Public relations

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Public Relations professional paper

Introduction

In today's fast moving business world; where mergers, friendly and hostile takeovers, bankruptcy, and corporate scandals reign supreme; a company's image and reputation are perhaps two of the most important assets a firm may possess. Creating "just the right image" in the public's eye is essential for the survival of any organization.Buy public relations term paper

The field of Public Relations deals precisely with this aspect of business. Public Relations professionals work hard at developing good, positive relations between a firm and the many different publics it serves.

In the following pages, we will take a look at how this field developed, what the duties of the public relations manager of a company may be, how PR affects the organization and its functions, the skills necessary to properly and effectively function in the capacity of a public relations practitioner. Finally, the results of an interview of one of the public relation professionals, who works at the General Board of Pension and Health Benefits of The United Methodist Church will be presented.

Historical overview

The Public Relations field is not considered a profession yet, in the same way as law or medicine is. Public Relations is essentially a trend of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, its origins can be traced back to ancient civilizations.

Public Relations possesses, as one of its intrinsic characteristics, the practice of influencing people through the use of communication. One could cite the story of Moses and the 10 Commandments as the first public relations act in history, In this account, explicit instructions were handed down from God to Moses with the specific objective to influence the Jewish people and guide them to modify their behavior.

A more recent, and perhaps more widely accepted instance of the use of public relations in ancient history, is found in the Babylonian civilization of 1800 BC, where the most up-to-date harvesting techniques of the day wwere promoted by carving out the instructions in stone tablets for farmers to look at and use.

But it was not until 10 that a former Wall Street reportedm Ivy L. Lee, introduced the idea that would slowly developed into what is known today as RP. Mr. Lee proclaimed that the public deserved to be informed, and that business should address its critics by presenting its side "honestly, accurately, and forcefully." (Sietel, pp. 0)

This idea of Mr. Lee's that business has a responsibility to maintain the public properly informed grew stronger in the American society during the 0th Century, and came of age with the advent of the growth of corporations, the turmoil for sociological survival of the many different interest groups represented in society, the increase in the sophisticated knowledge of people, and finally by the blossoming of world democracy.

What does a PR manager do?

In the same way as any other business function manager, a PR manager is most concerned with setting strategies to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization for which he/she works; while at the same time, keeping the efforts of the department to achieve those goals under tight budgetary control. However, there are no two managers who can define exactly what must be done in accomplishing these goals.

Perhaps, the best way to approach the question of what the PR manager does is by looking at what the Public Relations function has been defined as. According to the Task Force on the Stature and Role of Public Relations of the Public Relations Society of America, this PR function can be defined as, "an organization's efforts to win the cooperation of groups of people." (Seitel, pp. 45)

The PR professional manages all communications between a firm and its publics, which directly or indirectly affects the organization's goals and objectives.

How does PR affect the organization and its functions?

One of the major functions of an organization affected by public relations is marketing. In fact, a number of organizations still consider public relations a part of the marketing department, even if often times when positioned in this way, public relations as an entity of its own is neglected. Nonetheless, a properly run public relations department is an integral part of the overall success of an organization. "Good public relations can enhance a[n organization's] marketing, burnish its image in the community and improve the institutions overall competitiveness." (Beavers-Moss. PR The Credibility Enhancer)

PR defines the different publics to be considered and targeted in the sales efforts of the marketing department. These efforts clearly point to the effect PR has on the Human Resources Department, Production Department, and the sales portion of the Marketing Department.

Through this identification of the target audience, the marketing efforts are focused and made more efficient; thus, lowering both financial and human requirements, in order to achieve a firm's goals.

The results of a more focused view of what type of employee must be hired to accomplish these goals has a direct effect on the Human Resources Department, which is now directed to search and hire a specific type of individual to produce, promote, and sell the wanted goods of the identified public.

Qualifications of a PR professional

When asked, what does a public relations agent look like?, some individuals may think of the10s and 140s imagine Hollywood has left us with of fast talking, fast moving, busy men carrying two telephone conversations at the same time, all while speaking with a client in his office. Others may have the more contemporary imager, which includes the executive sitting in a glass-wall office high above the city skyline.

Our text however, present a more realistic view of what these men and women working in public relations should be like. The world has changed very much, placing very specific qualifications for the public relations position. According to Harold Buson, chairman of Burston-Marsteller, while it is difficult to make a blanket statement about what all PR agents should be like, there are four major qualifying characteristics of people in this position

1. They are bright people, who are able to ask just the right question at the right time. They are intelligent and quick learners.

. They have excellent people's skills. They know how to get along with others.

. They are motivated and creative. Self starters with no need for anyone to guide them as to what the next step to take should be.

4. They are good, persuasive writers. They are not afraid of the "blank piece of paper."

Interview with RP professional at GBOPHB

Whether for-profit or non-for-profit, public relations is an integral part of daily business. The General Board of Pension and Health Benefits (GBOPHB) is no exception. Appendix A is a short questionnaire completed by one of the public relations agents in this organization.

Conclusion

The importance of public relations is monumental to the financial health of any business enterprise. Without these dedicated, hard-working professionals' expertise some of the public would never get to experience the full benefit of an organization's offerings of goods and services.

We have seen the growth of this function in the life of the human race, and how its influence and importance came of age during the cross over from an agricultural to an industrial society during this 0th Century.

Public relation's individuality makes its position in the general scheme of an organization's objectives one of the most valued and important stepping stones in the 1st century. As the technical revolution marches on, public relations is bound to gain more and more strength in the business structure, and eventually will become a major function of all industry globally.

Beavers-Moss, Deborah. The Credibility enhancer. http//www.apollolibrary.com/srp/ubm/MKT48.

Seitel, Fraser P. The Practice of Public Relations. Special Ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (New Jersey, 18)

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Bibliography of the Raelians

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Michelle McGarry

ENG 104-18

Professor Miga

February 1, 00Custom Essays on Bibliography of the Raelians

Annotated Bibliography

Adler, Jerry, Tracy McNicoll, Julie Scelfo, Anne Underwood, Mary Carmichael, Debra Rosenburg. "Spaced Out." Newsweek. 1 Jan. 00 48-5.

· This article discusses a brief back round about the Raelians and gives the con side of the argument.

"Brigitte Boisselier Scientific genius or PR guru?" BBC News. Jan. 00. 1 Feb. 00. http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/science/nature/64445.stm

· This article gives a back round on Brigitte Boisselier and the company Clonaid.

Clonaid

http//www.clonaid.com (Last Visited 1//0)

· This is the website of the company Clonaid. Provides information on what the company does, and how the Raelians are tied in.

Cooperman, Alan. "Raelians Believe Cloning Holds key to Immortality." Washington Post 8 Dec. 00

· Gives a negative picture of who the Raelians are, and their beliefs about cloning.

"Demands Grow for Human Clone Ban." BBC News. 8 Dec. 00. 6 Feb. 00 http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/health/61110.stm

· Goes into depth on French President Chirac's proposal for a worldwide ban on cloning, and the skepticism scientists feel toward Clonaid's announcement of the first cloned baby.

Gibbs, Nancy, Melissa August, Andrea Dorfman, Deirdre van Dyk, Jeff Israely, and Tim Padgett. "Abducting the Cloning Debate." Time Magazine 1 Jan. 00 46-50.

· This article goes into the moral issues of cloning, and gives a negative perspective towards the Raelians' beliefs.

Jerome, Richard, Don Sider, Lori Rozsa, Hope Hamashige, Vicki Sheff- Cahan, Breu Fiovanna, and Bob Stewart. "Maybe Baby." People Magazine 1 Jan. 00 58-6.

· This article a slight back round of the Raelians, why they want to clone, who Eve is, and how the cloning process works.

Lewis, James. The Gods Have Landed. New York State University of New York Press, 15.

· This book gives an extensive back round of the Raelians.

Mother Site of the Raelian Religion.

http//www.rael.org (Last visited 1/5/0)

· This website goes into great depth on the mission, the evidence, and even provides an online store to purchase their merchandise.

Palmer, Susan. Moon Sisters, Krishna Mothers, Rajneesh Lovers; Women's Roles in New Religions. New York Syracuse University Press, 14.

· This book goes into an extensive history of the Raelians, and the role that the women play in their faith.

Rael. Let's Welcome our Fathers from Space. Japan. AOM Corporation, 186.

· This book gives Rael's encounter with the Elohim, and what they told him for the first six days.

---. The Final Message London The Tagman Press, 18.

· This book talks about the interpretations of the Elohim, and how society needs to play a part in the Raelian Religion.

"Raelian Leader Says Cloning First Step to Immortality." CNN.Com 8 Dec. 00. 8 Feb. 00. http//www.cnn.com/00/HEALTH/1/7/human.cloning

· Gives both of the pros and cons of the Raelian cloning movement, and how the Pope and President Bush oppose.

"The Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity Condemns Human Cloning Claim." FindLaw. 7 Dec. 00. 14 Feb. 00 http//news.corporate.findlaw.com/prnewswire/0017/7dec0001808.html

· The Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity is a company based in Chicago, which criticized Clonaid for their work even though there was no proof of the claim.

Tracinski, Robert. "Human Cloning Raelians Vs. Reality." Capitalism Magazine. 8 Jan. 00. 8 Feb. 00. http//www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=48

· This article goes into the debate as to why the Raelians should not be allowed to clone humans, and portrays a disapproving attitude towards the religious group.

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Hammurabi Essay

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In ancient times, laws were usually passed along by words, it was never written down. But around 1760 B.C., a man named Hammurabi, King of Babylon, produced what is believed to be the first set of codified laws in Western civilization. They were chiseled on a stone tablet and hung in the center of the city where everyone could see them. In 1750 there was not very much respect for authority and I believe it has improved since then.

I believe over the centuries the respect for authority has drastically changed. I think the reason it has improved since 1750 is because back then they had laws but the laws were for everyone and everything. What I'm trying to say is today we have laws but we have different kinds of laws and authorities, they only had one. We have the provincial government and the municipal government, they have different kinds of responsibilities and we respect them for what each type of government does for us. Also we have different sections of government for us, like substantive law, and procedural law. These are different types of the law which deal with different things. Today we have private and civil law which deals with us, the people of the country, and on the other side we have public law which deals with the relationship of the government and society. What I'm really trying to express is that back in 1750 they did not have different sections of the laws for certain things and people, they had one big law and sometimes the punishments were blown out of context. A good example of this is in one of the excerpts where a witness lies on the stand during a capital trial, and because he lied and it was a capital trial the man will receive the death penalty. Back then they only had one way to decide these punishments, "an eye for an eye", and sometimes this way was unorthodox. The people lost respect for the government and started to overcome with fear. Today we have different kinds of authorities; we also have different kinds of courts such as divorce court, family court, criminal court, etc... I believe because we have all these different kinds the people are happier and respect the government for implementing this kind of system. People even have more respect for smaller levels of authority. Good examples are police officers, a while back they used to be seen as "Pigs" who go to Tim Horton's to eat donuts and drink coffee. But now I can honestly say people respect them a whole lot more and do not make jokes about them and finally realize that the little things they do greatly improve our society.

So yes, I believe the respect for authority has immensely improved since 1750 and will continue to improve as time goes on. And even though there is more respect for authority now, the respect for authority was quite impressive for its time, who would have thought that a civilization over thousands of years old would be capable for producing the worlds very first set of codified laws.

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Open Ocean Biome

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Open Ocean Biome

The Open Ocean Biome is just one of the biomes that are categorized in the world. Oceans are always moving and have mountains, volcanoes and deep trenches on the ground floor. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the four main oceans. Although its name means peaceful, this ocean can be very rough. The Pacific Ocean is 64 million square miles. The Atlantic Ocean is the busiest ocean. Many ships cross the Atlantic carrying cargo between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. It is around million square miles. The Indian Ocean is located in an area bordered by the continents of Asia, Africa, Antarctica, and Australia. It is the second smallest and measures at 8 million square miles. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and the coldest ocean. It is only 5 million square miles. These four main oceans make up the biome that is known as the Open Ocean.

There are many different kinds of animals that live in the oceans of the world. Many times they are referred to as marine animals, which include fish and mammals. Fish are animals that do not need to come up for air to breath. The fish have gills that help them get oxygen to breathe. The mammals on the other hand, must come up to the surface every few minutes to take breaths of air in order to stay alive. Another type of marine animal that lives in the Open Ocean Biome is the mollusk. These specific animals have shells, such as oysters or clams. However, there is an exception for animals that do not that do not belong to the mollusk family. The Octopus is the exception; it does not have a shell, but is still considered to be a mollusk. Crustaceans are yet another variety of marine life under the sea. These animals include crabs and lobsters. The fish of the sea have few adaptations. These include sleek bodies to reduce friction while swimming, gills that allow them to breathe, eyes on the sides of the head to alert them of approaching enemies, fins to help them swim faster, and the color-coded or camouflaged skin to help them hide from their enemies.Custom writing service can write essays on Open Ocean Biome

Oceans are known for the marine life, but are also known for the plants that live in the water also. Plankton is a mixture of plants and animals that reside in the open oceans. Plankton makes up a huge portion of the food source for many species that live in the oceans. The part of plankton that pertains solely to plants is referred to as phytoplankton. Seaweed in the common term used for the Algae, which is any plant that lives under the water. Algae is the primary food source for animals that near or on the shorelines. Algae also has everyday uses that we take advantage of. The algae is a key ingredient in many products used by human such as paints, ice cream, toothpastes and medicines. The greatest concentration of plant life in the ocean can be found in Coral Reefs. In fact, the Cayman Islands is built upon nothing but a coral reef. This island is known for its beautiful reefs and is quite a popular place for snorkeling and scuba diving.

The Ocean Open Biome is also known for its climate. The average temperature of all oceans is about degrees F (.8 degrees C). The Open Oceans of the world though are known for having different temperatures. Tropical Oceans, which are near the equator, are warm and clear on the surface. In the cold polar regions of the far north and far south, the ocean is so cold that its surface is actually frozen. This happens most frequently in the Arctic Ocean. The Huge blocks of ice that develop in this ocean are called Icebergs, and are known to drift around in these waters. Although the Arctic Ocean is known for being the world's coldest ocean, all oceans are cold, dark and appear still when studied deep down below the surface. The sun can only heat the surface of the water and the moon and gravity control the tides.

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Montage of a Dream Deferred

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James Mercer Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 10, in Joplin Missouri to Carrie Mercer Langston Hughes and James Nathaniel Hughes. Shortly after he was born his parents separated. Hughes lived his entire childhood with his mother, maternal grandmother, and family friends. His father moved from the U.S to various other places where he finally settled down in Mexico as a lawyer and businessman. Despite this fact, Hughes grew up in dire poverty. While Hughes was in his early teens, his mother attended college for a year, but was unable to continue attending because she was unable to find a job that could help pay for her schooling. She moved from city to city trying to find work while Hughes stayed with his grandmother. After her death in 114 Hughes lived with her friends the Reeds, where for the first time he had enough to eat.

Hughes then went to Lincoln, Illinois, to live with his mother. There he started writing poetry after he was elected class poet by his graduating grammar school class. His family later moved to Cleveland, Ohio where he attended the Central High School. While there he also published various poems in the school magazine. There he was introduced to poems written by poets such as Dunbar, Longfellow, Sandburg, etc. In the summer of 11, Hughes visited his father in Mexico. This was a summer that Hughes would never forget because he was that close to committing suicide. In addition he wrote "When Sue Wears Red." Later that summer he graduated from high school where he wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," which was later published in the Crisis. This was also a year in which his father relented but agreed to send him to Columbia University rather than Europe. Hughes dropped out of Columbia University after only one year. Prior to Hughes dropping out, the breach between him and his father became final. From that moment, they never saw each other again. Hughes later moved to live in Harlem between the years of 1-1. This was a period of black upliftment and also the Harlem Renaissance. This is when he got his first public reading of "The Weary Blues." Around December of 15 he won poetry prizes from The Crisis and Opportunity. There he began writing poetry in the fom of blues and spirituals. While working as a busboy at Wardman Park Hotel, he paced three poems at poet Vachel Lindsay's dinning table. Lindsay then announced that he had discovered a new poet. The following day Hughes was given nation wide publicity. In Feburary of 16, he entered Lincoln University where he published various poems. In June of 1 he graduated from Lincoln University. Hughes went on to publish various poems while receiving monetary awards. In May of 1 he received a telegram inviting him to partake with other blacks on a movie making trip to the Soviet Union. Hughes toured the Soviet alone for six months. During this time he was inspired by reading D.H. Lawrence's short stories in which he wrote his own short stories and sent them to NewYork for publication. He then went on to publish a collection of his stories in14. During this time he joined radical protest movements on the west Coast. Later that year when Hughes was years of age he got a telegraph announcing his fathers death. Hughes immediately left for Mexico for the reading of the will. Hughes's father left his entire estate to three Spanish Catholic spinsters. Langston was never mentioned in his will. Hughes remember his father as a man whose only interest was making money. In particular he despised blacks, Mexicans, and Indians, all of whom he considered ignorant, backward, lazy, and dishonest. In Onwuchekwa Jemie's Langston Hughes he quotes the book "The Big Sea" (pp. -41,4) which says

My father hated Negroes. I think he hated himself, too, for being a Negro.

He disliked all of his family because they were Negroes and remained in

the United States, where none of them had a chance to be much of anything but servants…. My father had a great contempt for all poor people. He thought it was their own fault that they were poor.

He later returned to Cleveland with his mother where he spent atleast one year. He then moved to Spain where he spent six months covering the Baltimore Afro-American. By 18, he returned to NewYork where he founded various theatres and published various plays for Hollywood films.

Although Hughes is known for the various plays that he published, he is mostly known for his poetic literature. When Langston writes poetry, he plans to record and interpret the loves of common black folks. When Langston went to New york to live this was the period of the black upliftment and various political and economic struggle. In his writing he tries to capture those struggles that he and others around him has been through or was going through. When writing poetry, Hughes paid very little attention to anything that didn't have an impact on the black race. In addition to this being a period for black upliftment, this was also a period of the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was a time where African Americans really showed their work by either publishing or reading it orally. During this time their were various forms of music that was also developing one of which was Jazz. Jazz is a form of music which expressions come the use of instruments. This form of music was used to express one's self through the use of instruments. Because of the genesis of Jazz during this time, part of Hughes's poetry tend to revolve around it. To Hughes the term Jazz is understood to mean black music. Jazz being what it is, the jazz poem attempts to capture the instrumental vigor that it has. When Hughes writes his poetry using Jazz rhythms these poems tend to be written in the language of the common people. Jazz poems tries to capture the essence of jazz itself and the message that the singers are relaying. Most of the poems strength is in its rhythmic energy which is the same rhythmic energy captured in jazz itself. Some of hughes's jazz poems includes "Death in Harlem", and "Montage of a Dream Deferred."

"Death in Harlem" is a very realistic poem that deals with and gives an analysis of Harlem nightlife. This poem builds on a jazz narrative on the structure of a black epic. The setting is Dixie's, a Harlem basement nightclub. This poem talks about a Texas kid who has a thick bill roll in his hands. This lady named Arabella Johnson has her hands on him and their enjoying the night together. They start to drink and dance and just simply enjoying themselves. She then goes to the ladies room and to her surprise when she comes back some other good-time woman is dancing with him. She got so angry because she felt as if this other woman had shown her great disrespect. She then takes out her pistol and shoots the woman. The police then comes and arrests Arabella and she is taken to jail. The Texan Kid then picks up another woman and goes to bed with her. In this poem Dixie's nightclub symbolizes a den of death. Dixie is someone who wants money and doesn't care how they make it. It could be sex money blood money, any money. In this nightclub both whites and blacks poor and rich merge. Down South in Dixie the white woman played on the fact that any rumor of sex or rape of a white woman by a black man meant instant death for the black man. During this time the white women were very infatuated by the black man. If the black man gave in to such infatuation this usually was done in secret. If news of this involvement was to be known the women quickly called it rape. Death in this sense was almost inevitable as the moment of life. This poem relates to situations that is very common to life as we know it today. When a man has a woman she isn't seen as anyone special, if she goes from him for whatever reason, the next girl that she picks up is just as good as she was.

Montage of a Dream Deferred was written in 151.

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Teamwork for the 21st Century

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In 1st century, many organizations are tend to be decentralized, team and teamwork are become popular terms in management circles, in today¡¯s environment, teams promise to be a cornerstone of progressive management for the foreseeable future. A lot of cases show that more and more organization trying to narrow job titles and encourage employees working together to become a effective and efficiently team. According to management expert Peter Drucker, tomorrow¡¯s organizations will be flatter, information based, and organized around teams. (Kreitner & Kinicki, 001)

According to Katzenbach & Smith (1, p.14), a work group become a team when

1. Leadership becomes a shared activity.

. Accountability shifts from strictly individual to both individual and collective.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Teamwork for the 21st Century

. The group develops its own purpose or mission

4. Problem solving becomes a way of life, not a part-time activity

5. Effectiveness is measured by the group¡¯s collective outcomes and products

A group of people working together become a team is required team member have sufficient knowledge, experience, ability to contribute in a team, leadership, top-management support, interpersonal communication skills, and so on. Katzenbach & Smith also stat ¡° the essence of a team is common commitment. Without it, groups perform as individuals; with it, they become a powerful unit of collective performance.

4 types of Work teams

There are including (1) advice, () production, () project and (4) action. Each types of work teams depends on their tasks, for example action work team, such as football team, high specialization is combine with high coordination, include player, backup, coach, physicians, and managers. But these four ways of work teams can changed, not static, depends on the tasks, for example, football player also can be the advice team when they discuss the strategy for next matches with their coacher.

Work team effectiveness

To evaluate the work team effectiveness, two most important factors is the team performance which include the team output meets users¡¯ expectation and viability which include team members are satisfied the experience working together and willing to continue contributing to team effort. Also, effective teams have similar characteristics those include clear purpose, informality, participation, listening and so on.

The three most important factors can cause whether teamwork effective or not are cooperation, trust and cohesiveness. Team members are required to cooperate with other team members rather than compete them, according to Kohn, ¡°success often depends on sharing resources efficiently, and this is nearly impossible when people have to work against one another¡­ competition makes people suspicious and hostile toward one another and actively discourage this process.¡± (18, pp.7-8) Trust is between both teammates and the top-management, trust can be create by communication, support, respect, fairness, predictability and competence. Cohesiveness includes members¡¯ socio-emotional and instrumental cohesiveness. Socio-emotional cohesiveness is individuals derive emotional satisfaction from group participation, and instrumental cohesiveness is when members think them should working because they believe they could not achieve the group¡¯s goal by acting separately. An effective team should balance the socio-emotional and instrumental cohesiveness.

Virtual team

Today technology allows peoples being a member of work team by using Internet, email, video and audio equipment to working together, whether you from different locations, different organization even different time zone. Virtual teams are base on tasks, the benefits of virtual team is include flexible, timing saving for travel, and so on, but some argue is virtual team member lack face-to-face communication, this can cause reduce the team effectiveness because both members are lack trust communication and accountability with others. Virtual team can not replace the tradition factors that includes top-management support, effective leadership, and well designed time schedules.

Self-managed teams

Self-managed teams should be prepared to undergo revolutionary changes in management philosophy, structure, staffing and training practices and reward systems. Still have many managers strongly resist giving up the reins of power to people they view as subordinates, they see self-managed teams as a threat to their job security, therefore, self-managed teams need top-management support those include sufficient funds, autonomy, directly report to senior management. Employees in self-managed teams tend to act as their supervisor, such as planning, scheduling, monitoring and staffing. An effective self-managed teams can increase productivity, have good attitude, while training cost for self-managed teams can be very expensive.

Team building

For greater cooperation, better communication, and less dysfunctional conflict, team building include interpersonal trust exercises, conflict-handing role-play sessions and interactive games. And according to Wheelan, Murphy, Tsumura and Kline, the following eight attributes of high performance teams include

1. Participative leadership. Creating interdependency by empowering, freeing up, and serving other.

. Shared responsibility. Establishing an environment in which all team members feel as responsible as the manager for the performance of the work unit.

. Aligned on purpose.

4. High degree of communication.

5. Future focused. Seeing change as an opportunity for growth.

6. Focused on task. Keeping meeting focus on results.

7. Creative talents. Applying individual talent and creativity.

8. Rapid response. Identifying and acting on opportunity.

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This introductory essay calls for a group effort between religious organizations and society as a whole to improve, protect, and preserve our environment. The suggestion is to "creatively rethink human-Earth relations and activate informed environmental concern from the varied perspectives of the world's religions" ().

The environmental crisis is a global and local problem. Resource depletion, species extinction, pollution, climate change, and overconsumption are significantly and quickly destroying our environment however, no comprehensive solutions have been reached. Changes in such magnitude have been compared to changes in major geological eras such as the Jurassic period.

Although we, collectively as a society, are responsible for this mass destruction we are still capable of turning this around. We are at a critical crossroads, where new boundaries can be formed between continuing with our course of destruction and "reconfiguring the relation of economy and ecology for a sustainable future" (7). On a positive note, the reevaluation of these boundaries has been set in motion by many facets of our society (governmental and nongovernmental organizations, businesses). These groups are forming new ideas on alternative energy sources, environmental technical designs, sustainable fishing and agriculture initiative, and environmental education programs.

Although the participation of science in the implementation of plans to reverse the environmental crisis is great, a call for increased involvement from more religious institutions is necessary. Crimes against creation and the environment should be recognized as crimes against both science and religion. The universe, as well as the environment, should be treated with awe and reverence as many scientists do (10).

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While the responses of religion to the global environmental crisis were slow to start, a solid increase has occurred over the last twenty-five years. All over the globe conferences have been held to discuss different issues pertaining to the global society. Religious groups have contributed to the drafting of the Earth Charter and many religious leaders have spoken out about the protection of the environment. I believe that the actions of the Church are a great encouragement to other organizations involved in improving the environment, however, I feel that we need to apply these writings, conferences, and meetings into action to really create a change in the environment. I believe that the first step in implementing these writings is through the Forum on Religion and Ecology. This Forum, besides holding conferences, distributes resources for college students, holds workshops for teachers, and supports a journal on religion and ecology (1).

The study of religion and ecology can be identified by three methodologies retrieval, reevaluation, and reconstruction. Retrieval involves searching religious text and other sources to clarify traditional religious teachings regarding human-Earth relationships. Reevaluation requires the traditional teaching to be explored in order to find the relevance in contemporary circumstances. Reconstruction suggests ways that religious traditions might adapt their teachings to current circumstances in new and creative ways (16-17).

Although there is diversity between the religions, a common goal joins them on a broad basis of many historical, cultural, dialogical, ecological, and cosmological diversity levels. Even though it is not mentioned in this essay, I have always come to believe that science and religion have always had its differences. I would wonder if the differences between the two institutions has hindered influence in the religious community such as it did on Darwin's theories of evolution and presently on cloning. Scientists have always held a more biological/chemical (scientific), systematic research orientation of the understanding of life while theologians have based their beliefs on the Bible.

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