Colonies

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The first colonies in North America were along the eastern coast. Settlers from Spain, France, Sweden, Holland, and England claimed land beginning in the 17th century. The struggle for control of this land would continue for more than a hundred years. The first permanent settlement in North America was the English colony at Jamestown, in 1607, in what is now Virginia. John Smith and company had come to stay. The Pilgrims followed, in 160, and set up a colony at Plymouth, in what is now Massachusetts. Other English colonies sprang up all along the Atlantic coast, from Maine in the north to Georgia in the south. Swedish and Dutch colonies took shape in and around what is now New York. As more and more people arrived in the New World, more and more disputes arose over territory. By this time, the English colonies numbered thirteen. They were Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, also known as the New England, Middle and Southern Colonies.

In 1607, a group of merchants established England's first permanent colony in North America at Jamestown, Virginia. They operated as a joint-stock company that allowed them to sell shares of stock in their company and use the pooled investment capital to yield a profit. The South consisted of profit-minded people, rather than religious groups. Profits were exclusive in the early years. Many Virginia colonists died of disease and hunger. All people at Jamestown adapted poorly to the wilderness conditions. The discovery that tobacco would grow in the Chesapeake region was a salvation for Virginia. The cultivation of tobacco caused Virginia's planters to find a reliable supply of cheap labor. To fill this need, planters recruited immigrants from various countries. These immigrants were called indentured servants. They sold a portion of their working lives in exchange for free passage across the Atlantic Ocean. As more settlers arrived, more pressure was placed on the Indians for land. Wars over land were provoked during the Pequot War and King Philip's War. In each other these conflict the colonizers were victorious. The native population of Virginia was reduced to less than one thousand by 1680.

The Puritans immigrated to New England, which consisted of New York, Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, in order to create a model new society under the rule of their governor, John Winthrop. The Puritans aimed their efforts at reforming the corrupt new land. Some Puritans felt they should remain in the Church of England and reform it from within. Other Puritans did not think that was possible, so they formed separate congregations. They become known as the Pilgrims. In 160, the Pilgrims founded the Plymouth Colony. In September 160, John Winthrop and other colonists established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Puritans built a sound economy based on agriculture, fishing, timbering and trading. Although the Puritans built stable communities, developed the economy and constructed effective government, their leaders, as early as the 1640's, complained that the founding vision of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was faltering. However, New England had achieved economic success and political stability by end of the seventeenth century. Towns functioned efficiently, poverty was uncommon, public education was mandated and family life was stable.

While English Puritans were establishing colonies in New England, the Dutch were one to the south. In 161, the Dutch government granted the newly formed Dutch West India Company permission to colonize New Netherland. To the English, New Netherland had become a wedge between the northern and southern colonies. In 1644, King Charles II granted James, the duke of York permission to drive out the Dutch. He renamed the colony, New York. Then breaking up the land, and naming the other part, New Jersey. William Penn had big plans for his colony of Pennsylvania; a government run on Quaker principles of equality, cooperation, and religious toleration. Penn's plan for government called for a representative assembly and freedom of religion. However, the principles of equality, cooperation, and religious tolerance would eventually become fundamental values of the New American Nation.Custom writing service can write essays on Colonies

Through disease, war, hunger and famine, the Middle, New England, and Southern Colonies prospered into the Thirteen Colonies, which today are known as, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Each colony, impacted by the others, had achieved economic success and political stability by the end of the seventeenth century.

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