Exercise health lifestyle

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What are the causes of chondromalacia patellae

1

What is chondromalacia patellae

Chondromalacia means softening of the cartilage, and Patellae means the knee-cap. So Chondromalacia patellae means softening of the articular cartilage of the knee-cap. The articular cartilage is the cartilage lining under the knee-cap that articulates with the knee joint. Under normal circumstances, it is smooth and shiny, so that it glides smoothly along the articular groove of the femur as the knee bends. When it softens, it may break down, causing irregularities along the undersurface of the patella. What causes Chondromalacia patellae

Chondromalacia patellae occurs in two distinct age-groups

It can happen in the older age-group (in the 40's and beyond) when the articular cartilage breaks down as part of the wear-and-tear process that occurs with the rest of the body.

It can occur frequently in teenagers (especially girls) when the articular cartilage softens in response to excessive and uneven pressure on the cartilage, due to structural changes in the legs with rapid growth, and muscle imbalance around the knee. Any flexion of the knee increases the tendency of the patella to dislocate. Undue pressure is placed on the lateral (outer) facet of the patella. Moreover, in many of these teenagers, the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis components of the Quadriceps muscle are not well-balanced. The vastus lateralis tends to be more powerful than the vastus medialis, thus increasing the tendency for the patella to track or dislocate laterally. This again puts undue pressure on the lateral facet. This uneven and excessive pressure on the lateral facet of the patella leads to cartilage softening and breakdown.

What is it bursitis

Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa. Every person has hundreds of bursae scattered throughout the body. The function of a bursa is to decrease friction between two surfaces that move in different directions. Therefore, you tend to find bursae at points where muscles, ligaments, and tendons glide over bones.

What is the cause of it

Bursitis can either result from a repetitive movement or due to prolonged or excessive pressure. An example of prolonged movement is the condition called "Miner's Elbow" in which a bursa over the elbow joint is inflamed from repetitive motions such as swinging a miner's pick. This same syndrome is see more commonly today in professions such as custodians who repetitively push and pull a vacuum.

The other cause of bursitis is due to excessive pressure on a bursa. This is seen in a condition called "Housemaid's Knee." This syndrome causes bursitis over the kneecap as a result of prolonged kneeling. It is often seen in people who spend long periods of time scrubbing hard floors, thus Housemaid's Knee. It is also seen in gardeners, carpet layers, and roofers, and that is why you see people in the professions wearing kneepads

.

Bursitis can also be associated with some infections such as staphylococcus and tuberculosis, as well as some systemic diseases such as gout and arthritis. The most common sites for bursitis are the hip, knee, elbow, and heel.

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What can it be affected by

Inflammation can be a result of friction associated with any of the following

Repetitive motion

Pressure to the joint

What is rotator cuff

The rotator cuff is a component of the shoulder joint that aids in allowing the shoulder to function as the most unique joint in the body. Because of this mechanism, the shoulder joint can move and turn through a wider range than any other joint in the body; this allow us to perform an amazing variety of tasks with our arms. Unfortunately, the shoulder can be relatively easily injured, making many routine activities difficult and painful. The rotator cuff is part of this mechanism that, when healthy functions very well, but when injured can be a difficult and frustrating problem.

The rotator cuff is actually made of four muscles that attach to the shoulder blade (scapula), and wrap around the front, back, and top of the shoulder. Together these muscles help guide the shoulder through many motions, and also lend stability to the joint. The ends of the rotator cuff muscles form tendons that attach to the arm bone (humerus).

Injures to the rotator cuff

A rotator cuff tear occurs when the tendonitis in the rotator cuff gets so bad that it wears a hole through the rotator cuff tendon. Since the tendon is what connects the rotator cuff muscle to your humerus bone, when the tendon is torn, you have weakness in the shoulder. Usually these tears occur in people who have had shoulder pain for some time (called a chronic rotator cuff tear). This is, by far, the most common type of rotator cuff tear.

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What can it be effected by

The rotator cup can be effected by any of the following movement .that are either ballistic or hyper

Flexion - extension

Internal rotation - extension

Adduction - abduction

How may injuries be prevented in exercise ?

Be in proper physical condition to play a sport.

.If you play any sports, you should adequately train for that sport. It is a mistake to expect the sport itself to get you into shape. Many injuries can be prevented by following a regular conditioning program of exercises designed specifically for your sport.

Know and abide by the rules of the sport.

The rules are designed, in part, to keep things safe. This is extremely important

for anyone who participates in a contact sport. Rules of conduct, including

illegal blocks and tackles are enforced to keep athletes healthy.

Wear appropriate protective gear and equipment.

Protective pads, mouth guards, helmets, gloves and other equipment is not for

sissies. Protective equipment that fits you well can safe your knees, hands,

teeth, eyes, and head. Never play without your safety gear.

Rest.

Athletes with high consecutive days of training, have more injuries. While

many athletes think the more they train, the better theyll play, this is a

misconception. Rest is a critical component of proper training. Rest can make

you stronger and prevent injuries of overuse, fatigue and poor judgement.

Always warm up before playing.

Warm muscles are less susceptible to injuries. The proper warm up is essential

for injury prevention. Make sure your warm up suits your sport. You may

simply start your sport slowly, or practice specific stretching or mental

rehearsal depending upon your activity.

Negative effects of exercise and eating disorders

Eating disorders continue to be on the rise among athletes, especially those involved in sports that place great emphasis on the athlete to be thin. Sports such as gymnastics, figure skating, dancing and synchronized swimming have a higher percentage of athletes with eating disorders, than sports such as basketball, skiing and volleyball. . Famous gymnasts Kathy Johnson, Nadia Comaneci and Cathy Rigby have come forward and admitted to fighting eating disorders. Cathy Rigby, a 17 Olympian, battled anorexia and bulimia for 1 years. She went into cardiac arrest on two occasions as a result of it.

Many female athletes fall victim to eating disorders in a desperate attempt to be thin in order to please coaches and judges. Many coaches are guilty of pressuring these athletes to be thin by criticizing them or making reference to their weight. Those comments could cause an athlete to resort to dangerous methods of weight control and can do serious emotional damage to the athlete.

In sports where the athletes are judged by technical and artistic merit, they are under enormous pressure to be thin, because many of the judges consider thinness to be an important factor when deciding the artistic score. In 188, at a meet in Budapest, a US judge told Christy Henrich, one of the worlds top gymnasts, that she was too fat and needed to lose weight if she hoped to make the Olympic squad. Christy resorted to anorexia and bulimia as a way to control her weight, and her eating disorders eventually took her life.

Athletes with eating disorders can be at a higher risk for medical complications such as electrolyte imbalances and cardiac arrhythmias. They are already engaging in strenuous physical activity and putting a lot of pressure on the body. Having an eating disorder puts them at great risk for sudden death from cardiac arrest. It is usually difficult to convince athletes that they are in need of help because they usually believe that they will become a better athlete, and perform better, if they lose more weight.

Coaches and trainers really need to educate themselves on the dangers and on the signs to look for in an athlete that may be suffering from an eating disorder. They must be able to recognize when healthy training routines turn into an obsession where the athlete turns to drastic measures to become thin and succeed in their sport. Coaches should also bring in nutrition experts to educate the athletes on healthy eating and to make them aware of how important it is to eat properly, especially when involved in such intense training. Counselling should also be made available to athletes that are suffering from eating disorders and they should be encouraged and supported to accept the help available to them. They need to be assured that they will not be criticized or looked down on if they do come forward with their problem.

Bibliography

http//mentalhealth.about.com/cs/overexercise

http//lifefitness.com

www.google.com - search = energy systems

www.orthopedics.com

Book = sports exercise

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All my sons

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All My Sons

Arthur Millers All My Sons is a perfect example of a literary work that builds up to, and then reaches, an ending that simultaneously satisfies the readers expectations and brings all the plays themes to a dramatic conclusion. As the past slowly bubbles up into the present, the reader begins to need certain confrontations - and certain judgments - to occur. The finale that Miller deftly crafted for this play is filled with a dramatic irony that leaves the reader thinking. In the end the wrong has been avenged, and the inner and outer circles -family and society - have come crashing together.

Even though Miller is slow to establish his main theme in the exposition, once set, the main themes develop into powerful messages that hold meaning for all if one cannot look beyond their personal circle, they are condemned to an ignorant existence ended by a tragic moment of realization. Joe Keller goes through this slow, and painful, process of realization. It has been hard work for Keller to maintain his blind ignorance toward his crime, and his guilt; however, despite his efforts, his tainted past is continually creeping into his sacred inner circle, the only world that Keller allows himself to recognize. When Keller sees that his inner circle is only a tiny speck in the greater outer circle - and that those people, whom he thought were unrelated to him, were actually all his sons - he takes his own life, an acceptable ending for the reader.

As Millers play ends, the personal beliefs of each character come into question. Chris is forced to look at his father, and his fathers guilt, in the harsh light of reality for the first time. 'Father had always meant the personification of goodness and infallibility to Chris. When realitys light illuminates the cracks in Kellers good-guy facade, Chris can only run away. Ironically, the only person who truly realizes the full consequences of Keller's crime are Keller himself; he dies to regain his conscience. Another belief that shatters under realitys torrents is Mrs. Kellers belief that her son survived the war. She is forced to confront this pipe dream in the end, when Ann brings a letter from Larry, documenting his planned suicide. As in ONeils The Iceman Cometh, this confrontation of the pipe dream does not bring peace - but death.

Cheap University Papers on All my sons

This play is highly structured and extremely well-written. As soon as Miller sets his main theme into place, the entire play moves in the direction of that themes tragic conclusion. The battle described in Millers drama, the unending war between social expediency and moral righteousness, comes to the inevitable climax that the reader needs and expects. No loose ends are left behind to add ambiguity to the work, and the reader is left satisfied that Miller has come to a logical and fulfilling denouement.

Please note that this sample paper on All my sons is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on All my sons, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on All my sons will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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There should be no uniform at school

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Robes loosely flowing, hair as free

Such sweet neglect more takes me

Than all the adulteries of art

They strike mine eyes, but not my heartCustom Essays on There should be no uniform at school

Respected teachers and my dear fellow students!

Today the topic that has been given to me is that there should be no uniform in school. I would like to speak in its favor.

Imagine for a moment that there are two gardens. In one garden only one color and one kind of flowers are growing, while in the other different kinds of multicolored flowers are growing. Which will attract and fascinate your eyes? Certainly the second one in which versatile and multicolored flowers are displayed. Same is the case of uniform in schools.

I don't think that uniform has got anything to do with the quality and standard of education. Many great scholars, artists, scientists, philosophers and mathematicians have been born in the past. Uniforms played no role in their achievements.

Uniformity always creates boredom as Cooper said

Variety is the very spice of life

That gives it all its flavor

We can't eat one kind of food everyday. History is witness that the followers of Moses refused to take the monotonous type of food called 'Mann-O-Salva' although it was delivered directly from the Heavens. In the same way we become sick of wearing the same poor uniform every morning for almost as many as twelve years.

Dear audience!

It is quite unnatural that all the students are wearing the dress of one color and one kind, without caring whether they like that dress or not. We start hating the color that we are compelled to wear for such a long time. If the students are allowed to go to school dressed according to their own choice, certainly it would have a positive impact on their education. They would go to school more willingly and more excitedly while wearing their colorful dresses.

I also think that uniform is a great cause of absence from the school. Sometimes we don't find our uniforms ready. Sometimes we can't wash or press it because of power breaks. As a result we are forced to be absent from the school which is a great loss of our studies.

Respected President, it is said that dress is reflection of personality. So if the students are allowed to dress according to their choice, the teachers can easily know their aptitudes and categorize them into various groups. Uniforms are also very expensive and many parents would feel relieved if they don't have to afford uniforms along with school books, exercise books, stationery and school fees. I feel that uniform is the most unnecessary item in this list.

In the end I request to the principal that if my reasons are logical and impressive, then we may be allowed to come to school in our stylish and colorful dresses on next Monday.

Thank you.

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Book Review on The Political Economy of Corruption in China

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This book examines the numerous aspects and dimensions of corruption which included reasons for the rise of corruption, the strategies involved, the monetary value, the kinds of good exchanged and the incidence in China since 14. According to the author Julia Kwong, the reasons why corruption was so prominent since then were due to several factors- lack of resources, a high concentration of power which led to abuse of power by the state-officials at every level (the exchange of power for personal benefits), and the absence of an institutionalized criminal justice system. She has suggested that there was a relationship between corruption and the political economy, how the ideology and organizational structures under the socialism in china can at once restrain and encourage corruption. She has also explored how the corruption has gone through drastic change between 14 to 18 coincided with the change of socialism to the introduction of limited forms of market economy. Under the Classical Socialism which was between 14 to 176 when the corruption declined and under Market Socialism which was between 176 to 18 when the corruption start to increase and develop. She continued to examined how the socialist features of Chinese Society shaped the corruption in the economy sector, how the domination of Communist Party, the lack of private ownership, and the absence of free markets produced popular forms of gray corruption, such as administrators¡¯ breaking organizational rules to benefit the work unit or enjoying state property on the job. The author ended the book by proposing some solutions to the problems of corruption and searching for Honest Governance, how it will benefit both the people and the country as a whole.

There are 6 chapters totally in this book

Chapter 1. The meaning of Corruption

In this chapter, Julia Kwong grappled with the meaning of corruption. Since this book focused on state employees and since the ruling group in any society legitimizes social conduct and sets the limits on proscribed behavior, she examined the legal administrative pronouncements that represented the dominant views of Chinese society on the matter. The legal code outlined narrow and behaviorally identifiable criteria of corruption to guide the behavior of the general public, whereas the rules of conduct provided by the Chinese government as the largest if not the sole employer specified expectations foe almost all of the country¡¯s working adults. She explored the meanings of corruption at these two levels and the changes in interpretations over times. From a plethora of nuances and meaning of corruption, she developed a simple generic definition Corruption is breaking legal and organizational rules to use public goods or the power vested in one¡¯s public office for private ends. In short, it is the exchange of power for personal benefits.Buy Book Review on The Political Economy of Corruption in China term paper

Chapter . The Social Context

This chapter provided a useful background for readers not familiar with Chinese social development and delineated the background necessary to understand corruption in that country. The forty years between 14 and 18 coincided with the transition from socialism to introduction of limited forms of market economy. These changes were incremental, but for the purpose of my analysis she used the death of Mao Zedong in 176 to divide these years into two broad periods and highlighted features of the political economy impinged on the work organization to influence the behavior of the administrative staff in the state bureaucracy.

Chapter . Socialist Mode of Corruption

In this chapter, Julia Kwong took a synchronic approach and examined how the socialist features of Chinese society shaped corruption in the economic sector. It identified three basic characteristics of communist governments and showed how the domination of the Communist Party, the lack of private ownership, and the absence of free markets produced popular forms of gray corruption, such as administrators¡¯ breaking organizational rules to benefits the work unit or enjoying state property on the job.

Chapter 4. The Parabola of Corruption

This chapter took a diachronic approach looking at the changed incorruption over time. Although the incidence of corruption, the monetary values involved, and the proportion of individual corruption increased over the years, there was no dramatic changed in the kinds of goods traded. However, fraud, speculation, and other means one generally associated with illicit strategies used in the market economy became more common.

The pre-176 Chinese society characterized by a low level of production, a high concentration of power at the top, and a weak formal criminal justice system had a lower incidence of corruption than the post-176 society, with higher production, better standards of living, greater local authority, and a more institutionalized criminal justice system. The trend observed here challenges the popular wisdom that attributes corruption to the lack of resources, a high concentration of power, and the absence of a strong criminal justice system. Thus, I sought an explanation to these changed in the shifting political economy of the society.

Chapter 5. The Dynamics of Corruption

This chapter pilled together the different observations to provide a theoretical understanding of corruption in socialist China. The answer offered is not dissimilar to John Hagan¡¯s power control theory, which attributed crimes to the differential power relations in the economic structure. Corruption is committed by those in power. While Hagan focused on the managers¡¯ power location in the organization, Julia Kwong ventured beyond its boundary to seek an explanation in the structure of the political economy. Administrators are always given more power than their subordinates. Vesting power in administrators is unavoidable in the functioning of any bureaucracy but this power can also be used as capital to exchange for goods and opportunities for their personal benefits. The propensity for this to happen rests not just on the conditions within the organizations, but changes in the political economy which structure the opportunities and constraints within the organizations. She used the transition from socialism to market socialism in China between 14 and 18 to illustrate how these structural changes shaped the authority and prerogative of state officials in the workplace and how the concomitant cultural changed shaped the ambience within the organizations. The specific congeries of these different forced within and outside the work organizations provides different opportunities and constraints, as well as moral restraints and incentives, for corruption, which in turn explains the evolution of and differences in corruption between the classical socialist and the market socialist period in China.

Chapter 6. A Look to the Future

At this last chapter, Julie Kwong said ¡°Eight years have passed since the citizens of Beijing demonstrated against government corruption on Tian¡¯anmen Squaere. The anti-corruption campaigns launched in the aftermath of these demonstrations increased the supervision of state employees, and intensified the pressure on officials to follow administrative rules. These measures temporarily reduced corruption. But without any fundamental changes in the cultural climate and opportunity structures, the incidence of corruption and shade financial transactions have surpassed those of the eighties. At the same time, some forms of corruption popular in the late eighties declined¡­¡­¡± In her view, the political economy of corruption in China will be continues until the fundamental changes appear.

As a Chinese, after reading this book, I thought a lot of things. There is no doubt that the corruption is a very serious problem in China because I have lived personally in China myself for nearly 0 years. Every year, there are reports that government officials including senior officials, have been punished for corruption. Some were sentenced for taking bribes, others executed for embezzling funds. In Beijing alone nearly 60000 civil servants were found guilty of corruption in 1. Official corruption has increased greatly in the past five years in only in scope but in magnitude. But I don¡¯t think the only solution is to change the cultural climate and opportunity structures. First, I want to point out I am not disagree with Julia Kwong. In my opinion, corruption is a popular problem in every country, in every different structure society, not just happen in China. USA, which is a typical country of capitalism too have a lot of political corruption. The corruption of the system may be best reflected in the 000 presidential election. This election was literally stolen and then justified by legal maneuvering. Millions of Afro-American and other oppressed nationalities were denied their right to vote with all sorts of dirty tricks and police intimidation (and older Jewish people had their votes cast for the notorious anti-Semite Buchanan) culminating in 5 unelected individuals of the U.S. Supreme Court anointing and crowning an unelected and illegitimate leader of the imperialist camp, George W. Bush. Therefore, I think the corruption is a necessary path for every country when they are developing, even in some developed countries, it is inevitable.

Please note that this sample paper on Book Review on The Political Economy of Corruption in China is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Book Review on The Political Economy of Corruption in China, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Book Review on The Political Economy of Corruption in China will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Postmodern culture

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The post-modern movement can be described as a revolutionary time as prior modernist traditions were questioned and dramatically changed. Life as modernists saw it changed in many major global ways. This vast change in lifestyle began what eventually became the diverse cultural condition that was post modernity. These widespread life changes influenced the trend of visual culture as expression and variety was once again reflected in the arts. Visual culture began to ignore modernist trends and started to include the idea of individual expression. Trends starting with supermannerism, supergraphics, new-wave typography through to retro and vernacular design were the main advances of visual culture during the post-modern time. This immense variety of style was widely explored and continued to grow, develop and challenge the norm therefore earning the phrase 'anything goes'.

Modern culture had to give way for a new form of expression and way of life. Global issues such as international communications, immigration and the rise of minority groups such as feminists caused the beginning of the end of the era known as modernism. Political and social viewpoints were questioned as prejudice and bias traditions were challenged and a new way of thinking seemed to be encouraged. Thus the term post-modernism was widely accepted as an expression of cultural change. The visual culture of this era also challenged modern style as it broke free from the clean cut, sterile trend. The phrase 'anything goes' may have arose from the 'Me Generation' as the spirit of the 160's was one of personal involvement and the self absorbed directions of social activism. Post-modern design reflected this personal involvement by using intuition and chose to place more importance on the right 'feel' rather than rational communication.

When discussing the post-modern one must look at its predecessor modernism. Modernist visual culture was based on the removal of fancy, unnecessary decoration, and therefore all visual culture was stripped to the bare essential and focused on the basic elements of shape and colour. This trend thus created a clean cut, sterile feel to architecture, furniture and the graphic arts. Postmodernism put life back into visual culture by the exploration of pushing the boundaries of preconceived ideas. This enabled individuality and created an array of diverse arts. Meggs discusses that during the modern era, graphic arts were thoroughly refined by design schools such as the bauhaus. The elimination of historical reference and decoration, and the vernacular that were strict rules to modernist artists were completely ignored by those that are now called post-modern designers as they once again called upon the very resources that were so deleted to modernists. (p 4)

Post-modern graphic art was abundant and diverse however not necessarily brand new. Designers of this time called on their knowledge of previous works dating from all eras and incorporated what they saw fit. By pushing the boundaries and testing the limits of already existing styles these visual artists neglected the tight trend of modern art and by doing so created a new style of visual culture that was so vastly different than that of the modern one. These post- modern artists and designers had no restrictions to what they could produce and therefore by being daring, such styles as supergraphics and supermannerism were explored and admired. The first recorded breaks in modern design were supermannerism and supergraphics. Meggs describes how supermannerism arose with the embrace of the pop-art notion of changing context and scale and the adding of the diagonal line to the horizontal and vertical structures of modern architecture. The international style of the machine aesthetic and simple geometric forms were replaced by architecture of inclusion. (p. 4) Soon after in the late 160s graphic design was applied to large architectural structures, this became known Supergraphcis. Giant letter forms, pictographs and bold brightly coloured geometric shapes , were wrapped around corners and flowed across ceiling and onto floors expanding and contracting space. Such typographical structures were used as a decorational tool instead of literary one. The work of Robert Venturi and Barbara Stauffacher Solomon are two examples of the supergraphic application to graphic arts.

Typography did not only evolve in scale but in order as well through the idea of new-wave typography. New-wave typography suggests a freedom and exploration with text. By questioning the absolute order and cleanness of type Wolfgang Weingart believed the international style had become so refined that it had reached an 'anemic' phase. He soon rejected the right angle and worked intuitively with a willingness to explore the untried, therefore causing ideology and rules to collapsed against his energetic approach. Weingart listed Bunny type, for the people type, sunshine type, ant type, five minute type and typewriter type as a identity for the typographic design he created. Another designer who experimented widely with typography was Dan Friedman, he explored that idea of legibility and readability. As Meggs explains, Friendman strove to accomplish work that was both functional and aesthetically unconventional. He would often explore spatial intervals between letters, lines and words and would finish with random solutions that still held a structure (p. 4) Friedmans graphic designs were inspiration for emerging post-modern trends as he explored areas such as, formal structure against spontaneous expressive forms, texture, surface and spatial layering and contrast between organic and geometric shapes. He also rejected the term postmodernism and replaced it with radical modernism, he saw this time as a reaffirmation of the ideology of modernism however altered accommodate the ever changing cultural and social condition.

This new post-modern trend followed internationally as designers in Switzerland saw their ideas explored in America. April Greiman's work explored the evolution of space and overlapping of forms, diagonal lines and the use of perspective or reverse perspective, floating forms that cast shadows which cause objects to move back and forth form the surface of a printed page. Weingart observed. "April Greiman took ideas developed at Basel (Switzerland) in a new direction, particularly in her use of colour and photography. All things are possible in America!" (Meggs p.4) She also worked with dot patterns or ruled lines to contrast with flat shapes of colour and like designers before her she too worked with the intuitive. Her work held itself together by its ability to draw the eye in and quickly pass its attention across the page. Willi Kunz also experimented with the use of mixed weight of typography, contrasting sizes of photography, the diagonal type structure and the dot pattern. His work was described by Pint magazine as a "quintessential example of post-modern design." (Meggs p. 441) This style spoke of the arrival of the new typographic arrangement that was seen in many post-modern works.

As new-wave typography became widespread many designers previously working with the international style began to explore the emerging design attitudes eagerly. Preconceived trends were reintroduced then ignored such as the grid, overall space was defined as a field of tension and once again intuition and play were experimented within the design process.

The Memphis and San Francisco schools explored texture, pattern, surface, colour and playful geometry. As the cultural condition went through a wild, immense change and diversity so did the graphic arts. Meggs provides a viewpoint of the influences of the cultural condition by using the example of the flowering of the psychedelic poster. (p. 44) Such posters proved that enormous potential of exploration of innovative forms and exuberant colour existed. The fast emergence of design in San Francisco design schools ensured the reputation of being a major design centre. By the 180s graphic designers produced work which consisted of textures and decorative geometric elements.

Following soon after, designers went back to history greatly and created a movement based on historical revival, retro. This uninhibited eclectic interest flowered from modernist European design. The words retroactive and retrogarde implies 'backward-looking' and 'contrary to the usual' The vernacular design term related itself to retro as it too takes characteristics from a historical period this being based on unskilled commercial illustrations and printing, commonplace graphic arts.

Post-modern graphic design was driven mostly by liberation the freedom of expression and intuition and the personal. It revolted against the powerful modern trend which was so dominate in the early twentieth century. Designers felt free to explore vernacular and historical forms in a positive way and incorporated this attitude in their works. A movement of inclusion rather than exclusion and the expansion of possibilities enabled designers to experiment in a unique individual and even eccentric direction. Through trends such as supergraphics, new-wave typography and even, great advances in the field of graphic design occurred. No longer were those in visual culture restricted and bound by rules. Much like the cultural condition that caused the end of modern times and started postmodernism, visual culture responded to the harshness of modern traditions. Some describe the post-modern cultural condition as 'anything goes' , visual culture, in particular the graphic arts, also somewhat followed that subtext, as so many diverse applications as stated above, were achieved, tried and tested and indeed accepted in the post-modern era.

Word count 1564

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Information Management

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Information Management

Enterprise resource planning

Definition Information system that uses an integrated database to provide a common, integrated infrastructure for typical business processes within functional areas and consistent information across areas.

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Enterprise resource planning is closely related to enterprise systems. Some of the enterprises that sell the ERP software are SAP, Oracle, Peoplesoft and J.D. Edwards. ERP was introduced by several software companies in the mid-0's. ERP took over from MRP, which stood for Material resources' planning this change was made to indicate a broader scope. The main goal of a MRP system is to order materials so they arrive when they are needed, and to meet the production schedule. However it is just estimations and are not always correct.

The main goal of an ERP system is to coordinate major systems in a firm and make sure that everyone has access to information needed in the firm for decision-making.

An ERP system includes among other things

· Operations and logistics inventory management, MRP, production planning, quality management, shipping

· Financials Accounts receivable and payable, cash management, general ledger, profitability analysis

· Sales and marketing order management, sales management, pricing, sales planning

· Human resources employee time accounting, payroll, travel expenses

· Make consistently defined information available across different business functions

· Emphasis on uniform coding scheme and standardized processes

An ERP system is designed to be accessed by any supplier, customer or employee that requires operational information.

A typical user would be People who enter transaction information, Managers and executives, anyone who needs information from other business functions.

The impacts on communications A lot of businesses have to change processes to suit the needs of the information systems rather than the other way round. This makes them very controversial systems

The main job of the ERP system is to support the companies main information systems when it comes to order fulfillment, manufacturing, inventory, distribution, human resources and financial accounting.

There are many ERP success stories but there are also companies that have used ERP systems, which have failed causing the company to go bankrupt, such as Foxmeyer Drugs.

Please note that this sample paper on Information Management is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Information Management, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Information Management will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Stocks

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Stocks

Introduction

Imagine being a business owner without having to go to work. What if you could sit back and watch the company grow and collect the dividend checks as the money rolls in? What I am talking about is stocks and investments. These tools are financial instruments for building wealth. Stocks are part of nearly any investment. Over the last few decades, the average person's interest in stocks has grown exponentially. Despite their popularity people don't fully understand stocks. Much is also learned around the campfire from people who don't know what they are talking about.

Misinformation is based on a get rich quick mentality. Just look at the dotcom craze of the late 10's and the early 000's. People thought the stocks were the answer to instant wealth. The dotcom crash proved that this is not the case. Stocks can create wealth but there are all levels of risk. The key to protecting yourself in the stock market is to understand where you are putting your money.

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What are stocks?

The definition of a stock is simple. It means a share in the ownership of a company. Stocks represent a claim on the company's assets and earnings. As you acquire more stock, your stake in the company becomes greater. Stocks are represented by a certificate or stock certificate. It's a fancy piece of paper that is proof of your ownership. Today the brokerage keeps the record of your certificate on an electronic file. This is done to make the trading easier. In the past they took the certificates down to the brokerage physically and traded them. Now trading is done by a click of the mouse.

Being a shareholder of a stock does not mean you have a say in the day to day operations. Instead you have one vote per share to select the board of directors at annual meetings. For instance, you can not call Bill Gates and tell him how to run the company. Also, you can not walk into a beer company that you own shares in and grab a free case of beer either. However you can vote to have the management removed. In some companies though, the management can own up to 51% of the stock.

Stocks mean you have a claim on the company's profits. Those are paid out in the form of dividends. The more shares you own the larger the portions you will receive. In a case of liquidation, you receive what's left after the creditors have been paid. The reason why a company issues a stock is that sometime a company needs to raise money. A company can borrow money or sell parts of it by issuing bonds. Both of these methods fit under the umbrella of debt financing. Issuing stock is called equity financing. It is important to understand the difference between a company financing through debt and financing through equity. A debt investment is a bond that you are guaranteed to the return of your

money along with promised interest payments. The case with equity payments is that you assume the risk of the company not being successful. If the company goes bankrupt and liquidates, you as the shareholder, don't get any payments until the banks and bondholders have been paid out. Shareholders earn a lot if the company is successful but lose their investment if the company is not successful.

Risk

It must be emphasized that there are no guarantees when it comes to stocks. Some companies pay out dividends but others may not. the downside is that any stock can go bankrupt. The brighter side though, is if you take on a high risk stock there is the possibility of a greater return on your investment.

Common stocks

Common stock is basically ownership in the company and a claim on the companies profits or dividends. Common stock by means of capital growth, yields higher returns than almost every other investment. The higher return comes at a cost as common stocks entail the most risk. If a company goes bankrupt, the shareholders of the common stock will not receive money until the creditors, bondholders and preferred shareholders are paid off.

Preferred stock

Preferred stock means ownership in the company but not the same voting rights. On preferred stocks, the shareholders are guaranteed a fixed dividend forever. Common stocks don't guarantee fixed dividends. Preferred stock can also be callable meaning that the company itself has the option to purchase the shares from the shareholders at a premium price. Common and preferred are the two forms of stock. It is possible for companies to customize stocks in any way they want. These two forms of stock have different voting rights. One class of stocks can have ten votes and another can only have one.

Stock trading and the Exchanges

Most stocks are traded on exchanges, which are places where buyers and sellers meet and decide on a price. Some exchanges are physical locations where transactions are carried out. A stock market is nothing more then a sophisticated farmers market. The places where the stocks are traded are The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which is the the most prestigious exchange in the world. The NASDAQ is the second exchange which also called an over the counter exchange. The NASDAQ has no central location. Trading is mostly done through a computer and a telecommunications network of dealers. The third largest stock exchange is the American Stock Exchange (AMEX). The AMEX use to be the alternative to the NYSE but that role has been changed by the NASDAQ. There are in just about every country in the world. American markets are undoubtedly the largest and by far more important. The other main financial hubs are in London, England and Hong Kong, China.

Changing prices

What causes stock prices to change is the supply and demand. If more people want to buy a stock the demand goes up therefore the supply goes up driving up the price.

Brokerages

The most common method to buying stocks is using a brokerage. There are two types of brokerages. The Full service brokerages will offer you expert advice and manage your account but will charge a lot. Discount brokerages offer little in the way of personal attention but are cheaper. Because of the internet today, investors can now afford to invest in the market.

How to read the Stock Quotes

Column 1 &

The highest and lowest a stock has traded over the previous 5 weeks. This does not include the previous days trading

Column

Company Name & Type of Stock. This column lists the name of the

company.

Column 4

Ticker Symbol. This is the unique alphabetic name which identifies the

stock.

Column 5

Dividend Per Share. This indicates the annual dividend payment per

share. If this space is blank, the company does not currently pay out dividends.

Column 6

Dividend Yield. The percentage return on the dividend.

Column 7

Price/Earnings Ratio. This is calculated by dividing the current stock

price by earnings per share from the last four quarters.

Column 8

Trading Volume. This figure shows the total number of shares traded

for the day, listed in hundreds.

Column & 10

Day High & Low. This indicates the price range the stock has

traded at throughout the days trading. In other words, these are the maximum and

the minimum people have paid for the stock.

Column 11

Close. The close is the last trading price.

Column 1

Net Change. This is the dollar value change in the stock price from the

previous days closing price.

Investment Styles

There are plenty of investment styles and strategies out there. On Wall street there are the bulls and the bears. The bull market means that everything in the economy is great. People are finding jobs and the stocks are rising. The bear market is when the economy is bad. When this happens, recession is looming, and stock prices are going down. Bear markets make it tough for investors to pick profitable stocks. There is one solution to this and it is to make money when the stocks are falling. This is a unique technique called short selling. Another strategy is to wait on the sidelines while the bear market is nearing its end in hopes of it turning into a bull market. The bulls and bears are constantly at odds. They both make money with the changing cycles of the market.

Conclusion

I chose this subject because of my interest in the subject and acquiring the knowledge to help others with it. My father was involved with Stocks and Trading in Wall Street and knows the best investment techniques. A typical solution for managing your stocks, is to consult your broker and keep a portfolio. Another solution is to balance between high, medium and low risk stocks. The trick to managing your stocks is being consistent with your investment and watching the growth or the decline of your stocks. If you think it will make money one day, the chances are it won't make money the next day. A lot of times a broker won't keep track of the stocks for you. I believe that brokers should watch the stocks for the investors as well and be available to re-allocate the investments if the investors request it. With the technology today we should also be able to do our own reallocation through the internet if the brokers are not available. I also believe that this method will keep money in the economy and reduce risks in investment. I also believe that this method will reduce tremendous losses. My father is a prime example. His clients have only lost five percent on their investments as opposed to others who have lost forty percent with other brokers. This report will help people understand what the stock market is and how and why companies issue stocks. Understanding stocks is the first step into the investment process and a clear and precise knowledge will help many investors make wise decisions. After reading this report I am hoping to introduce these ideas to others and help people make the right decisions.

1. Investopedia.Com

. Securities Industry Association -http//www.ccsd.cc.state.az.us/Investor_Education/Brochures/Product

Please note that this sample paper on stocks is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on stocks, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on stocks will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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