HCI FOR KIDS

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Introduction

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Children today are much more exposed to technology. Kids learn math & history, play games, chat with friends and even download encyclopedia from the world-wide-web. Almost all activities they indulged in, can all be supported by technologies. Thanks to great researchers who contributed time, effort and knowledge in constructing and designing effective system for young target audience. Technology advancement has changed the way children live and learn.

Dealing with children is not an easy task. Kids especially very young ones have difficulty verbalizing their thoughts. It adds challenges to designers in creating an effective, usable, purposed-served system. However, methodologies and framework for understanding the various roles of children can have in the design process, and how these roles can impact technologies are created.Cheap Custom Essays on HCI FOR KIDS

Designer have to always bear in mind that young people are not just short adults but an entirely different user population with their own culture, norms, and complexities (Berman, 177). Their own set of thinking, psychological reaction patterns and intellectual abilities differs from adults. It is common for designer to speak to parents and teacher asking what their kids or student wants instead of asking the kids directly. Adults may think that their kids need something but to a kid, that is not a need. There are advantages to solicit information from children because they can be extremely honest in feedbacks concerning technology.

With the emergence of children as an important new consumer group of technology (Heller, 18), it is critical to support children in ways that are useful, effective, and meaningful for their needs. Allison Druin believe that understanding the role children play in technology design process would lead to the answer. The better designers recognize user, the better the design of such system to serve needs.

This research paper analyzes methodologies in working with children & investigates similarity and difference between children and adults. By understanding this framework in regards to the child's role, it is easier to development practices that can have lasting effects for the future. Usability tools are use to examine HCI for kids.

Methodology in working with children

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Methodologies has been developed to observes and understand users. Individual differences, age & intellectual capabilities should be taken into account during the design. Designer and researchers came out with successful techniques to tackle problem in developing HCI for kids. Context below explain practical techniques that has been carried out in countries like Europe and United States.

Based upon reviews of literature and some exploratory studies done by Druin, there are different ways to collect data from children.

1) Contextual Inquiry techniques (CI)

) Technology Immersion (TI)

) Participatory Design techniques (PD)

Contextual inquiry technique (Bey er & Holtzblatt, 17; Holtzblatt & Jones, 1; Holtzblatt & Jones, 15; Holtzblatt & Beyer, 17) calls for researchers to collect data through observation. Children below 5 year-old have difficulties expressing themselves & verbalizing their thoughts. Therefore, designers of kid's system decided to carry out a series of observation in order to understand and capture kid's activities.

Participants would be 1 child, 1 interactor and note takers. Interactor usually initiate discussion and asked questions such as " what is this?, why do u like that? ". Interactor never took notes because child may feel uncomfortable and it is very distracting. It makes child feels like school. Interactor should act as a friend instead of steering the entire observation. Both interactor and note takers should dress in casual, informal clothes to keep away the "authority impression". Video is never used because research shows that kids tend to pretend & perform, not being themselves when confronted with camera. Note takers divide their job into categories, one will be taking down child's action (what the kid does) and the other will note down child's speech (what the kid says).

Results that were captured in quick notes will be converted into diagrams task & bubble diagrams. After a digestion period of one day to a maximum of one week, research team regrouped to chart or diagrams the experience. Later, spreadsheet or cell-based diagram in which the information is broken up into six columns Time, Quotes, Activities, Activity Pattern, Roles, and Design Ideas (Druin, et al., 17) is created.

Second methodology to be used with children is technology immersion (Boltman, et al., 18; Druin, et al., 16), an extension of CI. Druin quoted that observation on children's activities alone is not sufficient because many times children have minimal contact with technology in their homes or public area. Therefore it is recommended and wise to place children in a technology-rich environment during the observation period.

Here in a observation centre, child is provided with a technology-rich environment where they will become the decision makers. A room filled with all sort of printers, digital cameras, Macs, PCs, software(s) games and Internet access allow children to explore which is their liking or dislike. Technology Immersion is a combination of technology, time, and freedom of choice that offers researchers more opportunity to understand what children do and want with technology. The example of an on going TI experience is at CHIkids. This club supports up to 100 kids range from age -1 year-old. Children will have chance to explore technologies provided. Adults and teenagers participated and join some of their activities to act as a "facilitators", they approach children to work with them.

Participatory design technique (Bjerknes, Ehn, & Kyng, 187; Muller, 11; Muller, Wildman, & White, 14), stresses on creating opportunity to incorporate kids ideas into their design. Kids are given chance to work with researchers in developing low-tech prototype using paper, glue, string, crayon and etc. Working together with them allows designers to hear kids' idea & being able to produce what children wants in the future. Both children & adult work as design partners. At the same time, children who are not well -skilled in the development process can be inspired and empowered by their collaboration with adults to generate new ideas.

Simple guidelines for designing Children's HCI

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A Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget shows that children are lack of knowledge and experienced. Kids see the world in a dissimilar point of view which adults have doubts on what they are thinking. He divided children development into a series of stages

Sensory-motor (birth to year-old) dependent on senses.

· Software for children this young is difficult to design. Less interaction expected from babies. Input channel should be easy. Child cannot read, will need presence of an adults.

Pre-operational (-7 year-old)

· Memory can only store one thing at a time. Sequential actions confused child.

Concrete operational (7-11 year-old)

· Kids have gone to school. Knowledge and experienced gain could help in building technology. Most suitable age to work with researcher and help designer in developing prototype.

Formal operational (11 yr old and above)

· Children after this age is hard to teach because their mindset is has been molded by parents, teacher and friends.

Context below indicates CSF of a system.

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Ø Usability of System

In order to achieve Maximum performance & effective interaction, there are needs for researcher to identify their target user. In this case, working with children age 7-10 is an ideal, and treating kids as design partners allow designer to uncover the critical success factor of a successful system.

Ø Keep operation single step. Do not merge task.

Children may easily get confused with sequential operation. They tend to loose interest in a task very quickly. There is no "pause" for kids. Children usually stop playing with a system and continue when they feels like it. Avoid multi -treading task, children have short term memories.

Ø Use different sound & sight effects as feedback.

Children are sensitive towards responses; unexpected sound and action will catch kid's attention. It encourages kids to stay longer with the system, prevent them from getting bored.

Ø Use appropriate font size, color and layout.

Kids tend to collect memory easily with the presence of color. Researcher believes that the younger the target audience, the larger the font size should be. Layout of the system should be simple, complicated design does not appeal to kids because they may not find familiarity (past knowledge to support them) like adults do.

Ø Do not use metaphor that is used by common system.

HCI for kids requires different set of metaphor. Children do not have as much experienced as adults do. Lack-age of experience in outside world does not make them understand representative icons. Example, a kid may not know what is a picture of diskette has to do with this game.

Ø Avoid complicated input channels

Kids cannot use "drag & drop" function effectively. Their small hand has problems holding the mouse tightly to drag figures. Point-and-click will be more efficient.

Ø Perform user testing

Always carried out user testing stage before launching the system. Get target users to play with the system and comment on experiences. Comment and feedback shall be stated down. Consider revising and do final construction to enhance the system.

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THe Cadence of Silk

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"The Cadence of Silk"

"The Cadence of Silk" is a narrative that is written in plain language about the game of basketball. Instead of focusing on the basic aspects of the game it elaborates on the more complex and poetic aspects that make the game intriguing. This poem is about the reasons people watch basketball but especially those that are not so obvious.

"The Cadence of Silk" reveals why people are attracted to the game of basketball. This is shown right from the beginning of the poem,

I loved watching the Sonics play basketball; something about that array of trained and energetic bodies set in motion to attack a more sluggish, less physically intelligent opponent appealed to me.

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These lines show that the Sonics were so much better than their opponents that they tended to come off quite "sluggish" and overmatched. Also the Sonics "attacked" their opponents thereby, treating the competition without mercy. This is interesting because by the Sonics dominating their competition, they gained fans.

After the domination of the Sonics was the uprising of the Los Angeles Lakers. Their style and demeanor on the court made them a public favorite. "Their players the league's quickest, most intelligent, and my opinion the most cool". The choice to the word cool in italics indicates that these Lakers were popular with the fans. Their excited style of play is also mentioned. "Few bruisers, they are sleek as arctic seals". These two metaphors are excellent ways of portraying the players and their style of play. "Few bruisers" means they don't play rough. Instead, "they are sleek as arctic seals" meaning their play is slick and smooth like that of the smooth skin of a seal. These descriptions convey the Lakers and their appeal effectively.

The game of basketball is interesting not only by the teams but the set offenses and plays they run to score points. These aspects of the game are conveyed quite a few times throughout this poem. "He dodges through the key, away from the ball, rubbing his man on the screen, setting his shot". This illustrates how the players get open to take their shots. Thus explaining a play that most people don't realize is occurring in order for points to be scored.

In many of these plays, a certain appreciation can be found in the motions of the players. The off guard breaking free before the rebound, "releasing" as is said in the

parlance of the game, getting the center's down court pass and streaking to the basket for a scoop shot lay-up off the glass, all in rhythm, all in perfect declensions of action, smooth and strenuous as Gorgiasian rhetoric.

The word "releasing" is used to describe the speed at which this player sprints to get open down the court. Then when it refers to the Gorgiasian rhetoric to portray just how strenuous it can be to make a basket. The Gorgiasian was the art of persuading people that nothing exists.

Besides the excitement of the teams, the strategy of the plays, and artistic movements of the players is the emotion of a completed basket. The last few lines of the poem deliver the emotion and sounds of a basket being made.

As he jumps, popcorn-like, in the corner, while the ball, launched,

slung dexterously with a slight backspin, slashes through the basket's

silk net a small sonorous splash of completion.

The motion of the ball is described by "slight backspin" of the ball when shot by a player. The last two lines refer to the title of the poem, "The Cadence of Silk." The "sonorous splash of completion" is the impressive sound of the ball going through the net. The cadence of silk actually means the sound of the net and these lines reflect what emotion is caused when the ball goes through the net.

"The Cadence of Silk" has an alliteration of constantans that pervade through out the whole poem. As I read through the lines in this poem I find many "s" sounds in each one. This adds a little rhythm yet more of a music. The tone of enjambment is very intense. The exhilaration of the phrases makes you want to jump out of you chair and play basketball.

The image of what the author is trying to make you see is very clear. You can almost feel the excitement of the fans and the anxious basketball players eager to win the game. Reading this poem makes you curl your toes and bite your nails to hear the out come of the slam-dunk about to happen.

Many people watch the game of basketball for the similar reasons of pure excitement and entertainment. It is actually these things that attract them to the game. The competition of the teams, the fluid movements of the plays and the players who run so well and the overwhelming sound of the ball as it passes through the net all provide the excitement of the game of basketball.

Please note that this sample paper on THe Cadence of Silk is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on THe Cadence of Silk, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on THe Cadence of Silk will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The idea in Toni Cade Bambara's"The Lesson"is that in our society ( America ) An unequal economic system is favor over a true democratic system

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The Lessonis that in our society ( America )

An unequal economic system is favor over a true democratic system

The Lessonis a story by Toni Cade Barbara about a young African American Girl

living in the slums of New York City. Sylvia, the main character of the story and

Miss Moore the school teacher are the instruments that Bambara uses to convey her message about the unfairness of the economic system in New York. Miss Moore takes Sylvia and class mates to F. A. O. Schwarz toy stores on Fifth Avenue, in the hope that they might learn how undemocratic the economic system really is. In the middle of the story Sylvia unconsciously begins to understand what it means to be poor in a capitalist society, and on the last page of the story there is a good indication that Sylvia benefits from her experience at the toy store.

At the toy store, Miss Moore uses high price toys to illustrate her idea of the immorality of the economic system to the students. She instructs the students to contemplate the cost of a microscope priced at $00, a paperweight at $480, and

a sailboat at $1000, so that they might better understand their position. Questions were raised when the students saw the prices and realized that only the privileged groups could afford to shop at Schwarz. There they realized the injustice of the economic system and were affected by the fact that the money spent on a single toy at Schwarz could feed a poor family for days.

By Miss Moores illustration the students came to the conclusion that the economic system is not so democratic after all. To the characters of the story, a democratic economic system meant an equal opportunity to pursue happiness and an equal opportunity for economic integration.

Sylvias learning experience left her confused and unhappy.

She wondered who were these people that could spend so much money on performing clown toys and sailboats. What type of work did they do, how did they lived, and why

she was part of that system? At this point in the story she remembers Miss Moores encouraging words

Where we are is who we are, Miss Moore always pointin out. but it dont necessarily have to be that way, she always adds then wait for somebody to say that poor people have to wake up demand their share of the pie and dont none of us know what kind of pie she was talking about on the first damm place.

Miss Moores message to Sylvia and to the students was that no matter how bad

circumstances are they shouldnt let themselves be discouraged in persuading their goals

for equality. Sylvia did not fully understand Miss Moore until her experience at the toy store.

The last page indicates that Sylvia will in time digests Miss Moores teachings

and put it to good practice. At the end of the story, Barbara portrays Sylvia to be a strong-minded individual that will stop at nothing to succeed. The first passage of the story indicates that Sylvia did manage to escape poverty. For example, Barbara writes,

Back in the days when everyone was old and stupid or young and foolish and me and sugar were just right.

The passage is written in the past tense and that would indicate her awareness. Sylvia maintained how foolish and ignorant she was in her youth, but it also shows that she learned a great deal from Miss Moore.

In The Lesson Barbara uses a first person narrator which greatly adds to the story.

The use of characters that have insight and knowledge of poverty helps the reader

sympathize with the characters and appreciate the theme of the story more. The setting of a poor and rich environment further adds to the idea of the story. Barbara effectively expresses her political ideas with the use of literature.

Please note that this sample paper on The idea in Toni Cade Bambara's"The Lesson"is that in our society ( America ) An unequal economic system is favor over a true democratic system is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The idea in Toni Cade Bambara's"The Lesson"is that in our society ( America ) An unequal economic system is favor over a true democratic system, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The idea in Toni Cade Bambara's"The Lesson"is that in our society ( America ) An unequal economic system is favor over a true democratic system will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Values and Desires of Advertisers

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The nature in which advertisers "[…] substitute desirable images for concrete needs […]" (Maasik and Solomon, 1) is explored by the authors Diane Barthel, Gloria Steinem, John Calfee, and Patricia Williams. These authors concentrate on the following facets physical appearance, self-esteem, advertising as an "information tool" (Calfee, 181), and social relationships. In examining their perspectives, the reader "[…] can discover the values and desires that advertisers seek to exploit" (Maasik and Solomon, 1).

Diane Barthel begins her essay, A Gentleman and a Consumer, by evaluating society's expectation of how a man's appearance is supposed to be "[…] to be well groomed and neatly tailored. What they were not supposed to do was to be overly concerned with their appearance, much less vain about their beauty" (14). Through advertising the consumer is given a lesson on how to be a man. Men are "to be independent, to savor freedom, live a life of adventure, keep one's cool, and stay one step ahead of the competition" (158). This is in sharp contrast to what it is to be a woman. A woman "is to be dependant" (158). Her appearance is defined by "passivity, complacency, and narcissism" (151). In the same way that women are chosen, because they are beautiful and beauty is desirable, men choose products because they conform to the definition of masculinity. Advertisements connote to men that "[W]ith the right products a man can have it all, with no strings attached […]" (158).

Sex, Lies, and Advertising depicts the relationship between ads and the "complementary copy (that is, articles related to and supportive of advertised products)" (16) that floods women's magazines. These magazines "are usually placed beyond the realm of serious consideration" for journalistic purposes (Steinem, 164). The same ads that run in "news-worthy" publications are not run in women's magazines. The simple reason being, women are considered inferior when it comes to technical terminology. It does not matter that women are the main consumers for their families and make most of the decisions. Nor does it matter that women feel more valued when they see these ads geared towards them. Women are considered unintelligent if the subject veers off of

"food/fashion/beauty" (164). Advertisers suppress women's self-esteem by reflecting not what women want, but what they think women should have (161).

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In How Advertising Informs to Our Benefit, John Calfee states "A great truth about advertising is that it is a tool for communicating information and shaping markets" (181). He further explores the collaboration between advertisers and outside agencies. If advertisers did not use "pervasive phenomenon- the use of advertising to provide essential … information with the benefits extending beyond the interests of the advertisers themselves", consumers would otherwise be in the dark (185). The information that is supplied in ads forces consumers to ask questions. These ads become more effective if the consumer knows that the seller welcomes comparisons. In a sense, the advertisers are saying, "If you can find a better [product], buy it" (187).

Advertising can also affect social relationships. In her essay, The Fiction of Truth in Advertising, Patricia Williams examines how advertising exploits some consumers. To make a profit off of someone else's plight is unethical. It serves only to "[steal] the images of those who had nothing and styled it as a commodity to be sold to those who have much" (1). This concept of advertising has left nothing sacred. There is no where for those who have nothing to go to escape. They must see their problems making money for others. Society does not feel obligated to help those who are less fortunate. It is a case of alienating those who do not conform to the ideas of society. However, advertisers see no problem with making money off of this dilemma. "Freedom becomes contractual and therefore obligated; freedom is framed by obligation; and obligation is paired not with duty but with debt" (1).

Ads, like any semiotic analysis, substitute signs for things (Maasik and Solomon, 1). These signs are equal to the values and desires that the sellers consider necessary. Since "the American dream celebrates democratic equality and encourages [society] to…be better than anyone else" (Maasik and Solomon, 15), the values and desires of the sellers will always represent more; more than we need to be a "real" man or woman, more than we can afford, or more than we can tolerate.

Works Cited

Works Cited

Barthel, Diane. "A Gentleman and a Consumer." Signs of Life in the USA. rd ed. Eds. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford, 000. 14-15.

Calfee, John E. "How Advertising Informs to Our Benefit." Signs of Life in the USA. rd ed. Eds. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford, 000. 180-188.

Maasik, Sonia and Jack Solomon. "The Signs of Advertising." Signs of Life in theUSA.rd ed. Boston Bedford, 000. 117-18.

Steinem, Gloria. "Sex, Lies, and Advertising." Signs of Life in the USA. rd ed. Eds. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford, 000. 160-180.

Williams, Patricia. "The Fiction of Truth in Advertising." Signs of Life in the USA. rd ed. Eds. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford, 000. 188-14.

Please note that this sample paper on Values and Desires of Advertisers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Values and Desires of Advertisers, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Values and Desires of Advertisers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Transformational Leadership

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Transformational leaders have a clear collective vision and most importantly they manage to communicate it effectively to all employees. By acting as role models, they inspire employees to put the good of the whole organization above self-interest. These leaders also stimulate the workforce to be more innovative, and they themselves take personal risks and are not afraid to use unconventional (but always ethical) methods in order to achieve the collective vision.

This form of leadership goes beyond traditional forms of transactional leadership that emphasized corrective action, mutual exchanges and rewards only when performance expectations were met. Transactional leadership relies mainly on centralized control were managers controlled most activities, telling each person what, when and how to do each task Transformational leaders, on the other hand, trust their subordinates and leave them space to breathe and grow. It is a more developmental and constructive form of leadership for both individual employees and the organisation as a whole.

COMPONENTS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Transformational leadership contains four components

1. Charisma or idealized influence

. Inspirational motivation

. Intellectual stimulation

4. Individual consideration

In addition transformational leaders transform or change their followers in three important ways that together lead to those same followers trusting their leader, performing behaviours that contribute to the achievement or organisational goals, and being motivated to perform at high levels and standards

1. Transformational leaders increase subordinates awareness of the importance of their tasks and the importance of performing them well.

. Transformational leaders make subordinates aware of their needs for personal growth, development and accomplishment.

. Transformational leaders motivate their subordinates to work for the good of the organisation rather than exclusively for their own personal gain or benefit.

Transformational leaders can also be considered as charismatic leaders, where they have a vision of how good things could be in an organisation that contrasts with how things currently are. The clearly communicate this vision to their followers and, through their own excitement and enthusiasm, induce their followers to enthusiastically support his vision. They tend to have high levels of self-confidence and self-esteem, which further encourage their followers to respect and admire them.

Such leaders influence their followers by intellectually stimulating them to become aware of problems in their groups and organisation and view their problems from a new perspective, one consistent with the leader's vision. A transformational leader causes followers to view problems differently and feel some degree of responsibility for helping to solve them.

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Numerous studies have shown that transformational leadership

• significantly increases organisational performance;

• is positively linked with long term market share and customer satisfaction;

• generates higher commitment to the organisation from their employees;

• increases employee trust in management and organisational citizenship behaviours (i.e., extra-role work-related behaviours such as conscientiousness, altruism and sportsmanship that are discretionary, not related to the formal reward system of the organization);

• enhances employee satisfaction with both their job and the leader; and

• reduces employee stress and increases wellbeing.

When things go wrong in an organisation, blame is most often laid at the leaders door. In addition to being held responsible for the success or failure of whole organisation, leaders are also held responsible for the performance of the individuals and groups within an organisation. Similarly the high sales performance of another group may be attributed to the exceptional leadership provided by the groups manager. The common belief that leaders 'make a difference' and can have a major impact on individuals, groups and whole organisations has promoted organisational behaviour researchers to devote considerable effort to understanding leadership.

Researchers have focused primarily on two leadership issues

1. Why some members of an organisation become leaders while others do not and

. Why some leaders are more effective or successful than others.

In general, research confirms the popular belief that leadership is indeed an important ingredient of individual, group and organisational effectiveness. Good leaders incite individuals, groups and whole organisations to perform at a high level and achieve their goals. Conversely, a lack of effective leadership is often a contributing factor to dull performance.

Please note that this sample paper on Transformational Leadership is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Transformational Leadership, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Transformational Leadership will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sonnet 73 by William Shakespeare

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Shakespeare's Sonnet 7 Critical essay

Shakespeare's 'Sonnet 7' is a poem that display's the inevitability of death, which is a universal theme. It is about Shakespeare coming to terms that he is going to die and the different seasons of the year compare to the stages of the his life; Spring is when he is born and winter is his death. We start off during autumn, where he is gradually deteriorating, until we get into winter where he dies. A question that will be continually addressed is how Shakespeare portrays a universal theme and how his style effectively contributes to the main ideas of the poem. The poem's structure is set in three quatrains and a rhyming couplet to conclude. It has a typical a, b, a, b rhyme scheme.

Sonnet 7 is a sonnet that is full of effective imagery. The effectiveness of the sonnet is heightened by its common images, such as fall, sunset, night and fire that are comprehensible to anybody who reads it. In the first quatrain Shakespeare alludes to his condition through nature and seasons. He describes himself as a tree and his circumstance, as autumn. This imagery is like the cycle of a tree throughout the four seasons. The speaker is like a tree in that his hair is turning color and falling out with age, his body has grown frail and weakened and his winter is coming soon. For the speaker, however, he will not be revived again next spring.

The most interesting part of the first quatrain is the second line when yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang because the normal advancing of fall is thrown off balance. The normal progression is the leaves turning color then falling off. However not all trees turn color at the same time and not all leaves fall simultaneously. Shakespeare mixes up the order of the trees maturation to force people to look at nature and how it can change. The imagery of the first quatrain gives a feeling of changing of color, a long wait and coldness.Buy cheap Sonnet 73 by William Shakespeare term paper

The second quatrain sees the speaker referring to another common yet effective concept. A sunset and twilight are used to describe his feelings and thoughts of the approaching end to his life. The speaker sees his life as the remaining sunlight that is rapidly being over taken by the darkness. In darkness, which is a connotation of death, is when people sleep and to the speaker, sleep is deaths second self. Black night, which connotates death is at the speaker's heels as the light is being devoured. He says, what you see in him is the twilight after sunset. The sunlight is a great thing much like the Shakespeare in his younger, healthier days. Now, however, the sunlight is almost gone, but you can still see a hint of it before the darkness catches up. This quatrain sends feelings of darkening, but also of warmth because of the imagery of the sunset. Also, its span of time has diminished from a season to a single night.

In the third quatrain, the trends of darkening, warming and length of time decrease. Shakespeare compares himself to a fire that is burnt down to embers. He says "That on the ashes of his youth doth lie" when he uses ashes it connotates cremation and there is no return from it. He can not live like he did in his youth and the same things can not sustain him. He speaks of the flame being smothered by what first nourished it. This sounds like, what made him strong killed him in the end. In this last quatrain, all the images had changed from how they started. At the beginning of the sonnet there were the yellow colorful leaves on the trees. Into the second quatrain darkness starts to invade the light and by the end of line twelve the last glowing ashes in the fire had gone out. Length of time was another changing factor. A season became a night, and a night became a few minutes. The only thing that stayed the same was the message. Shakespeare is preparing the listener and himself for his impending death.

The rhyming couplet of the sonnet, are very important. The speaker realises that his love sees all these diminishing characteristics and that he is not what he once was, but loves him in spite of, if not for, all these qualities. The last line presents a twist. Shakespeare says which thou must leave ere long. All this time it is assumed that Shakespeare is the one who is leaving but he states at the end that it is the other person instead. The speaker is praising the other for their perception and their ability to love unconditionally and was describing both of their states throughout the sonnet.

In Shakespeare's sonnet 7, the familiar, common concepts used by Shakespeare, are very effective in terms of the imagery they create. The sonnet about how someone beholds another and their perception is perhaps one of the best. The descriptions of darkening and warmth are universal images that are associated with a person facing death. Shakespeares use of words and images creates a very effective and enjoyable sonnet.

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What it means to be gay

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Introduction

Gay, fag, queer. When many people hear these words, they think of them negatively. They believe that being gay is taboo, a sin, a mistake. Our sex-crazed society is to blame for this. Boys are supposed to have sex with girls and girls are supposed to have sex with boys, at least thats what most people swear by. Boys having sex with boys and girls having sex with girls is considered by many people to be nasty and sinister.

It is estimated that approximately 10% of the American population is gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. It is widely believed that sexual orientation is pre-determined at birth and it cannot be changed. God makes some people gay and some people straight. Consider it balance; not of good and evil, but of straight and gay. Gays have always had a hard time being accepted in society. They have faced constant physical and verbal abuse and an alarming suicide rate. In fact, 46% of gay teens attempt suicide.

This e-book contains facts about gayness, advice for gay teens, and many resources that can be found online.Do my essay on What it means to be gay CHEAP !

Discovery

Its not about if youre gay, its about when you discover it.

Discovering that youre gay can be a very difficult experience. Typically, gay teens go through denial for periods over 6 months. They try to convince themselves that theyre straight and normal. Unfortunately for some, all the convincing in the world cannot change sexual orientation.

After the initial period of denial, depression often comes in to play. In most situations, gays act gay and their classmates abuse them because of it. That leads us to the next section.

Homophobia

Kids today are raised in a very homophobic society. Because of this, they feel they need condemn gayness to fit in with the crowd. People who act gay in school are considered outcasts and horny freaks.

Gays are abused in many different ways. One of the most common ways is verbal harassment. In verbal harassment, gay teens are imitated and mocked. Your presumed lifestyle is ruthlessly insulted. People come to the conclusion that you are gay even when you have not confessed it to anyone.

Physical harassment is the most dangerous of its kind. Heterosexuals are often driven to hurt homosexuals out of hate and ignorance. Physical harassment can range from a punch to a beating. Often, gay bashings (no matter how severe) are brought on by groups of people who equally hate gays. They do unimaginable things to prove their points and to make gays feel as miserable as possible.

Verbal abuse and physical abuse are demons that attack in similar ways. Verbal abuse can drive gay teens to bring harm upon themselves and physical abuse can have the same effect. If you allow homophobes to affect the way you feel about yourself, theyve won. There are two ways to fight against them and they must be used in conjunction to work. One way is to feel strong inside yourself. The other way is to get involved in the gay community and to communicate with other gay people (see the Resources section for information about how to do this online). The thing you shouldnt do is fight back physically or verbally. If you do this, the homophobes feel that they have won because they have gotten you angry; in a sense, they have achieved their goal.

Sexual Feelings

A large part of being gay is having sexual feelings towards people of the same sex. These feelings are sources of confusion for many gay teens. Gay males are consistently turned on (usually to the point of getting an erection) by other guys and are not turned on by girls. Its important to know that a short boner when seeing another guy with a boner doesnt really mean youre gay, in fact, it is sometimes a natural reaction. If youre gay male, you will have these feelings for long periods of time, and again, girls will not turn you on. The same philosophy applies for gay females. Lesbians will have sexual feelings and desires for other girls and not have a lot of sexual desires for guys.

Bisexuality can be very complicated. Bisexuals have feelings for people of their own sex as well as for people of the other sex. The feelings may vary. Some bisexuals have more sexual feelings for one sex than for the other sex.

No matter what kind of sexual feelings you have, it is important not to be scared off by them. Sex is part of every person whether theyre gay, bi or straight. Its also important to remember that you were born the way you are but sexual feelings can always shift later in life.

Gay Culture

Unlike anti-gay activists want you to believe, there is no definite gay culture, just like there is no definite straight culture. Gays are individuals with different attitudes and different levels of sexuality. There are sexually active gays and sexually conservative gays.

Anti-gay activists also want you to believe that being gay is all about sex. Its not. Being gay is about having the ability to love people of the same gender. Expressing that love can involve sex.

Gays are gaining an increasing amount of importance in society. They are slowly gaining respect from the general public. We are an established community with an extremely wide variety of members. Being part of this community is very important if youre gay. It makes you feel like youre not alone and youre not a deviant. For a list of online resources, see the Resources section below.

By Edgar Walker III

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Future of Management

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The future of leadership largely depends on the approach managers of all levels have toward employees in their organization. Leadership itself has always been one of the biggest strengths of an organization. The future should show just how vital that leadership becomes. It use to be that leadership came only from the top of an organization. Even today, and more so in the future, leadership is and will be widespread within the organization at all levels. Strategy is still set by leaders and managers at the top, but it is no longer necessary for those same leaders and managers to see that the company goals are achieved. They can now place that responsibility on individuals and teams that are designated by them to achieve those goals.

Management and leadership are two separate things all together. These words are often mistaken to mean the same but in reality leadership is a part of management. In fact, leadership is one of the most important traits of a good manager. However, being a leader and being a manager is not necessarily the same thing. In fact, in most organizations today we have leaders in every level in some facet. For a leader to become a manager he or she has to hold some sort of formal authority over other employees. Managers can also be leaders who do not necessarily have to lead all the time. Organizations that are structured in teams or departments will have leaders within each group. This shows that there does not always have to be a set leader at the top to be successful.

One of the major differences between leaders and managers are that managers are more likely to follow the guidelines set by the company in order to achieve their goals. Leaders are more likely to follow their own instincts and do things in a way in which they have grown accustomed to in order to achieve the same goals. Leaders often offer a different perspective than do managers. Managers often have a set way of doing things according to how they were trained by the company. Leaders of teams or departments will often add their own suggestions or ideas on how to solve problems or on how to reach an objective.

Leaders are the heart of the business, (Stever Robbins, 00). Managers are the brains of the business, (Stever Robbins, 00). Leaders are people who have a caring and understanding of the other people in the organization. Leaders work to keep up moral and keep people motivated especially when the organization is going through a difficult time. A good leader will find ways of occupying employees' attention in order to reach goals. Management has a different mindset. Managers are like robots of the company. They take what is given to them by the company and they instill certain rules, procedures, and guidelines for employees to follow. These things are all important to the success of the organization.Buy cheap Future of Management term paper

As we talk about leadership and management we also have to consider in what direction leadership and management is going. There is an emerging concept of management that is becoming widespread among many businesses. This concept, which is often compared to laissez-faire, is known as "Hands-Off" Management, (Rod Walsh & Dan Carrison, 001). The concept of hands-off refers to the method of empowering employees. In the old style of thinking, managers or small business owners thought that they had to do the majority of the work in order to be successful. With this style or concept, managers or owners can delegate or distribute the workload amongst all of the employees. This works in two ways. First, it relieves a lot of pressure from the manager or owner and it also gives them more time to deal with technical issues. Second, this concept allows these employees to gain experience in a way in which they would never have before. While the manager or owners hands are off, the employees are learning hands-on.

When we think of management we think of the four functions of management. The four functions of management are Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. The basic principles of these four functions will remain the same in the future, but there are ways in which each one will need be tweaked in order to adapt to change. We have already seen major changes in organizing. Planning, leading, and controlling will change based on the personnel of each organization. Employees of today are generally more educated than in the past. Today's employees are also becoming more involved in leadership roles and decision-making. Organizations will need to make adjustments to their personnel instead of the personnel making adjustments to the organization.

In conclusion, the future of management is very bright. The new breed of employee is hungry for success and in some cases hungry for wealth. This combination is a key motivating factor. The days of management having total control is no longer necessary. Today's manager is better off empowering employees to do certain jobs that were once the sole responsibility of the manager. A single chain-of-command is no longer the best way of seeing results. Teamwork is and will be the future of management.

Please note that this sample paper on Future of Management is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Future of Management, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Future of Management will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Youth and Socialization

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Socialization takes place during one's entire life; it is the process that one learns the physical, mental and social skills one needs to survive in their culture. It is important for one's well-being and it is also important for the protection and constancy of one's society (Watt, ). Two major forces that socialization depends on are heredity and the environment. Heredity determines one's physical make-up, while environment affects how one develops and behaves. Development is obtained by interacting with people. It strongly influences what kind of person one becomes, and it begins in very early childhood. The most important agents of socialization are family, peers and the media.

The family probably has the strongest influence on a person's life. It is a primary agent of socialization. Family is the grounds by which an individual learns most of the basic or primary norms and values of society, such as the difference between right and wrong, social manners and proper behavior and gender roles (Watt, ). Individuals are socialized by praise or punishment or by direct orders and commands, such as, "Don't do that!" or "You have been bad so no dessert for you." Also, by telling or reading stories, parents are able to convey society's norms and values to their children. An example of this is the Nineteenth century British culture's The Tale of Peter Rabbit. It teaches children the bad outcomes that can arise from disobeying their parents. Other ways parents enforce socialization is by seeking out playmates for their children, joining play groups, or joining organizations such as Brownies. They do this because they usually want their preschool children to learn how to interact with adults and children outside of their family.

Another important agent of socialization is peers. This is a very important secondary agent that grows in importance to a child as they mature into adolescence and then declines sharply after school graduation

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(Watt, 5). Peer groups serve as reference groups. A reference group is a group of people one mentally refers to when needing a solution to a problem. An example of this is when one is considering a particular action or deciding how to behave in a certain situation. Peer groups teach individuals how to share, handle conflict, participate with others, and see how capable their mental, physical and social abilities are. Peers help as adolescents go through their identity problems when they are not sure what they are doing and who exactly they are. The way people dress, behave and their attitudes are encouraged by peers, while others will be ridiculed, rejected, or modified by them (Watt, 7). Erik Erikson believes that most adolescents achieve a sense of identity by their early twenties, and that is when peers fade as a socializing agent.

The last crucial agent of socialization is one of controversial issue. It is clear that the media has become a major agent of socialization. This is precisely because people realize that the media is a powerful socializing agent, but they are unsure about how influential it is and if it is harmful (Watt, 8). Starting at the age of 1, an average child watches 17,000 hours of television by their high school graduation; while they only spend 11,000 in school (CBC Research). Television wins the popularity contest hands down among other forms of media, such as radio, magazines and newspapers. Reasons why television is more popular are the continuous rapid movements and loud sounds which cause the viewer to be completely oriented to the screen, the interactions between people and events that are vivid and short causing several senses to be stimulated by the bombardment of sights and sounds. The media as an agent of socialization is unlike the others. Unlike family and peers where people are able to communicate verbally or physically by having a two-way conversation where the interaction elicits a response from the two involved conversations, television is a one-sided process in which the individual cannot interact with the agent, so the agent just sends the viewer a message. But the viewer can not influence the message being delivered.

Another way television influences children is because they have not developed the capacity to distinguish fantasy from reality, they are unable to distinguish between a story line and a commercial, and they do not know what is true and what is fictional (Watt, ). Too much violence in children's programs is a concern because children may come to believe that the fantasy violence they see on T.V is commonplace and acceptable in order to resolve problems in society. Media also has been guilty at times for stereotyping racial minorities, as well as young people and old people, among other groups. Thus, young children may think it is okay to discriminate and demonstrate/exhibit prejudice. Marketers are also guilty of often using the media as a way to sell their product because they can brainwash children to want their products and create a fantasy for them.

To avoid falling into confusion and disorder, societies must have ground rules that most of its members will accept without question. Waiting one's turn in a line-up at a store, and saying, "please," and "thank you", are society's social norms and values that people must be willing to obey. Thus, this is why it is important that individuals learn how to socialize appropriately .They can establish this with family, peers and the media.

Please note that this sample paper on Youth and Socialization is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Youth and Socialization, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Youth and Socialization will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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'Much Ado about Nothing' in fact has a great deal to say about love and marriage. What is Shakespeare trying to tell us about relationships between men and women? Compare the play's treatment of love with that in 'Silas Marner'.

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'Much Ado about Nothing'

Literature Essay

'Much Ado about Nothing' in fact has a great deal to say about love and marriage. What is Shakespeare trying to tell us about relationships between men and women? Compare the play's treatment of love with that in 'Silas Marner'.

IntroductionCheap College Papers on 'Much Ado about Nothing' in fact has a great deal to say about love and marriage. What is Shakespeare trying to tell us about relationships between men and women? Compare the play's treatment of love with that in 'Silas Marner'.

The main bulk of the story of Shakespeare's 'Much Ado about Nothing' is built around the theme of love. In this play Shakespeare puts across his views about love and relationships between men and women. I believe that one of the messages he was meaning to put across was that for a relationship to work, it is very important that the people know each other and they also need to know themselves. He says a lot about relationships between men and women through four of the play's coupled characters. The relationships between these two couples contrast greatly. One (between Beatrice and Benedick) is built on solid, deep foundations. They have history between them and know each other well. The other partnership (between Claudio and Hero) is built on shallow foundations on physical attraction, infatuation. These two are much younger than the wiser Beatrice and Benedick. They don't know each other and have had no previous experience of being together. I will study the comparisons between these two relationships as well as studying some other relationships involved in the play.

Benedick and Beatrice

At first, Beatrice and Benedick behave very immaturely and childishly towards each other. It seems they really do hate and can't stand one another, but at the same time it seems they can't have enough of each other's company. They prove they are interested and do actually care by the way one always talk about the other to their friends, even if it they do speak of them with resent. The fact that they are constantly thinking about each other shows that they are interested.

They are constantly throwing cruel insults at each other and battling in a 'merry war'. Throughout most of the play, every time they meet a fight breaks out between them. The first thing Beatrice says about Benedick is to call him "Signor Mountanto", which is a very insulting remark, calling him stuck up and bigheaded. All their wit is used in throwing insults at each other. In lines 115-40 she refers to his love, possibly their relationship in the past, and scorns many aspects of his character. In her opinion he is unpleasant and despicable. She is not at all gentle in her remarks. They are passionate with hatred. But she protests against Benedick excessively, which suggests she may actually like him. "Faith niece, you tax Signor Benedick too much" (1141) even Leonato comments on her being too harsh on Benedick (who in fact is not really quite as vicious towards Beatrice as she is to him).

There is a struggle for supremecy between them, a fight for power. One possible reason behind the power struggle is that they do care about each other. There is a kind of inverted mutual respect for the opponent.

The two have a lot in common. They both are very strong-minded and witty, intelligent, worldly-wise and perceptive. These very similar characters both are also highly cynical about love and marriage. Benedick is always saying how little he trust women and that he would rather die than love. Their view on love and marriage may have been affected by hurt in the past. Because they have some kind of romantic history between them they know each other very well. This allows them to really be able to poke at each other's characters in this childish war. But, the fact they know each other so well means that they must be accustomed to their company and behaviour and have seen and know all sides of their personalities. This is an advantage which would be a great strength to a relationship.

Beatrice and Benedick mature gradually through the play. By the end, Benedick is no longer always fooling about by the end of the play. Before, you could never be sure if he is serious or not, but as he matures he becomes more sincere. Their increase in maturity also leads to an increase in respect for each other and the learning and realising of their true feelings.

Shakespeare makes the point that for relationships to work, some tests have to be endured. Beatrice and Benedick's relationship endures some tests, the biggest of which is targeted upon Benedick the two words Beatrice speaks on line 4185 after the wedding lead Benedick into having to make a very difficult choice. "Kill Claudio"… It is a test for Benedick to find out for himself how much he really loves Beatrice. If he walked away at that, their relationship would surely be over. He has just seconds to search for a mature decision inside himself, and he makes the choice of rejecting his friends, rejecting his reputation in society, rejecting being an honourable soldier, just to be with her. This is where he realises that he really is in love with her, and she infers from his answer that he is serious about it, meaning she will then start to realise that she really loves him too. Shakespeare is saying that every relationship will have its crisis points. Benedick passes his test, gets through the crisis point, resulting in a stronger relationship with Beatrice. Claudio, however, fails this test, which shows his weakness in his youth, inexperience and naivety.

Claudio and Hero

The relationship between Claudio and Hero is a lot weaker and unrealistic than that between Beatrice and Benedick. Their behaviour towards each other is naïve, immature and untrusting. What happens in the disastrous wedding scene is an example of their lack of trust in each other and how little they know one another. Because they haven't been in each other's company for long, and they don't know each other well at all, they aren't wary of the bad sides of each other's characters. They haven't seen the worst of each other, so they will be unprepared when the worst of them show.

Hero doesn't make decisions for herself. She has a childlike dependence on society and her father to grow and develop her, make her choices for her. Leonato (her father) tells her what to do with her life and who to love. She is expected by her father to accept any decent proposal which comes to her. Leonato is very much in control of her life, which is shown in the quote "Well niece, I trust you will be ruled by your father" (14). In Act Scene 1 Claudio proposes to Hero. She seems unable to answer for herself, and is told by Leonato to accept the proposal.

Hero is very innocent, naïve and also very quiet. Shakespeare doesn't give Hero much dialogue at all. In doing this he could be putting across a point that this is an example of how a woman should behave in a relationship, or that a stronger relationship requires more communication.

Leonato and Hero

Because he is so wrapped up in the society of Messina and his position in the society, Leonato is unable to really show his love for Hero. He does love her but they aren't very close and this is shown in the wedding scene. It proves that Leonato doesn't really know his daughter; otherwise he would have known for sure that Hero was completely innocent at the time of the wrongful accusation. The fact that Leonato was willing to believe the slander directed against Hero and her apparently undamaged love for him is a sign of how Leonato doesn't know his daughter and how he doesn't trust her enough to be sure that she is innocent.

Don John and Don Pedro

Don John and Don Pedro have a relationship which isn't very close at all and it's quite competitive, but most of the competition is coming from Don John, who perhaps is jealous of his brother. Don Pedro is a highly respected man of great stature and has a good reputation in society. Don John, being the bastard that he is, doesn't get the same kind of respect and affection.

Don Pedro is an instrument of harmony, bringing people together. He is a symbol of righteousness, justice and good. Don John is a nasty piece of work, a very resentful, mischievous, malicious character. He is a misanthropist, hating everyone especially his brother Don Pedro.

Although they have completely different personalities, Don John and Don Pedro have a few similarities. They both inspire loyalty in their followers. Don John has Borachio and Conrade, Don Pedro has Benedick and Claudio (though Benedick leaves his side for Beatrice). The difference in that though is that Conrade and Borachio's loyalty for Don John is inspired by money and evil, whereas Claudio and Benedick's loyalty to Don Pedro is inspired more by friendship and honour (they are all soldiers). They also both share an absence of romance in their lives.

Comparison with 'Silas Marner'

Both 'Much Ado about Nothing' and 'Silas Marner' revolve around the theme of love and relationships, and the troubles which are encountered on the road to happy-ever-after. Similarities are seen between Silas and characters in the play. For example, Silas and Hero were both falsely accused and cast out from their social groups; Silas and Benedick both have little trust in women after hurt in their history with women; Silas Marner and a number of characters in the play all mature during the stories and, after some crises, eventually find light and happiness.

Silas Marner- by George Elliot

Much Ado About Nothing- William Shakespeare

Please note that this sample paper on 'Much Ado about Nothing' in fact has a great deal to say about love and marriage. What is Shakespeare trying to tell us about relationships between men and women? Compare the play's treatment of love with that in 'Silas Marner'. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on 'Much Ado about Nothing' in fact has a great deal to say about love and marriage. What is Shakespeare trying to tell us about relationships between men and women? Compare the play's treatment of love with that in 'Silas Marner'., we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on 'Much Ado about Nothing' in fact has a great deal to say about love and marriage. What is Shakespeare trying to tell us about relationships between men and women? Compare the play's treatment of love with that in 'Silas Marner'. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Crucible – Character Analysis

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The Crucible Character Analysis

The Crucible by Arthur Miller takes place in Salem, Massachusetts, where a theocratic government defines relationships in the town; the townspeople's reputation within the church and community plays a major role in the fate given to them. The people's righteousness is tested when a group of girls begin a wave of deceit that witchcraft is being practiced among them. The strong moral outlook of the towns people changes as they blame others to relieve themselves of being condemned. Elizabeth Proctor is one of those accused of witchcraft, and unlike the general public, doesn't try to blame others in an effort to save herself. In the beginning of the story, Elizabeth acts as a moral woman who is judgmental of her husband, however she is later transformed into a person who allows love to overshadow her moral standards; and in the end she combines both her love and ethic character in sacrificing her husband.

In the beginning of the play, Elizabeth is an ethical and moral woman who refused to lie to save herself from accusations others formed about her. Even her husband John admitted that she has never lied, and is a very religious and conservative woman. She is also unsure about her ability to fully trust others, especially her husband. Her marriage with John has been in turmoil ever since the affair between John Proctor and Abigail Williams was revealed to her. From the time when John admitted his lecherous actions with Abigail, Elizabeth has been confused about where their relationship presently stands. In addition to judging John for his involvement with a seventeen-year-old girl, Elizabeth distrusts Abigail's accusations as well. Although John admits to his relations with Abigail in a conversation with Elizabeth, she finds it hard to believe his is being truthful. This quote presented later in the play, shows you how she is still skeptical about John's feelings for Abigail; and also Abigail's intensions in loving John. "Spoke or silent, a promise is surely made. And she may dote on it now- I am sure she does- and thinks to kill me then to take my place" (64). Even though Proctor is frustrated with Elizabeth's lack of faith in him, he knows how honest she is, " In her life, sir, she have never lied..."(116).

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Towards the middle of the play, Elizabeth strays from her truthful character out of a sense of loyalty to her husband. She moves beyond the Puritan perspective of right and wrong, and her real love for Proctor is revealed. When the court asks John if he did, or did not commit lechery with Abigail Williams, he breaks down and confesses it. John makes one desperate bid for this authority by finally overcoming his desire to protect his good name, he hopes to replace his wifes suspected guilt with his own guilt and bring down Abigail in the process. After the judges question John, Elizabeth is asked the same question and she deviate from the normal moral stance. Elizabeth starts to feel different about John and tries to make sense of his behavior. In this next quote she tries to explain to the judge that he is sincerely a good man, "I- in that time I were sick. And I- my husband is a god and righteous man" (118). She then said Proctor had not had an affair with Abigail, not knowing that John had already confessed he was a lecher. She lied despite knowing it was sinful, she wanted to save her husband, and risked her own security in the process of doing so." Is your husband a lecher!"…" No, sir"(118). Elizabeth lies for John because she loves him and feels she owes this to him, for giving him a difficult time about trusting and forgiving him.

In the end of the play, Elizabeth is transformed into a more trustful woman who is not so judgmental, and allows love to modify her moral principles. By this time, she assures herself that John is a good man, and although he has made some wrong decisions, his faults should not overcome the goodness of his character. For the first time, Elizabeth tells John directly that she knows deep down that he is a good person,"Only be sure of this, for I know it now Whatever you will do, it is a good man does it" (14). Elizabeth knows that John's decision to not confess and suffer the consequences of witchery by being hung is the moral and honorable one." He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him!" (15). Elizabeth's quote shows how she and John's understand one another. To help save herself and her husband's dignity, she doesn't hold John back from making his life ending decision.

Through the course of this play, Elizabeth seems to starts as a woman lives the life of a Puritan, as honorably as she can, not because she is afraid of the consequences, but rather for the assuring self- respect. Elizabeth changes dramatically. She realizes her love for John Proctor is more important than the subconscious guilt caused by lying. Although she risks everything to help save Proctor, she still values her own life. In the play of The Crucible, Elizabeth Proctor evolves from a one-dimensional woman to one who is strong, and self-assured of her morality. During the chaos of the witch trails in Salem, she begins to bend her morality for her own principles, by lying for John. Finally, comprehending how important the ideas of life and love meant to her.

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Retinal Detatchment

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The retina is a thin membrane made up of nerve cells that line the back 60% of your eyeball. The nerve cells in the retina detect light and send signals to the brain about what your eye sees. The retina consists of two layers that line the back portion of the eye. The sensory retina contains nerve cells that process visual information and send it to the brain. In a normal retina, the two layers lie in contact with each other. Retinal detachment occurs when the sensory retina becomes separated from the retinal pigment epithelium or RPE and the wall of the eye. Fluid from the eye flows into the space between the two layers, further separating them.

Retinal detachment most often results from posterior vitreous detachment, a harmless condition that commonly affects older adults. Injury to the eye, a blow to the head, eye disease, and conditions such as diabetes can lead to retinal detachment at any age. Tears or holes in the retina form which may lead to retinal detachment by allowing fluid from the middle of the eye to collect under the retina. Traction on the retina pulls the retina away from the layers beneath it. Fluid buildup in the space under the retina, push the retina away from the wall of the eye. Many symptoms are Floaters in your field of vision. Floaters are usually thick strands or clumps of solid. They often appear as dark specks or globs. A sudden shower of floaters may be a sign of a retinal tear.

There are three main types of retinal detachment. The most common type is called rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The retinal detachment results from a tear or hole in the retina, also called a retinal break. A retinal break allows fluid from the middle of the eye to flow into the space under the retina and push the retina away from the wall of the eye. Other types of retinal detachment are less common. Retinal detachment affects peripheral vision first. Vision loss tends to get worse over time, as more of the retina becomes detached. Once the detachment spreads to the center of the retina, vision loss will become severe or even total. If a person does not have surgery to repair the detached retina, the vision loss will become permanent. Although retinal detachment can occur at any age, it is most common in older adults.

Vision loss from retinal detachment can progress from minor to severe or total if the person does not seek treatment. Some detachments do not get worse, but many spread to include other parts of the retina within a few hours or days. Retinal detachment almost always demands urgent care. Retinal tears and holes, however, often do not need treatment because many of them will not lead to retinal detachment. The retina sometimes develops small, round holes as it ages. These holes are often not a problem.

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Treatment for retinal detachment always involves surgery. Surgery can repair most retinal detachments and restore good vision in many cases. Treatment for retinal tears also involves surgery using lasers or other methods. Tears that occur with symptoms like floaters are more likely to lead to a retinal detachment and to require treatment. In these cases, repairing the tear can often prevent detachment and potential vision loss. The retina can be reattached about 0% of the time. How well a person sees after surgery depends on other factors. The longer a person waits for surgery, the lower the chances for good vision. Once the retina loses contact with the layers of the eye that support it, vision starts to suffer.

To prevent this problem, a person should wear protective glasses when doing anything that can effect their sight, such as hammering, working with power tools or yard tools such as weed eaters and lawn mowers, or doing any activity that might result in small objects flying. There is no connection between obesity because detached retinas often occur with elderly people. It does not connect to health in any way. It is always better to be as healthy as you can be, but there is no health connection with detached retinas at this time. Also, you can be as fit as possible, but it wouldn't make a difference with a detached retina because health does not relate to this.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. http//www.theretinasource.com/conditions/retinal_detachment.htm

. http//www.rnib.org.uk/info/retdet.htm

. http//www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic504.htm

4. http//www.djo.harvard.edu/meei/PI/RD.html

5. http//www.nei.nih.gov/health/retinaldetach/

6. http//www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/retinadetach.htm

7. http//www.stlukeseye.com/Conditions/RetinalDetachment.asp

8. http//www.avclinic.com/RetinalDetachment.htm

. http//www.avclinic.com/RetinalDetachment.htm

10. http//www.moorfields.co.uk/EyeHealth/RetinalDetachment

11. http//www.visionchannel.net/retinaldetachment/

1. http//www.eri.harvard.edu/htmlfiles/retdet.html

1. www.kellogg.umich.edu/conditions/ retina/detached_retina.html

14. www.eyesite.ca/english/public-information/ eye-conditions/retinal-detachment.htm

15. www.rcophth.ac.uk/publications/retinal.html

16. www.lowvision.org/retinal_detachment.htm

17. www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/00107.htm

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To Kill a Mockingbird

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To Kill a Mockingbird is definitely an excellent novel in that it portrays life and the role of racism in the 10s. A reader may not interpret several aspects in and of the book through just the plain text. Boo Radley, Atticus, and the title represent three such things. Not really disclosed to the reader until the end of the book, Arthur Boo Radley plays an important role in the development of both Scout and Jem. In the beginning of the story, Jem, Scout, and Dill fabricate horror stories about Boo. They find Boo as a character of their amusement, and one who has no feelings whatsoever. They tried to get a peep at him, just to see what Boo looked like. Scout connects Boo with the Mockingbird. Mrs. Maudie defines a mockingbird as one who …dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They dont eat up peoples gardens, dont nest in corncribs, they dont do one thing but sing their hearts out for us (4). Boo is exactly that. Boo is the person who put a blanket around Scout and Jem when it was cold. Boo was the one putting gifts in the tree. Boo even sewed up Jems pants that tore on Dills last night. Boo was the one who saved their lives. On the contrary to Scouts primary belief, Boo never harms anyone. Scout also realizes that she wrongfully treated Boo when she thinks about the gifts in the tree. She never gave anything back to Boo, except love at the end. When Scout escorts Arthur home and stands on his front porch, she sees the same street she saw, just from an entirely different perspective. Scout learns what a Mockingbird is, and who represents one. Arthur Radley not only plays an important role in developing Scout and Jem, but helps in developing the novel. Boo can be divided into three stages. Primitively, Boo is Scouts worst nightmare. However, the author hints at Boo actually existing as a nice person when he places things in the tree. The secondary stage is when Mrs. Maudies house burned to the ground. As Scout and Jem were standing near Boos house, it must have been rather cold. So, Boo places a warm and snug blanket around Scout and Jem, to keep them warm. This scene shows Boos more sensitive and caring side of him, and shows that he really has changed after stabbing his father. The last and definitely most important stage is when he kills Bob Ewell to save Scout and Jem. This stage portrays Boo as the hero and one who has indefinitely changed his personality and attitudes. After the final stage, Boo does not deserve to be locked up inside his house. Atticus Finch is a man of strong morals. He follows them exclusively, and does not hold up to the Finch family name, as defined by Aunt Alexandria. Atticus is the most pure and good-hearted person one may ever `see.` Although it does not seem like it, Scout will evolve into her father; Jem will not. Scout finally understand all the things he says. For example, in the beginning Atticus tells Scout, You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view…until you climb into his skin and walk around in it (4). She then realizes that Mrs. Caroline did not know Maycomb, and could not just learn it in one day. Scout comes to terms that it was wrong to become upset with Mrs. Caroline. Scout learns several other lessons. For example, on page 4, Atticus says his most important line in the book, …remember its a sin to kill a mockingbird. Through clarifications from Mrs. Maudie, Scout accepts her fathers words. Atticus also teaches his kids a lesson when he defends Tom Robinson, an innocent black person. Although Atticus knew from the instant he accepted the case that Tom had no chance, he had to do his duty as an honest and impartial citizen of Maycomb. Atticus poured his heart into defending Atticus, and did a damn fine job. He taught his kids the right thing, that all individuals are created equal. If Aunt Alexandria had raised Scout and Jem, they might have not cried at the end of the trial; they would not want to hurt the Finch family reputation. It was Atticus who received a standing ovation from the Blacks Balcony. It is because of Atticus good heart that Cals black church accepted the children. Atticus has probably built a better name for his family than Aunt Alexandria would have, had she lived with the Finches. Before reading To Kill a Mockingbird, the title itself means nothing. The title is the foundation of a house. It is just a slob of cement, and cannot be interpreted. While reading the book, pieces of wood fit together and the house starts to stand up. After reading the book, the house is fully painted and decorated. The landscaping is complete, and the house is beautiful. Several things and people represent the Mockingbird throughout the novel. The understanding of the Mockingbird can bee seen in three steps. The first step is in chapter 10. Atticus tells Jem to never shoot a mockingbird, because it causes no harm. At this point, neither Jem nor Scout understand what Atticus is saying. Secondly, Scout finds a roly-poly in chapter 5. In answer to Scouts desire to kill the bug, Jem says, Because they dont bother you… (41). At this second stage, Jem, not yet Scout, has understood Atticus holy words. The last depiction is in the final chapters of the book. This Mockingbird is Arthur Boo Radley. Boo ends up to save both Jem and Scouts lives, by killing Bob Ewell. At this final stage in the book, Scout, as well as Jem, understands Atticus and his saying. Scout realizes life. To Kill a Mockingbird is a very inspirational book. Not only is it a book for pleasure, it shows us today how far we have come, and yet the long journey ahead. Boo Radley and Atticus were very important characters, for both the developments of kids in the book and reader. The title is something that can be interpreted in many ways. Each one will be different, based on the readers philosophy and beliefs. Injustice is a problem which everyone faces. Nobody likes to suffer from injustice, yet they do it to others. In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird written by Harper Lee, there are three characters who suffer the most injustice. They are Atticus, Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. Atticus, a man with great wisdom, suffers from the fact that he had taken on a Negro case. He was constantly persecuted for his decision, which made him work even harder at winning the case. Even though his family was made after the trial was over. fun of, he stuck with his choice and worked the hardest he could to ignore the threats and harassment. He did very well to ignore all the abuse and was greatly respected Another person who suffered from injustice was Tom Robinson. He was charged with a crime he did not commit. His side of the story was not believed because he was black, which really shows the amount of injustice during the time the novel was set in. Through the whole trial, he did not retaliate at the white people, he did not get mad because he was improperly accused, he just showed the level of respect which everyone deserves. He handled the injustice with a manner reserved only for gentlemen, which is a good description of what he really was.The third person to suffer injustice in the novel was Boo Radley. Many accusations were claimed about him even though they were untrue. Just because he didnt leave his house, people began to think something was wrong. Boo was a man who was misunderstood and shouldnt of suffered any injustice. Boo did not handle the injustice because he didnt know about it.In conclusion, the person who deserves the deepest sympathy is Tom Robinson. He did nothing wrong but his crime was being nice to white people. This type of injustice is the worst because everyone puts up with it. Therefore, Atticus, Tom Robinson and Boo Radley suffered the most injustice in the novel. To Kill A Mockingbird was published in 160 then it went on to win the Pulitzer prize in 161 and was later made into an Academy Award winning film. Harper Lee always considered her book to be a simple love story. Today it is regarded as a masterpiece of American Literature. There are so many characters in this book that I cant name all of them. Here are most of the characters. The Finch family contains of Atticus (The head of the household), Aunt Alexandra (Atticuss sister), (Jem) Jeremy (The oldest of Atticuss two children), (Scout) Jean Louise (The youngest of the two . She also trys to be a boy by doing boy things). And you cant forget their black maid. Her name is Calpurnia. Miss Rachael is Dills aunt that lives in Maycomb. Dill is a friends with Jem and Scout. According to Scout they are married. (Boo) Arthur Radley is the person that takes Jem back to his house after Jem gets hurt by Bob Ewell. Tom Robinson is a black man that was accused of raping Mayella Ewell. Bob Ewell is Mayellas father. He is out for revenge on Atticus for what he did to him and his daughter. Mayella is Bobs daughter who supposedly got raped by Tom Robinson. Judge Taylor is the Judge of Maycomb County. Heck Tate is the county law official. I think the protagonist in the story is Atticus Finch because he has the main part and he has the biggest decision to make. The decision being whether to defend or not to defend Tom Robinson. To Kill a Mockingbird is set in Maycomb County, an imaginary district in Southern Alabama. The time is the early 10s, the years of the Great Depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread in the United States. The story begins during the summer when Scout and Jem meet a new playmate named Dill who has come from Mississippi to spend the summer with his Aunt Rachael. Dill is fascinated by the neighborhood gossip about Boo Radley. Egged on by Dill, Jem and Scout try to think up ways to lure him out of his house. Soon it is Summer again , and Dill returns for another visit. The childrens plans for making contact with Boo Radley grew bolder this year, and on Dills last night they decide to sneak up onto the Radley porch and spy on Boo. Jem goes first, but just as he reaches the window, Nathan Radley catches site of them and scares them off with a blast from a shot gun. Jem realizes that Boo is not a monster after all, but has been playing along with them. Scout does not figure this out until the winter, on the night that the house of their neighbor burns to the ground. While Scout is standing outside in the cold, someone sneaks up behind her and places a blanket around her. Later, Scout and Jem realize that there was only one person in town who has not already at work fighting the fire and that was Boo. Now that Jem and Scout realize that Boo is basically a kind person, their interest in the Radley family begins to fade. In the meantime, they learn that their father has become the defense lawyer for Tom Robinson, who is charged with raping Mayella Ewell. As the trial of Tom Robinson grows nearer, the children become more aware of the strong feeling it has aroused in everyone in Maycomb. One day their housekeeper takes Jem and Scout to visit her church, and the children realize for the first time that the black parishioners are supporting Tom Robinsons wife. Two nights before the trial is to start, a group of men come to the Finch house to tell Atticus about threats against Tom Robinsons life. Atticus spends the next night camped out at the jail to defend Tom from the mob. Jem, Scout and Dill go downtown to check on Atticus and arrive at the same time as a group of men, who have come to kill Tom. Scout recognizes one of the men in the group as Walter Cunningham. Her friendliness embarrasses the man so much that he and the mob leave. The next day, at the trial, Atticus questions make it clear that Mayella and her father are lying about the rape. Neverless the jury convict him because their prejudices prevent them from taking a black mans word against two whites. Atticus is now a hero in the black community of Maycomb, but Bob Ewell, vows to get Atticus for showing him up as a liar in front of the whole town. Tom Robinson has give n up hope and trys to flee the prison, but while doing it he gets caught and shot. By the time Halloween comes around, the Finch family has begun to put Toms death behind them. There is a pageant planned and Scout much to her dismay has been cast as a ham. After the pageant Scout decides to walk home still dressed in her bulky costume, with Jem leading the way. The cowardly Bob Ewell. seeing an opportunity to get revenge on Atticus through his children. He follows the children down a dark street and tries to kill them. In the side. It is none other than Boo Radley, who had seen the attack from his window. Boo stabs Bob Ewell to death, and carries the wounded Jem home. The sheriff decides to file a report that Bob fell on his own knife and died, thus sparing Boo the publicity that would be sure to follow. Scout never sees Boo again after that night, but she has learned that he was a good man all along. She has learned a lesson about understanding and tolerance. And through the sheriffs action she sees that sometimes there can be justice and compassion in the world. The title of the book, To Kill a Mockingbird is a key to some themes in the novel. The title is first explained in Chapter 10 at the time that Jem and Scout have just received air rifles for Christmas. Atticus tells his children that it is a sin to shoot a mockingbird. Later Miss Maudie explains that Atticus meant that Mockingbirds are harmless creatures who do nothing but sing for enjoyment. It is easy to see that the mockingbird in this story is Tom Robinson a harmless man who becomes a victim of racial prejudice. Like the mockingbird, Tom has never done wrong to anyone. Even the jurors who sentence him to death have nothing personal against him. They find him guilty mostly because they feel that to take the word of a black man over two whites would threaten the system they live under, the system of segregation. Tom himself is guilty of nothing but being in the wrong place at the wrong time

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