over the last twenty-five years. All over the globe conferences have been held to discuss different issues pertaining to the global society. Religious groups have contributed to the drafting of the Earth Charter and many religious leaders have spoken out about the protection of the environment. I believe that the actions of the Church are a great encouragement to other organizations involved in improving the environment, however, I feel that we need to apply these writings, conferences, and meetings into action to really create a change in the environment. I believe that the first step in implementing these writings is through the Forum on Religion and Ecology. This Forum, besides holding conferences, distributes resources for college students, holds workshops for teachers, and supports a journal on religion and ecology (1).

The study of religion and ecology can be identified by three methodologies retrieval, reevaluation, and reconstruction. Retrieval involves searching religious text and other sources to clarify traditional religious teachings regarding human-Earth relationships. Reevaluation requires the traditional teaching to be explored in order to find the relevance in contemporary circumstances. Reconstruction suggests ways that religious traditions might adapt their teachings to current circumstances in new and creative ways (16-17).

Although there is diversity between the religions, a common goal joins them on a broad basis of many historical, cultural, dialogical, ecological, and cosmological diversity levels. Even though it is not mentioned in this essay, I have always come to believe that science and religion have always had its differences. I would wonder if the differences between the two institutions has hindered influence in the religious community such as it did on Darwin's theories of evolution and presently on cloning. Scientists have always held a more biological/chemical (scientific), systematic research orientation of the understanding of life while theologians have based their beliefs on the Bible.

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Merger Transition Plan

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Introduction

As more work becomes knowledge based requiring highly skilled workers, and as individuals understand that poor motivation is a lack of skilled leadership not a lack of desire within people, the command and control approach becomes obsolete (Jackson and Humble, 14). In this paper, we shall define the role of organization, the role of the manager, and the specific incentive elements of the motivation plan to help leaders to motivate their followers.

The Role of Organization

Organizational structure defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped and coordinated. In addition, organizations everywhere are putting in place plans to satisfy customers and improve profitability (Jackson and Humble, 14). Until implemented, plans are just pieces of paper or ideas in peoples heads. Key to their implementation are the managers.Buy cheap Merger Transition Plan term paper

The Role of Manager

In the late 160s, a graduate student at MIT, Henry Mintzberg, undertook a careful study of five executives to determine what these managers did on their jobs. On the basis of his observations of these managers, Mintzberg concluded that managers perform 10 different, highly interrelated roles, or sets of behaviors attributable to their jobs (Robbins, 001). The roles of managers, according to Mintzberg, can be grouped into interpersonal relationship, the transfer of information, and decision making. In the interpersonal relationship category, managers act as a figureheads, leaders, and liaisons. In the transfer of information category, managers act as monitors, disseminators, and spokespersons. Finally, in the decision making category, managers act as entrepreneurs, disturbance handlers, resource allocators, and negotiators.

As more work becomes knowledge based requiring highly skilled workers, and as we understand that poor motivation is a lack of skilled leadership not a lack of desire within people, the command and control approach becomes obsolete. In this new organization, managers are more enablers, trainers, coaches--true leaders. They use their experience and skills to bring the best out of others (Jackson and Humble, 14). The change in managers roles are due to

1.the information technology revolution

.the absence of a hierarchically-based career path

.the need for greater creativity in organizations

4.the increasing focus on values

From the above, we can see that roles managers shift from giving command and control to motivators.

Motivation Theories

There has been a significant amount of time and energy put into the study of motivational theories. The basis for these studies have been to come up with some working theory that explains what motivates an individual, why, and how this motivation is reliant upon both external and internal factors of the environment in which the individual is immersed. Robbins (001) listed several theories on motivation. The ones mentioned are

1.Hierarchy of Needs Theory - This theory is based on Abraham Maslows hierarchy of five needs, physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

.Theory X and Theory Y - This theory is based on Douglas McGregors two distinct views of human beings one basically negative, labeled Theory X, and the other basically positive, labeled Theory Y.

.Two-Factor Theory - This theory is based on Frederick Herzbergs belief on job satisfaction is based on hygiene factors and motivator factors.

4.McClellands Theory of Needs - This theory is based on David McClellands three major motives or needs, need for achievement, need for power, and need for affiliation, in the workplace.

5.Goal-Setting Theory - This theory states that intentions - expressed as goals - can be a major source of work motivation.

6.Reinforcement Theory - This theory uses behavioristic approach, which argues that behavior as environmentally caused; internal cognitive events are not matters for concern.

7.Equity Theory - This theory says that employees weigh what they put into a job situation against what they get from it and then compare their input-outcome ratio with the input-outcome ratio of relevant others.

8.Expectancy Theory - This theory says that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.

The Motivation Plan

Managers in companies often try to improve performance by achieving the agreement or consensus of employees. Thus, managers and workers may work together to set mutually agreeable performance goals. Employee suggestions are actively sought and a positive work-group spirit, which will serve as a basis for enhanced motivation, is encouraged (Appelbaum, Glavas, and St-Pierre, 18). According to Thomas (1), employees are the foundation upon which you can build a thriving and vibrant business that will produce consistently high profits. You must invest in your employees-give them genuine and exciting growth opportunities, compensate them well, and care about them as people. You must make their work fun and meaningful. Proper motivation can make satisfied employees. As a manager, a motivator, of my organization and with the understanding of the different motivation theories mentioned above, lets work on a motivation plan.

This plan will utilize mainly the goal-setting theory and expectancy theory. The plan is as follow

1.Interview each employee in the team to gather what their motivators are, their expectation from the group, and areas for growth. This will allow employees to communicate to their superior their expectations. In addition, this shows the care from the managers to the employees.

.Set up individual goals for each employee, and team goals for the team.

.Set up competencies for each job classifications, that is the expected skill level for the job classifications. This is to set equal expectations on each job classification.

4.Set up training goals for each employee.

5.Communicate these goals and competencies to each employee through a one on one meeting. This include getting feedback and recommendations from the employees. Adding or subtracting individual goals may be possible. This is to get the buy in from each employee to the plan. This will help the managers to get the commitment from the employees on each goals and will have a higher chance of achieving them.

6.Communicate how their performance will be rated against these goals and competencies.

7.Communicate to each employee on what to expect if the goals are not met, met or exceeded. It could be a promotion, a salary raise, etc.

8.Perform a review session with each employee quarterly and rate his or her performance against the goals and competencies.

.Provide the promised rewards to the employees after the goals are met.

Conclusion

With the understanding of motivating the employees will lead to group satisfaction, and hence increase in productivity. This will benefit the organization in effectiveness of work. The motivation plan designed above will help motivating employees to fulfill their needs on achievement, power, and affiliation. The plan also provide employees opportunities to set and achieve their own goals, work as a team to achieve the team goals, and growth opportunities in the area that is beneficial to both the organization and themselves. After all, this is a win-win plan for both the organization and employees.

Reference

Appelbaum, Steven H., Glavas, William, St-Pierre, Normand (18). Strategic organizational change the role of leadership, learning, motivation and productivity. Management Decision, 6(5), 8-01.

Jackson, David, and Humble, John (14). Middle managers New purpose, new directions. The Journal of Management Development, 1(), 15.

Robbins, Stephen, P. (001). Organizational Behavior. Boston, MA Pearson Custom Publishing.

Thomas, Lynn (1). Wow!ing employees The foundation to high profits. Rough Notes, 14(6), 84-85.

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Australia and Human rights

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Human rights are the universally recognised interests, powers, liberties and entitlements associated with respect to human dignity and freedom. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights documents this definition and recognises the existence of Human rights. Since the formation of this declaration numerous treaties and declarations have branched from it developing our understanding of human rights.

International human rights have been developed over many centuries through the generation of customary international law and recently through the multilateral treaties and conventions developed specifically to address human rights issues.

International rights come in several main categories, which include civil and political rights, economic, social and cultural rights, environmental and peace rights and collective rights to self-determination. The first two categories are the two major categories initially recognised by international law in the mid 0th Century. The next two categories are the newest wave of human rights issues, arisen as a result of the agitation by developing countries.

International human rights can only take effect through domestic law. Thus making it somewhat controversial as it imposes duties on states in relation to individuals within their own territory.

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In Australia the executive government initially needs to ratify the treaty, convention or any other international instrument. Afterwards the Australian government, or executive, followed by enactment can directly accept the international instrument in question. The parliament will then incorporate the meaning of the international treaty into the domestic legislation via common law, statutes and in the state and Commonwealth constitutions.

Where the international human rights laws aren't incorporated into the words of an Act or judicial decision the international law may be used to assist in the interpretations of statutes and constitutions.

Under Common Law it is required that Administrative decisions must take into account international conventions to which Australia is a signatory. As demonstrated in the case of the Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (15), where the Federal court decided to grant Mr Teoh's application for residency in Australia despite his failure to meet character requirements under the Migration Act 158. The Court validated its decision by arguing that Mr Teoh's role as a father figure must be considered under the Convention on the Rights of the Child in any assessment of his application to remain in Australia.

Statute law ensures much of the Human rights protection in Australia. Various Acts concerning welfare, education, health and criminal matters have been introduced to ensure justice, fairness and equality within our society. Many of these such as the Racial discrimination Act (Cth) 175, and the Disability Discrimination Act (Cth) 1 are reflective of the human rights provisions.

Within the Australian Constitution there are stated protection's offered to individuals such as the right to vote and the right to trial by jury for serious offences.

Other avenues for protection include the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, the State and Federal Ombudsman, Privacy Commissioner, Anti-Discrimination Board, Administrative Decisions Tribunal and through the Federal Court for a full hearing of a case. Parliamentary committees and law reform bodies investigate the protection of human rights in Australia and make recommendations for change. The federal parliament's Human Rights Sub-committee established in 11, is an example of one such body.

However, there are still loopholes within the domestic system that have become evident recently, with the arousal of some delicate issues for which the government has faced harsh criticism.

The Australian public has voiced their concern about lack of protection from statute law, where some international human rights treaties have failed to become domestic law. The Commonwealth has the power to pass such legislation but it has been unwilling to interfere in what are often regarded as state matters. The Federal government's unwillingness to overturn the Northern Territory's mandatory sentencing is an example of this.

Other criticisms coming from the UN committees, aimed at the government lack of compassion for refugees and illegal immigrants and economic and social inequalities faced by ATSI people has been bluntly rejected by the government.

These criticisms have led to the suggestion that Australia should have its own bill of rights to ensure adequate protection of human rights. Another suggested reform is the creation of a single expert monitoring body in place of the current six specialist committees, and a proper resourcing of such a committee.

In conclusion it is evident that Australia has taken the first few steps in creating a democratic legal system that provides care and protection for its citizens, yet the legal system has failed many of its tests. The UN human rights system operates as some sort of safety net in the absence of a comprehensive Australian system for rights protection.

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Kazimir Malevich in relation to Organizational Communications

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The Push Towards the Subjective

a.k.a. Non-Objective

The corporate world is an ongoing fight towards individual rights and ideas working within the framework of a successful operation. Business is a well-oiled machine, but over the years people have realized that the individual parts have feelings. How do you accommodate these feelings while maintaining the machine as a whole? Therein is the fight and the progression. This fight for rights does not take place only in the working environment. Nor does it take place only in the home. Art is no different than the rest of the world. Kazimir Malevich believed that art was for the artist, not for the viewer.

Kazimir was born in Kiev in 1878. He attended many schools for painting and drawing in his early years. He began painting in the Impressionist style before experimenting with Fauvism. Years later he became a master in the Russian art circle of cubofuturism. It was then when he introduced his theory called suprematism. His idea was non-objective art. 'Beauty is in the eye of the beholder,' not 'beauty is beauty.' Art went from landscapes and portraits to ambiguous shapes and avant-garde colors. No longer did the viewer determine what was beautiful and what was to be painted. The decision now rested firmly on the shoulders of the artist.

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Saying that art imitates life in this situation would be incorrect. Life later imitates art. If artists feel that they are not free in their line of work then what hope is there for the factory worker? Art is freedom to express and explore. But that was not happening. The artists felt trapped. Artists united fore they had nothing to lose but their easels. A new movement took place. A new style of art was formed Non-objective. It was true freedom at last. An apple doesn't necessarily have to look like and apple. People don't necessarily have to look like people. Art was finally free.

With art now free, it would not be long until others wanted the freedom as well. These paintings inspired. They evoked a feeling of freedom and meaning. No one could say concretely what was beautiful. No longer was there a right or a wrong. Later in the world this longing for freedom and meaning would manifest in life itself. The world was soon to become a freer place for the workingman.

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Social effects of marijuana

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Social effects of marijuana. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Social effects of marijuana paper right on time.

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The use and Effects of marijuana on Teenagers

There are many effects of marijuana use on teenagers. In my essay I will be covering the following points what is Marijuana and why is it so popular in teenagers; the acute and physical effects of using Marijuana; legalization and the use of marijuana for medical purposes.

What is marijuana? Often called pot; grass; weed; herb or Mary Jane, marijuana is a greenish gray mixture of the dried shredded leaves, stems seeds and or flower buds of cannabis sativa, the hemp plant.

Most users smoke marijuana in a hand rolled cigarette called a joint, some use pipes (also referred to as cones), or water pipes called bongs. Marijuana can also be used to brew tea and is sometimes mixed into food.Buy cheap Social effects of marijuana term paper

The major active chemical in marijuana is Delta--tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which causes the mind-altering effects of marijuana intoxication. Marijuana is strongly absorbed into fatty tissue in various organs.

There are a number of reasons why teenagers choose to smoke marijuana. Many see their brothers, sisters, friends or even older family members using it. Peer pressure can also contribute greatly. Others may smoke it because they hear songs about it, see it on television and movies and see it being labeled on clothing. Some teenagers may feel they need it to help them escape from problems at home, at school or with friends.

Marijuana is a dangerous drug; it can hurt a teenager's education, family ties and his/her social life. If a teenager uses marijuana, it disrupts his/her whole life. Performance in school, sports and other activities will suffer. One of the biggest hazards of marijuana for teenagers is that if one is 'high', or 'stoned' on marijuana, they are more likely to make stupid mistakes that could embarrass or even hurt them. If used a lot the user can loose interest in how they are getting along in school/at work, and loose interest in their physical appearance.

Scientists have learnt a lot about THC effects on the brain. When someone smokes marijuana, THC rapidly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream, which then carries the chemical to organs throughout the body including the brain. In the brain, THC connects to specific sites called cannabinoid receptors. Many cannabinoid receptors are found in parts of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thought, concentration, sensory, time perception, and coordinated movement. The use of marijuana reduces your ability to do things that require coordination and concentration, like sports, dancing, acting and studying.

Short term effects of marijuana use include problems with memory and learning; distorted perception; trouble with thinking and problem solving; loss of coordination; increased heart rate; panic attacks; anxiety; paranoia and more. THC disrupts the nerve cells and in the part of the brain where memories are formed. This makes it hard for the user to recall recent events, therefore it is hard to learn whilst one is stoned. A working short-term memory is required for learning and performing tasks that call for more than one or two steps. All this is pretty self-explanatory; when one is stoned it is impossible to learn.

Effects begin immediately after the drug enters the brain and last from 1- hours. If consumed with food or drink, the short term effects begin more slowly (1/ �1 hour) and last longer (for as long as 4 hours). Within a few minutes after inhaling marijuana smoke, an individual's heart begins to beat more rapidly and blood vessels in the eye expand, causing the eyes to look red.

The user may experience pleasant sensations, colour and sounds may seem more intense and time seems to pass more slowly. The users mouth feels dry and he/she may suddenly become very hungry and thirsty. Marijuana users who have taken high doses of the drug may experience hallucinations, delusions and lose sense of personal identity, or self-recognition.

Even infrequent marijuana use can cause burning and stinging of the mouth and throat, often accompanied by a heavy cough. Someone who smokes marijuana regularly may have some of the same respiratory problems that tobacco smokers do, such as daily cough and phlegm production, more frequent acute chest illness and greater chances of obstructed airways. Marijuana also has the potential to promote cancer of the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system because it contains irritants and carcinogens. It contains 50-70% more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than tobacco smoke does. Marijuana users usually inhale more deeply and hold their breath for longer then tobacco smokers, therefore increasing exposure to carcinogenic smoke.

Acute health consequences of marijuana abuse include

sum Impairs short term memory

sum Impairs attention, judgments

sum Impairs coordination and balance

sum Increased heart rate

Memory and learning skills are persistent health consequences of marijuana abuse

Long tern, permanent effects for chronic abuse include

sum Can lead to addiction

sum Increases the risk of chronic cough and bronchitis

sum Increases risk of cancer to respiratory passage

Long-term marijuana use can lead to addiction for some people. Along with craving, withdrawal symptoms can make it hard for long-term smokers to stop using the drug. People trying to quit report irritability, difficulty sleeping and anxiety.

Marijuana is illegal, therefore if on your record, your chances of getting a job or getting into universities is decreased. In some states it is only a misdemeanor, but still illegal. Police spend a lot of time cutting back plants at harvesting time, costing the tax payers a lot of money, so why not legalize it and save New Zealand some money.

Using, selling, holding or buying marijuana can get you suspended or even expelled from school, hurting your chances of getting a job in the future. If a teenager decides to use marijuana, he/she will have to take full responsibility.

It is easy to see if one is under the influence of marijuana. It disrupts the senses, the user may seem dizzy and have trouble walking, seem silly and giggly for no reason, and have a hard time remembering things that just happened. When early effects fade over a few hours the user may become very sleepy. With these easy to spot characteristics it is easy to see if a teenager is under the influence of marijuana. Further more the traces of THC can be easily detected in standard urine testing methods several days after smoking. In a heavy user however, traces can be detected weeks after smoking. Since it is easy to test weather someone has been using marijuana, officials can quickly tell if a teenager has been using it.

When the overall use of alcohol decreases the overall use of marijuana increases. This is because marijuana and alcohol are compliments, meaning that alcohol use influences marijuana and vice-versa. It is suggested that marijuana made an appearance because of the prohibitation of alcohol. This implies that when alcohol was denied people started using marijuana, furthermore while the drinking of alcohol decreases the use of marijuana increases, thus being more support that marijuana is reliant on alcohol and vice-versa.

Marijuana is not all bad; it is also used for medical purposes. THC, the main ingredient in marijuana produces effects that can be useful for treating a variety of medical condition such as, nausea in cancer chemotherapy patients, and to stimulate appetite in patients with wasting due to AIDS.

I believe that the use of marijuana in teenagers is something that has to be decided by the individual them self. With the effects of marijuana intoxication being much the same as the effects of alcohol, I feel it should be legalized but with the same restrictions that alcohol has. This would save tax payers money as the police wouldn't have to spend so much time and effort cutting back plants before the grower gets to them.

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Guitars

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on guitars. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality guitars paper right on time.

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How Electric Guitars WorkBuy guitars term paper

by Marshall Brain

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The Gibson Flying V Guitar

From a popular culture standpoint, the electric guitar is one of the most important inventions of the 0th century. More than any other instrument, it defines the tone and character of rock and roll music. But when the electric guitar first hit the scene in the 10s, few people saw its potential. It took quite a while for the instrument to find its place in American music.

Despite the slow start, the electric guitar did find its place. It has inspired and defined entirely new types of music. The electric guitar remains the most prominent instrument in rock music, and the most famous instrument ever to come out of the United States.

In this edition of HowStuffWorks, you will learn exactly how the guitar itself works, and we will also discuss the system that the guitar and the amp create together. Working in combination, the guitar and the amp can produce an amazing variety of sounds.

How the Guitar Works

If you have ever compared an electric guitar to an acoustic guitar, you know that they have several important things in common. Both acoustic and electric guitars have six strings, they both tune those strings with tuning pegs and they both have frets on a long neck. Down at the body end is where the major differences are found.

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The Gibson Flying V and classic Les Paul electric guitars

Some electric guitars have a hollow or semi-hollow body with the resonating cavity found in an acoustic guitar, but the most popular electric guitars have solid bodies. The sound is produced by magnetic pickups and controlled by several knobs. If you pluck a string on an electric guitar that is not plugged in, the sound is barely audible. Without a soundboard and a hollow body, there is nothing to amplify the strings vibrations. See How Acoustic Guitars Work for details.

To produce sound, an electric guitar senses the vibrations of the strings electronically and routes an electronic signal to an amplifier and speaker. The sensing occurs in a magnetic pickup mounted under the strings on the guitars body. A simple magnetic pickup looks like this

A vibrating string cuts through the field of a bar magnet in the pickup, producing a signal in the pickups coil.

This pickup consists of a bar magnet wrapped with as many as 7,000 turns of fine wire. If you have read How Electromagnets Work, then you know that coils and magnets can turn electrical energy into motion. In the same way, they can turn motion into electrical energy. In the case of an electric guitar, the vibrating steel strings produce a corresponding vibration in the magnets magnetic field and therefore a vibrating current in the coil.

There are many different types of pickups. For example, some pickups extend a single magnet bar under all six strings. Others have a separate polepiece for each string, like this

Some pickups use screws for polepieces so that the height of each polepiece can be adjusted. The closer the polepiece is to the string, the stronger the signal.

The pickups coil sends its signals through a very simple circuit on most guitars. The circuit looks something like this

The upper variable resistor adjusts the tone. The resistor (typically 500 kilo-ohms max) and capacitor (0.0 microfarads) form a simple low-pass filter. The filter cuts out higher frequencies. By adjusting the resistor you control the frequencies that get cut out. The second resistor (typically 500 kilo-ohms max) controls the amplitude (volume) of the signal that reaches the jack. From the jack, the signal runs to an amplifier, which drives a speaker.

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The body of this Gibson Gary Moore Signature electric guitar has multiple pickups.

Many electric guitars have two or three different pickups located at different points on the body. Each pickup will have a distinctive sound, and multiple pickups can be paired, either in-phase or out, to produce additional variations.

Amps and Distortion

Most electric guitars are completely passive. That is, they consume no power, and you dont have to plug them into a power supply. (Some do have active electronics powered by an onboard battery.) The vibration of the strings produces a signal in the pickup coil. That bare, unamplified signal is what comes out of the guitar and into the amp.

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The Gibson GA-15 amp

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The Gibson GA-0RVS amp

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The Gibson GA-0RVH amp

The amps job is to take the guitars signal and make it audible by boosting it enough to drive a speaker. The fascinating thing about an electric guitar amp is that the amp is actually a part of the instrument.

The role of an electric guitar amp is completely different from the amp in a stereo system. A stereo amp is meant to be transparent -- its job is to reproduce and amplify sound with as little distortion as possible. With an electric guitar amp, musicians often seek distortion as well as the option of a clean sound. Distortion results when the signal in an amps circuitry is too powerful for that circuitry. The distortion is actually a part of the desired sound, and many amps are designed so that guitarists can control the level of distortion.

Musicians may also take advantage of feedback loops between the amp and the guitar. If the sound coming out of the amp and speaker is loud enough, it can cause the guitars strings to vibrate. The musician can hit a note with the guitar, and the amp will cause that string to continue vibrating indefinitely. Both of these concepts -- amp distortion and feedback -- are unique to the electric guitar.

You can hear the effects of distortion in these three examples

Electric guitar without distortion - Gibson ES-175 guitar with 57 Classic Humbucker pickups

Electric guitar with mild distortion - Les Paul Custom guitar with 40R and 48T pickups

Electric guitar with heavy distortion - Gibson SG 61 Reissue guitar with 57 Classic Humbucker pickups

A typical amp has at least three parts

A pre-amp

A power amplifier

A speaker

Some amps also include effects and reverb circuits between the pre-amp and the power amplifier.

The job of the pre-amp is to boost the guitars signal enough so that it can actually drive the power amplifier stage. Because an electric guitar is passive, its signal does not have enough power to drive the power amp directly.

One of the interesting things about many electric guitar amplifiers is the use of vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes have distortion patterns and characteristics that are known and loved by many musicians. These musicians seek out tube amps with specific tubes and specific amplifier circuits (for example, Class A versus Class AB amplifiers) to get the exact sound they are looking for.

Electric Guitar History

Engineers began experimenting with electrically powered instruments, such as music boxes and player pianos, in the 1800s. But the first attempts at an amplified instrument did not come until the development of electrical amplification by the radio industry in the 10s.

Photos courtesy Gibson Guitars

Peter Townsend and the PeteTownsend Signature SG guitar from Gibson

One of the earliest innovators was Lloyd Loar, an engineer at Gibson Guitar Company. In 14, Loar developed an electric pickup for the viola and the string bass. In Loars pickup design, the strings passed vibrations through the bridge to the magnet and coil, which registered those vibrations and passed the electric signal on to an amplifier. The first commercially advertised electric guitar, made by the Stromberg-Voisinet company in 18, utilized a similar pickup, with vibrations being picked up from the soundboard.

The goal of these early innovators was to amplify the natural sound of the guitar, but the signal was too weak. It was only when engineers utilized a more direct pickup system, in which the electromagnet registered string vibration from the strings themselves, that the modern electric guitar became a reality. The first commercially successful model, the so-called Frying Pan, was developed and marketed by George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker in 1. (Check out this site for more information.)

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Stephen F. Austin

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Stephen F. Austin

Stephen Fuller Austin was born November rd 17 in Austinville, Virginia. At age five his family moved to Missouri. Austin attended school in Connecticut and graduated with honors from Transylvania University in Kentucky.

Prior to coming to Texas Austin worked in his father's general store and eventually took over the management of the family mining business. Austin served as a director of a failed bank, militia officer, and was a member of the Missouri territorial legislature. In 181 the governor of Arkansas appointed Austin as a circuit judge.

It was Austin's father who took the first steps toward establishing an American colony in Mexican Tejas. Though not thrilled with his father's idea he decided to cooperate. Moses Austin traveled to San Antonio in 180 to petition for a land grant. Approval was received in 181 for three hundred American families to settle on two hundred thousand acres. But Moses Austin died before being able to complete his plans and the responsibility of establishing the colony fell to Stephen at age twenty-seven.Order custom research paper on Stephen F. Austin

The governor of Mexico allowed Austin to explore the coastal plains between the San Antonio and Brazos rivers for the purpose of selecting a site for the colony. Austin selected the colony site on the lower Colorado and Brazos rivers allowing for plenty of water to be available to the colonists. The town was called San Felipe de Austin and was a good place to live because the colonists lived in peace with one another, were honest in their dealings, and were generous towards strangers. Characteristics Austin required of the colonists were that they become citizens of Mexico, only those who planned to live in Texas could buy land, produce evidence of good moral character, and had to practice Christianity. The three hundred colonists who settled in Texas became known as the "Old three hundred".

Austin is referred to as the Father of Texas for the hundreds of families he brought with him into the state of Texas due to the poor conditions of the United States at the time. Austin believed that most disputes could be worked out in the Mexican system where he had mixed success. He was imprisoned in Mexico City by President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna for proposing statehood for Texas and for inciting insurrection. He briefly commanded Texas volunteers during the Texas Revolution and then went to the United States to gain support for the Texas cause. Later he served as secretary of state in the government of the Texas Republic.

Austin devoted the best years of his life to the cause of Texas. He died on December 7, 186 at the age of forty-three. He was remembered as an unassuming man with a kindly presence, and was deeply respected by all.

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Cadbury

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At Cadbury Schweppes they are proud of a heritage whose origins go back more than 00 years. It was in 178 that Jacob Schweppes perfected his process for manufacturing carbonated mineral water in Geneva, Switzerland. John Cadbury opened in Birmingham in the UK in 184. Originally selling tea and coffee, it was, however, his marginal lines of cocoa and chocolate that, in just a few years, took over as the mainstay of the business and started the Cadbury success story.

A merger of two great British household names formed Cadbury Schweppes in 16. Since then they have expanded the business throughout the world by a programme of organic and acquisition led growth.

They took the strategic decision in the mid 180s to concentrate on core international brands of beverages and confectionery and exit the general foods and hygiene sector with the sale of non-core brands such as Typhoo Tea, Kenco Coffee and Jeyes. Since then, they have strengthened their portfolio of key brands through the purchase of Motts (18), Canada Dry (186), Trebor (18), Bassett (18), Dr Pepper and Seven Up (15) and Hawaiian Punch (1).

The new millennium has seen them continue to make acquisitions concentrating in interests in North America, Europe and the Asian Pacific regions. Snapple and Hollywood were acquired in 000, and in 001 they became number two in the soft drinks market in France with the acquisition of Orangina. In 00 Cadbury Schweppes catapulted to joint number one position worldwide in confectionery and number two worldwide in chewing gum, first by buying Dandy, the Danish chewing gum company and, at the end of the year, announcing our proposed $4. billion acquisition of Adams.

Drop a melted Cadbury chocolate bar on your favorite white shirt? Not to worry, Schweppes club soda will get it right out. A leading global confectioner, Cadbury Schweppes is also the worlds # soft-drink producer, after The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo. Its beverage brands are sold mainly in North America and Western Europe and include 7 UP (US only), A&W Root Beer, Canada Dry, Dr Pepper, and Hawaiian Punch. It also makes Motts apple products and Clamato juice. The companys confections are the market leaders in the UK. Along with the famous Cadbury Cr�me Egg, its candy brands include Trebor and Bassett. Cadbury Schweppes gum brands include Bubbas, Trident, and Dentyne.

At Cadbury Schweppes their purpose is to work together to create brands people love. They believe that good ethics and good business go together naturally to produce the best long-terms results for all our stakeholders. Ethical business sits at the heart of Cadbury Schweppes. It always has. It is part of who they are, they heritage, their processes and the way they behave. Their Business Principles reflect and reinforce this. Through them they continue to play a positive part in society, grow shareowner value, attract and develop the best kind of people and, importantly, create brands people love.

They are privileged to live in what is an increasingly democratic world with the freedom to choose the way we live, the way we work and what we consume. Freedom of choice is a vital factor in the fast moving and highly competitive consumer goods industry in which Cadbury Schweppes operates. Their products are purchased daily in there millions around the world and unless we consistently offer quality, value and satisfaction they know that their consumers will switch faithfulness.

Their products fulfill a broad range of needs. Their beverages quench thirst, provide refreshment and taste and reflect lifestyles. Their confectionery offers energy, taste, rewards and gift opportunities. They cater for these fundamental needs in a range of products, which offer a huge variety of ingredients and styles. Variety is important. In there business freedom of choice means not only the freedom to seek new combinations of old favorites, but also new experiences.

Their brands become old friends with whom our consumers have special relationships. This makes their protection of their reputation an essential ingredient of our-long term success. They are also constantly seeking new and innovative ways to satisfy the consumers willingness to try new things. Consequently whenever they develop a new product they have to build consumer awareness through advertising and promotion. Consumers want to be informed, whether to be reminded of their feelings about established favorites or to be told of new delights available for their delectation!

With choice, comes access to their products. Their job is to make their products as widely available as possible; to ensure that they are always within an arms reach whether as an impulse or a considered buy. To achieve this, they work with their customers in many different trade channels.

How well they do all of the above determines how successful they are. How successful they are, in turn, translates into long-term value for their shareowners. If the consumers right to choose is a given, so too is their responsibility to that consumer. Good businesses have clear values determining everything they do, and are characterized by good governance.

The Cadbury Schweppes Statement of Purpose and Values provides them with an operating framework for their strategic intent and the manner in which they conduct their business in todays world. Whatever the challenge - eradicating harmful working practices in the cocoa-growing industry; providing guidance in cocoa growing regions, or working with governments and other bodies to combat the rise of obesity by educating and informing about healthy lifestyles and sensible diets - all issues can be actively addressed within a clear and consistent set of business principles.

They are an international company proud of their long heritage, which recognize that they do not operate in isolation. They believe that a creative and well-managed corporate and social responsibility programme is in the best interests of all their stakeholders - consumers, customers, shareowners, employees, suppliers, and other business partners - who work together with them. They also have a clear commitment to the communities and to the environment in which we do business.

Corporate and Social Responsibility (CSR) is a board level responsibility. The Corporate and Social Responsibility Committee is chaired by non-executive director, Baroness Wilcox and oversees the integration of CSR throughout the business. The committee comprises the chairman and two other non-executive colleagues, as well as group chief executive, the chief human resources officer and chief legal officer.

Their Purpose and Values and their Business Principles set out their beliefs and the framework for behaviors throughout all Cadbury Schweppes companies. Their Supplier Code and their international Human Rights and Ethical Trading Policy set out the values by which they do business with their partners, suppliers and customers with whom they share a responsibility for ensuring high standards throughout the value chain. These policies have been developed taking into account the highest global standards - such as the International Labour Organization conventions and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - as well as cultural and legal best practice from our local markets.

High employment standards are key to achieving high business performance. They continue to make a major investment in our 54,000 employees around the world, helping them to develop their skills and strategic capabilities. They aim to deliver a leading edge and rewarding employment experience in all the countries in which we operate, set high standards of health and safety and meet the learning and development needs of all employees.

Their key performance areas at Cadbury Schweppes are

· promotes diversity & opportunity all reflecting the diversity of the societies in which they operate

· encourages consultation & dialogue with employees

· provides leading-edge remuneration & rewards for leading-edge performance

· encourages and invests in employee development and training

· provides a healthy and safe working environment

Their Business Principles are also an important part of our management processes and inform how they work, all over the world. Through them they can protect and perpetuate the ethical standards that make Cadbury Schweppes a great company - to work for and to work with. Communication of these principles to all managers enables them to work together to ensure their company maintains its reputation for ethical standards.

Please note that this sample paper on Cadbury is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Cadbury, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Cadbury will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Twelve Angry Men

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"After reading Twelve Angry Men we feel confident in the American legal system." Do you agree with this statement? In your response discuss how the playwright positions us to think about the jury system.

Reginald Rose's cynical examination of the legal system in Twelve Angry Men by no means leaves the audience with any feelings of confidence in its procedures. Regardless of whether each member of the educated audience (such as befits the medium) has his/her's own opinions of the judicial system of democratic countries, the playwright moulds a seemingly uncomplicated situation through the dramatic elements of dialogue and language, set and character to entice a response shattering any preconceived faith in the judgement of right and wrong.

Rose's use of setting serves a dual purpose of practicality and symbolism in developing his theme of the ambiguity inherent in America's legal system. The static environment of a jury room simplifies the presentation of the material but most importantly limits the focus of the play to the characters and their relationship to the assumptions we have in achieving justice. Not only are assumptions questioned but also our values. The "drab, bare room" with few comforts (only old props), to the jurors even during hot days reveals how little value is placed in the role and power of the juror. This in itself decreases the value of the legal system. The power of the system, symbolises by the jury room, is subject to human value.

All the power of the judicial system culminates in the hands of twelve ordinary people, who we can only trust to be fair and serious. It is through the dialogue and language that the composer attempts to evoke a negative response. The fast paced conversational language of the jurors, interspersed with light banter, highlights naivetof the jurors. Rose then emphasises the precariousness of the judicial system, which although frequently enacted in a democracy does come with its problems.Do my essay on Twelve Angry Men CHEAP !

Seemingly, the most significant of these problems is the attitude and prejudices of the jurors, effectively explored in the characters of the jury. The 8th juror's insistent, "I'm just saying that it's possible", contributes to his representation of rationality and arrogant approach to judging the boy, unlike the rd juror who cannot ignore his prejudices that "people of his type" are capable of and will kill uncontrollably. Rose's crafty construction of the evidence plays a game on the audience, who being the middle class can probably understand both the rd and the 8th jurors' perspectives. This puts the audience in the position of the jury, a position of indecision. Should we still then be so confident in justice?

Please note that this sample paper on Twelve Angry Men is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Twelve Angry Men, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Twelve Angry Men will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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