Genetics

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GENETICS

Leukemia is an expression that describes a variety of cancers, which begin in the blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, the soft material that fills the long bones in the body and produces blood cells. In leukemia, the bone marrow makes an excess of diseased white cells that cannot perform their purpose of fighting infection. When the leukemic cells begin to fill the marrow, production of healthy red cells, platelets and white cells decreases. As the number of normal cells declines, symptoms appear. Low red cell counts cause tiredness and pale skin. Low platelet counts may result in bleeding and bruising. If mature white cells are crowded out, there will be little defence against infection. The precise reason of childhood leukemia is a mystery, but definite factors are known to raise the risk of developing the disease. Children that have chromosomal abnormalities such as Downs syndrome have a higher risk of developing leukemia than the general population. . Exposure to large amounts of ionising radiation which were released by factories that were producing highly dangerous toxic chemicals have contributed in a major way towards the evolvement of leukemia.

Genetics is the science of legacy. It aims to figure out the mechanism by which the blueprints for life are passed through generations, and how variations in these blueprints are important for evolution, yet can cause disease. Humans, like every other organism, are made up of cells and we all start off as just one cell at the time of fertilisation. This cell contains two sets of genes, one from our mother and one from our father. The genes are packaged up into 46 protein parcels called chromosomes and as the single cell divides, the genes are copied so that every new cell possesses the full match of genetic material. Moreover, knowing that human body has approximately 10 trillion cells, this mechanism of copying the genes is quite remarkable. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA and each cell holds an astonishing two metres of DNA. In a human each gene acts as a formula for the making of a protein and together they make up the recipe book or blue print.

Genes that function abnormally cause genetic disorders. Since genes are passed on from one generation to the next, genetic disorders often run in families. The major categories of genetic disorder are those caused by mutations in specific genes or those caused by structural or statistical abnormalities in the chromosomes. Chromosome abnormalities are due to a disorder in the normal group of 46 chromosomes that we inherit from our parents. Individuals may have more or fewer chromosomes than normal and at the time of cell division, sections of chromosomes can be detached and the part may be lost completely and it may re-attach the wrong way round or it could connect onto another chromosome. The two sections can become detached and change positions. Furthermore, when a cell does not correctly copy its DNA, a mistake or difference in a single DNA letter may happen.Cheap University Papers on Genetics

The different DNA run is likely to result in a different protein being made and if that protein is most important or crucial for the operations of the human body, disease may take place.

Cord blood is one of the richest sources of stem cells that can ever be collected much like bone marrow. It is from the umbilical cord and the placenta right after the cord has been cut. Cord blood contains stem cells that are a back up of the blood and immunity systems. They reproduce or differentiate into other cells and the red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells fight infection and platelets are necessary in the body for clotting. The cells from the cord blood can be used after treatments for a variety of cancer and blood diseases. Stem cells are also unique in the fact that they are the earliest most immature stem cells, safely available. Cord blood banking is the process of collecting the body from the cord right after delivery when the umbilical cord is clamped and the small amount of blood from the cord is drained and then taken to the blood bank. Then the blood containing the stem cells is frozen.

Most genetic testing now is done through amniocentesis when the fetus is 1 to 16 weeks old. But even then, the main risk is that even after going through the treatment cycle, there is no assurance that a pregnancy will be a success. The results are typically available after a wait of an extra three weeks. In this, a sample of the amniotic fluid is drawn from around the fetus. And then a floating cell from the fetus is then found and analysed. If the analysis shows that the fetus is genetically faulty, then the parents have the option of aborting the fetus. Basically all couples do chose to have an abortion. Some adults who know that they are carriers of a genetically transmitted disease decide to not have children.

As latest and fast advances in biological and medical research made it possible to analyze DNA from almost any minuscule sample of human tissue, concerns about privacy and informed consent have been raised. Complicating these issues is the paucity of information addressing tissue acquisition, use, and storage. Furthermore, human tissue is used for medical and biological research and for medical education and training. Other uses of human tissue include identification, such as in paternity testing, cases of abduction or soldiers missing in action, and forensic purposes in crime cases when biological evidence is available for comparison. The most common source of tissue is from patients following diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Tissue specimens may also be taken during autopsies performed to establish the cause of death. But, there is always one question that will be asked, is it approved and who approved it? Against such procedures people of strong religion could be against it. Moreover, a family where there is a child infected by some sort of disease, parents might ask for a PGD to create and genetically select embryos that mach to their child. During this process the parents might go through rough emotional difficulties. As they are trying to create a suitable embryo some could be aborted. As we see to save one infected child we are along the way destroying healthy children.

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Measurement of Mass, Length, and Time

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The objective of this experiment was to determine mathematical relationships between experimentally measured quantities, while also concentrating on taking experimental uncertainties into account when analyzing measurements. Measuring oscillation periods and noting how they changed when varying measurements of the item oscillating accomplished the first goal. Using equipment to measure certain quantities and then determining unknown quantities using mathematical calculations and graphical analysis accomplished the second goal.

In the first lab Period of a Simple Pendulum, each lab team measured oscillation periods of a different length pendulum and then compared our results. We used the formula

(where T=Period and L=Length), to relate the period and lengths to each other. In the second lab "Densities of Aluminum," we used equipment to measure diameter, length, and mass of three aluminum cylinders, so we could then in turn determine their volume, densities, and uncertainty of densities. We used the following equations to related the different sets of measurements

Step 6 Perform a "Linear" fit to the data, and use the slope to determine the density of aluminum. Record this value below. Some graphing programs allow the user to determine the statistical uncertainty in the slope of a plot. This would then enable us to determine the uncertainty in the density. Unfortunately, Excel does not allow for this. We will instead use the average uncertainty calculated in Step 4. This is a reasonable practice since (in most cases) these values will be very close to each other. Record the average uncertainty that you obtained in Step 4.Order College Papers on Measurement of Mass, Length, and Time

The experiment seemed to verify our theory that the length and period of a pendulum are directly related in that the longer the length, the longer the period. We could have shown this idea with even more accuracy had we had more precise tools to measure things with.

Please note that this sample paper on Measurement of Mass, Length, and Time is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Measurement of Mass, Length, and Time, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Measurement of Mass, Length, and Time will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Religion traditions

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Religion

Religion in Australia

Education

Education is an important issue in the Catholic religion. Catholics believeWrite my Essay on Religion traditions cheap

that their children should attend Catholic schools as they believe with their

children½s teaching should come the moral and spiritual Catholic values they

believe in. Education has always been a critical factor in the education

of youth, and after 101 with funding for only secular schools was available.

Catholic½s as above did not want their children attending public schools, so

they payed the prices to send their children to Catholic schools.

There was an outburst of Catholics in Canberra as that was the only place

that would employee them, and this filled a number of Catholic schools.

Around 156 some state aid was offered to the Catholic schools.

In 16 the Goulburn Schools Strike occurred in which the government

request the school be shut down due to lack of boys toilets. The Bishops

and Priests shut down the schools sending the 000 students from the

schools to demand their secular free education in the surrounding public

schools. The schools could only accept ¹ of these students ' and the

Catholics had made the necessity of their schools clear. Funding for

catholic schools thus began.

All Catholic schools are now funded ' and Christians have a strong

influence on Education - Catholics along with large number of

Independent Christian Schools which all do successfully.

Questions they make ask in other language used for this answer

The influence of Christianity on Education since 101

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present

Social Welfare/ Justice.

Christians have the moral value and to help those in need. They feed

the hungry, clothe the poor, ect. It is in their belief systems and it is for that

main reason they are involved in many social welfare and justice issues to

help this cause.

Social Welfare is a system that helps with the systems of problems such as

poverty and unemployment. Groups such as the Wesley Mission, St

Vincent De Paul and the Salvation Army work to set up shelters, raise

money, food, clothing ' and work with many volunteers to provide the

short-term services they need. These services help a lot of needy people.

Religion

Social Justice issues deal with the causes of the problems effecting the

needy. This issue, such as unemployment, poverty, Indigenous and

other rites and health care are assisted by groups such as Caritas

Australia, World Vision, and NCCA (National Council of Churches

Australia).

Christian groups also responded to the great depression by helping achieve

the dole, and getting the government to give them money for their causes.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The influence of Christianity on Social Welfare Since 101

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present

Rural Ministry

As Australia is so vast, to minister to all areas, is not an easy task, and

Christian churches have a great challenge in ministering to these areas.

The Anglican bishop Nathaniel Dawes started the Bush Brotherhood to

solve this problem, and took a group of horse back preachers out to the

rural areas.

The Evangelic Sydney Anglicans formed the Bush Church Aid in

effort to loosen the strength hold of the Bush Brotherhood, and

Catholics ' who had started small developing convents - as they feared the

Catholics aggression (Dr Daniel Manix). John Flynn then began his

Presbyterian ministry ' pioneering the inland mission of his church ' &

recognised for his Royal Flying Doctor Service ' & School Of Air. St

Vincent De Paul also helped people in remote areas & pontifical mission

societies (catholic mission office) collects money in each parish for mission

work.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

Examples of Ministry by Religious Traditions in rural and outback Australia

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present

Aspect of Australian physical and cultural environment

The remoteness and rugged terrain of Australia accounts for the large

distances between the communities ' which in turn makes it difficult for

people to make and build religious communities. Rural ministry then

began with different groups sending ministers to the rural areas in a means

to spread their religion Australia wide.

Religion

Aspect of Australian physical and cultural environment

Historically Christianity was introduced to convicts in means of resentment

and used for punishment. Hence there has become a great lack of respect

for the religion and resentment towards the religion and it½s authorities. In

Australia ' it is socially acceptable to be of no religion.

The festive times of the Christian calendar are set for the Northern

Hemisphere ' and as Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere ' the seasons

are at the opposite time ' eg 'Easter isn½t in the time of spring and new

beginnings ' but autumn and Christmas is in summer not winter.

The role of Christianity within the Indigenous society has been difficult '

starting off with questioning their humanity ' to destructing their society

and religion. The reconciliation processes have now begun ' and

integration of Christianity in Aboriginal religions is now evident.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

Explain unique character of Christianity in Australia deriving from its

physical and cultural environment. And anything asking about that

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present

Labour Movement

The labour party consist of a number of trade unions which run by

communists who wanted an atheists (non religious) society ' yet consisted

of a large number of Catholics. Catholics did not want the communists

enforcing the atheist community ' so a Melbourne Catholic B.A Santamaria

formed "The Movement½ ' which he took Dr Daniel Mannix ' who put it to

the Catholic bishops to fund. "The Movement½ proposed that if a Catholic

member of each of the trade unions would run for president ' and the

bishops and priests could get the community to vote for these people '

each of the trade unions would be run by Catholics ' and hence the labour

party movement.

The labour leaders began to notice the Catholic influence ' and began a

debate which spilt the labour party ' and this placed them out of

government from 150½s till 17.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The attempt by the Catholic Church to influence the labour movement.

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Religion

Conscription

Conscription is the act of forcing Military duty to be compulsory, rather

than a voluntary service. The idea of conscription was favoured by most

Anglican and Protestant Churches, as they believed Australia was in a holy

war ' and those who fought were bless by God.

Dr Daniel Mannix however, didn½t not believe that Catholics ' who were

mainly of Irish descent ' should be forced to fight in an English war '

when the Irish hated the English. He made his opinions public ' and this

became another form of sectarianism - with Protestants accusing Catholics

of not supporting the war effort.

Conscription was denied after referendums ' yet for this happen ' all

the Catholics and at least half the Protestants would have to voted against it.

The Pro-British Protestants were outraged and infuriated and continued

there bitterness throughout the 10½s ' accusing Catholics of being disloyal

to their British empire ' and encouraging Protestants not to hire Catholics.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The attitude of Religious traditions to the conscription debate of World

War I.

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Great Depression

Around 1 - Australia experienced the "Great Depression½ ' a time

where the whole world was at an economic low ' unemployment was high

and thousand of Australians were homeless. The church was also effected

by the depression ' having to cut hired staff and under ' or not pay the

remaining staff. This challenged the churches to meet peoples needs. As

few Christians began to believe that this was a judgment of God 'they

began to raise money and arrange hampers, providing clothing and such for

the needy. Organisation such as St Vincent De Paul and The Salvation

Army - began and setting up soup kitchens and shelter ' which began the

formation of Social Justice and Welfare ' and Catholic began once again to

help the needy people ' according to their belief systems.

These organisations also campaigned for the government to provide a

benefit for the unemployed ' which later became known as "susso½ or the

"dole½

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The actions taken by Religious Traditions during the great depression

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Religion

Wars

During World War I ' most Christians believed that anyone who fought

and supported the war effort was blessed by God. The churches

encouraged people to join the war and this bought high recruitments.

Protestants were the strongest supports ' and Catholics were told to

support them ' and the Quakers were opposed to this and any war even

with "noble cause½ ' yet they were greatly outnumbered. The conscription

issue then arose ' and changed a views on the joining of these wars '

especially the catholic view of entering the war ' but also some unanimous

Protestant opposers

World War II was followed by most Australians as they were fighting for

their own survival ' and churches were in full support ' even when the

issue of conscription was re-established. Although a mass Catholic strike

nearly occurred over arrests of Catholic Germans ' only small numbers of

Quakers ect. opposed the war.

The Vietnam war began with enactment of conscription and leaders such as

B.A. Santamaria supporting the effort 'and the Protestants. Yet a number

of Anglican Bishops and a number of Christian and Secular people objected

the war ' believing simply that Australians had no reason to fight in it ' and

eventually Australia pulled out of the war.

Since 170 ' Church leaders have spoken out against war as a solution to

international problems ' such as The Gulf War.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The positions taken by Religious traditions with regard to Wars involving

Australia since 101.

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Indigenous Rites (Roles and Responses of Religious Traditions.)

S Christians have apologized for their involvement in the Stolen

Generation. This is shown by Church leadership in efforts such as Sea

of Hand ' Sorry day and Pilgrimage to Uluru ect.

S The Christians Churches have helped Indigenous people with areas

such as heath and social issues as well as education and protection

policies to help the stolen generation.

S The Christians Churches have united in public attacks against John

Howard½s 10 point plan to strip Indigenous plans & distinguish Native

title.

Religion

Indigenous Rites (Roles and Responses of Religious Traditions.)

S Islamic leaders have called for a justice debate on issues of Indigenous

self discrimination.

S Jewish groups have called for a week of prayer from Aboriginal

Reconciliation on the Anniversary of the Mabo High Court Decision.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The response of Religious traditions to the issue of Indigenous Rites.

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Poverty (Roles and Responses of Religious Traditions.)

S Christian churches have answered the call to poverty with groups such

dealing with Social Justice and welfare issues such as St Vincent De

Paul and Salvation Army ect. to deal with poverty issues ' with drop

the debt campaigns and soup kitchens ect. .

S Islamic people are advocates for poverty issues with an inbuilt means

of religious tax ' "zakat½ to help the poor.

S Jewish people are debating over the proportion of financial support

that should be directed the local poverty causes in Israel.

S As the Buddhist society increase ' they have formed networks and

youth and aged care centres to help homeless and unfortunate people.

S Churches have united to produce forums and such on issues of

poverty ' example Anglicans , Catholics and Protestants in the NCCA

producing documents on poverty and related issues.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The response of Religious traditions to the issue of Poverty.

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Unemployment (Roles and Responses of Religious Traditions.)

S Christian churches continue to be social advocates for unemployed

with groups in Social Justice and Welfare - assisting with

unemployment issues.

S Christian groups such as Salvation Army have assisted the unemployed

with missions such as Salvation Army Support Plus and Employment

000.

Religion

Unemployment (Roles and Responses of Religious Traditions.)

S Buddhist and Islam communities are relatively small and therefore do

not have widely known organisations working in employment issues

such as Salvation Army etc, they do however provide job networks,

support for unemployed etc within their own communities.

S Catercare in Melbourne has organised jobs for the unemployed

cutting vegetables for restaurants and cafes ' helping the unemployed

and providing a service to the community.

S Churches direct considerable resources and money towards the

unemployed and family welfare of people in their communities.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The response of Religious traditions to the issue of Unemployment

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Immigration

As the White Australia Policy distinguished and people began to immigrate

from different areas of the world ' Australia became a larger community '

with more diversity within religions and races of people. It was no longer a

country with mono - cultural /faith (Christians)

There was an increase in Catholics from non-Anglo backgrounds ' which

brought in Orthodox religions. There was also an increase of Buddhist

from Asian backgrounds.

Australians now recognise different religious traditions such as Ramadan '

and have laws against religious discrimination

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The effect of Immigration on Religion in Australia

Account for the increasing diversity in religious adherence from 101 to the

present.

Uniting Church

The Uniting Church formed in 177 from the Methodist, Presbyterian and

Congregational churches, as is the only church with Australian Origin. The

Uniting Church has Ecumenism as its priority and majour goal.

Not all Presbyterians joined to the Uniting Church, some still remain today.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The significance of the formation of the Uniting Church.

Account for the increasing diversity in religious adherence from 101 to the

present.

Religion

White Australia Policy

In 101 the White Australia Policy was declared in which only people of

white skin and Christian religions can enter Australia in order to keep a

mono ' faith and cultural society.

In 17 the Policy ended ' yet it was being too strongly enforced in year

close to this ' and people of all races and religions were allowed to enter.

This caused more diversity within the religions and races of Australia and a

large number of migrants entered.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The significance of the ending of the White Australia Policy on religion in

Australian society.

Account for the increasing diversity in religious adherence from 101 to the

present.

New Age Religions

"New Age½ is an umbrella term referring to a range of alternative and/or

pseudo religions people are attracted to. Census figures show a slight

dissatisfaction with mainstream religions and alongside this is a strong sense

of longing for spiritual dimensions in life. People therefore tend to

sometimes stay in their mainstream religions and integrate "new age½

religious techniques and ceremonies.

Some examples of new age religions are feng shui, yoga, tai chi, astrology,

tarot cards, numerology etc

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The development of New Age Religions

Account for the increasing diversity in religious adherence from 101 to the

present.

Religious Conversions

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What is CAD?

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CAD (What is it?)

Computer aided design gives the illustrator a new tool. It uses computer power to digitally store and resolve exact information about any form the designer defines. -D CAD allows users to easily make perfectly scaled plans and elevations that are simple to edit and plot, extract lists of objects or calculate the optimal use of materials. -D CAD exponentially extends the powers of the illustrator-designer allowing the creation of models that contain precise data about forms as they would exist in space. With suitable software and skill these -D models may be scaled, rotated, mirrored and sectioned without distortion. They then may be rendered with perspective, surface textures, reflections, shadows, within environments or simply as projected line drawings. The computer is able to keep all the necessary information organised while it performs the millions of calculations necessary to do CAD, thanks to the brilliant work of imaginative mathematicians and software developers who are currently striving to make ever more efficient algorithms and stable code.

Modeling, Drafting and Rendering (Paper and Pencils)

With pencil and rule a competent draftsperson can calculate the geometry of a complex object but each view of the object must be replotted (a laborious and very complex process in the case of perspective rendering). Since the designer is relying upon the pencil and paper (the former being generally too big and the latter too small) to act as geometrical calculators, errors may be introduced, intersections confused and time is lost. Typically, hand drawn construction drawings have some degree of ambivalence because one view often contradicts another. One well conceived and executed -D CAD model, if transported through every step of the design process from designer to client to designer to engineer to draftsperson to illustrator to contractor to detailer to client to tradesman etc. really reduces misunderstandings and improves efficiency. The credibility of those who design will be immeasurably improved if they can successfully incorporate CAD into their routine. Conventional media will always have at least two places in the process, allowing the unique expression of the hand in rendering CAD generated perspectives and for sketching initial concepts in order to convey them to the CAD designer. Otherwise, the surest way to a design that does not stumble over its own inconsistencies and omissions is to generate one -D model that is checked, criticised, corrected and embellished by all concerned parties as it moves toward realisation.

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CAD (value?)

The savings of having a single, consistent, complete digital model (or information set) that can be rendered as a pretty picture, material list or instructions for production machinery or workers, is obvious. Ask any automobile manufacturer. Economy of scale has already forced them to fully implement CAD into their creative and production processes. Since the middle of 14, affordable, powerful personal computers and elegant, robust software packages have been available so that individual designers and architects may now also partake in this inevitable revolution. To date the implementation of these new tools in the construction field is limited. Most architects, civil engineers and designers are still caught between pencils and plotters and have as yet realised little gain from CAD. Often we are embarrassed by our ignorance of computer technology. We should shed our shame and appreciate that with such rapid development everyone is ignorant, but for the bold and inquisitive, a new level of competence is at hand.

CAD (try it!)

The architect who wishes to try a little advanced CAD might start by engaging a competent -D CAD illustrator-draftsperson for a project. Involve him or her fully from the beginning by explaining your concept with words and sketches and have them model your idea directly. (Do not waste time drafting plans and elevations at this stage.) Take the time to study their progress and do not be alarmed if they find many unresolved intersections and things that dont work. This is normal. The power of -D CAD is revealing itself. Isnt it preferable that the exact geometry of your creation be appreciated by you now rather than in eight months when the general contractor calls to tell you the stairs dont fit? When you and your illustrator are satisfied with the design have them render some images for your clients approval. (Spending time and money on printing at this phase is not necessary if your client can come in and study your progress on the monitor, access GIF images via the internet like the ones in this article or be sent a video of screen captured images.) Keep up this process. Unity and precision are the watch words for productive implementation of CAD. Make one model, stick with it for assured consistency and trust its ongoing accuracy. Involve contractors with pertinent expertise to verify details, if necessary. When your model is acceptable (refined to perfection) have your illustrator produce some perspective renderings and print them. These are useful not only as confirmation documents for your client but they also help contractors appreciate your intent. Then have the illustrator generate -D plans and elevations directly from the model. You may wish to import these drawings into your own computers drafting software in order to annotate and detail them, have the illustrator print them and annotate them by hand or have the illustrator do all the annotations appreciating that this takes some time and he or she will require specific instructions as to what you expect and require. A printed document at this juncture is appropriate in order to make the design concrete, but as the project continues encourage contractors or subs to obtain a diskette of the model if they also use CAD so that they may take advantage of the established geometry contained therein. If your client is agreeable have the digital model updated with site dimensions as the building progresses and submit diskettes containing the model and all derivative CAD shop drawings to the owner on completion. After having studied the tools and techniques of a competent CAD designer throughout one project and having seen the resulting error-free plans, you may wish to upgrade your hardware, software and skills and empower yourself with CAD.

Please note that this sample paper on What is CAD? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on What is CAD?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on What is CAD? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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GREAT GATSBY

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On the second page of the novel, Nick comments that Gatsby "represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn". (). Nick was referring to his disgust for the people and events he had encountered during that fateful summer. It is evident that Nick had conflicting and ambivalent feelings toward Gatsby. Nick both loved Gatsby and was critical of him. Nick was tolerant, but that toleration had limits. He hated Gatsbys crass and vulgar materialism. However, Nick also admired Gatsby for his dream, his romantic readiness, and his extraordinary gift for hope. Nick respected the romantic hope that motivated Gatsby to pursue his dreams. Nick valued Gatsbys hope, no matter how false it was, that one day he would have a life with the woman whom he loved, (Daisy). Wealthy people often use their money to get everything they have always wanted for themselves, but Gatsby used his money to get everything that he thought Daisy had always wanted in hopes of winning her back. An example of this could be all the beautiful shirts that Gatsby had bought. Gatsby believed in this possibility of romance, and even though the possibility was based on shallow material realities, it was motivated by his love of Daisy. It was selfish in a way, but Nick was able to appreciate the romantic aspect of it and therefore, able to see Gatsbys true greatness. As the summer progressed, Nick learned more about who Gatsby really was, or rather who he was not and reasons why he lived his life as he did. Nick did not approve of Gatsbys lifestyle or the way he earned his money. Although Nick came from a very wealthy family himself, he was taught to work hard for his money. However, Nick saw Gatsby as superior to those who surround him. Nick made the distinction between Gatsby, whom he loved because of his dream, and the other characters, which constituted the foul dust that floated in the wake of his dreams". (). Nick had such scorn for these Eastern types that he had left the East, returned to the Midwest, and, for the time being at least, withdrawed from his involvement with other people. Bibliography

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. England Penguin, 10.

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Othello Paper

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Most people possess a weakness or a flaw that brings upon tragedy during their life. In Shakespeare's Othello, the villainous Iago manipulates Othello, Iago, and Cassio's weaknesses in order to accomplish his ends. Cassio's propriety, Othello's quick temper and passion and Roderigo's unrequited love for Desdemona eventually contribute to all of their downfalls.

Iago plans to destroy Othello by depending on Othello's inability to control his passionate side. Othello's temper is first seen during Act II when Cassio becomes drunk and quarrels with Roderigo. When Othello discovers Cassio's actions, Othello becomes infuriated and quickly allows his passion overcome his reason, just as Iago had predicted. Othello warns men not to get in his way when his temper begins to take over stating that, "passion, having my best judgment collied, / Assays to lead the way" (II.iii.18-1). Othello's tendency to become overridden with passion is further demonstrated in this scene when he informs Cassio, " Cassio, I love thee, but never more be an officer of mine" (II. iii. -40).Othello's decision to dismiss Cassio is too drastic and it is made too quickly since Othello needed little evidence to punish the man he had considered so loyal and his best advisor. As the play progresses, Iago continuously convinces Othello that Desdemona has been unfaithful with Cassio. When Othello overhears Cassio talking to Iago, believing that Cassio was referring to Desdemona, Othello is overcome with madness and rage. Othello rapidly declares "How shall I murder him Iago" (IV.i.17), thus taking up the cause to kill Cassio himself. This is a drastic change from the last scene when Othello had doubts of whether Cassio should be killed. As his rage and passion continue to overtake Othello, his mental state worsens. He vacillates between his opinions of Desdemona declaring that she is "a fine woman, a fair woman, a sweet woman!" (IV.i.18) but that she "shall not live" (IV.i.185). As Iago continues to manipulate Othello, Othello becomes a completely different person controlled by passion instead of reason. Othello continues to slander Desdemona by presenting violent thoughts " I will chop her into messes" (IV.i. 0) and declaring that she is a "cunning whore"(IV.ii.6). The prudent and wise Othello in the beginning of the play would never have dared to say or even think of these images of Desdemona. Desdemona even notes a change of character in Othello declaring that "some bloody passion shakes you very frame" (V.ii.40). As Iago continues to goad Othello with more false evidence that Desdemona is unfaithful, Othello can no longer control himself or his actions. Othello, for example, becomes so enraged by Desdemona that he strikes her publicly. Othello, thus, is a truly different individual, as Lodovico questions in amazement, "Is this the noble Moor whom our full Senate/ Call all in all sufficient?/ Whom passion could not shake" (IV.i.65-67). Othello, thus, never regains his former faculties, killing Desdemona in the most physical and ruthless way by smothering her.

By manipulating Cassio's overwhelming concern and courtesy towards Othello and Desdemona, Iago is able to bring upon Cassio's downfall. Throughout the whole play, Cassio has the utmost concern for Desdemona and Othello imploring, "let the heavens/ Give him defense against the elements" (II.i.45) when they had been lost at sea. When Cassio welcomes Desdemona, he is quick to offer his greetings in a formal and reverential manner "Hail to thee lady! And the grace of heaven/ Before, behind thee, and on every hand, Enwheel thee round" (II.i.85-87). Iago, knowing Cassio's loyal nature, provokes Cassio into defending Desdemona against his slanderous remarks. Cassio declares that she is "a most exquisite lady/ a most fresh and delicate creature" (II.iii.18,0). Cassio's courteous nature towards Desdemona is Iago's key method in enraging Othello. Also, because of Cassio's loyalty towards Othello, Cassio succumbs to Iago's pressure to raise a glass in Othello's honor. After becoming drunk and wounding Montano, Cassio is overly worried about the reputation and position that he lost. Cassio, out of courtesy and propriety, refuses to ask Othello directly for his position back, since according to Cassio it is an insult to ask someone as great as Othello after Cassio's deplorable actions. Iago thus manipulates this vulnerability into telling Cassio to take an indirect route to Othello through Desdemona. Also, as the play continues to progress, Cassio never loses his devotion towards Othello even though Othello never returns his position. When Cassio finds Othello having a "seizure", Cassio's first response is to aid the General, "rub him about the temples" (IV.i.5) while Iago congratulates his wickedness.

Iago manipulates Roderigo easily since Roderigo will do and believe anything that will help him obtain Desdemona. Roderigo, is so deeply in love with Desdemona, that he pays Iago and even sells "all my land" (I.iii.84) to help him obtain Desdemona. Roderigo is so infatuated with Desdemona that he considers that drowning himself is the only remedy to relieve his torment at losing Desdemona" I will incontinently drown myself"(II.iii.05). Roderigo, blinded by his love, trusts Iago completely inquiring "What should I do" (I.ii.16) and agreeing to do anything for Iago that will help him get closer to Desdemona. Iago perceives Roderigo as his pawn to manipulate "Thus do I ever make my fool my purse" (I. iii. 85) and he views Roderigo as "poor trash of Venice" (I.iii.07). Iago then cunningly suggests that Desdemona's womanly nature wouldn't let her be true to one man. Iago knows that by linking Cassio to Desdemona, Roderigo will become enraged and he will desire to remove the man who has his beloved. Roderigo, at first, refuses to believe his friend stating that a woman like Desdemona would never betray her honor stating, "I cannot believe that in her; she's full of/ most blessed condition" (II.i.5-5). This indicates how highly Roderigo perceives Desdemona. Iago then manipulates Iago's weakness by claiming that Desdemona would take Cassio soon as a lover, Iago knows that Roderigo would want to remove Cassio so Roderigo could eventually become Desdemona's lover. Roderigo thus is convinced and heartily agrees stating " I will do this if you can bring it to any opportunity". Roderigo, falling into Iago's trap, follows Iago's plans and attempts to kill Cassio twice.

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ANTIBIOTICS: SAVIOURS OF THE BODY

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PROJECT DETAILS

The primary investigators involved in the research of the Meningococcal Disease are Scientists, Doctors, Microbiologists and Pharmacologists from a Melbourne Institute of Medicine. The project is expected to take at least four years and requires $ Million to assist in the research and prevention of the disease.

INTRODUCTION

Meningococcal Disease is a harsh infectious disease that attacks either the brain and spinal tissue or poisons the blood. Either one can kill a person if the symptoms are gone unrecognised or treatment is delayed. Meningococcal can affect anyone, no matter what age, race or gender. However, young children under the age of five years and young adults between the ages of fifteen and nineteen years are more susceptible to the disease.

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The importance of the research being conducted about Meningococcal Disease will hopefully shed some light on the structure, in particular the coating of the serotype B strain, the most common form of Meningococcal Disease in Australia. This will allow the team of specialists to fuse the coating with the appropriate protein to allow all people susceptible to the disease to be able to take the vaccine, unlike the current vaccines where children no younger than two can have them.

BODY

The meningococcal disease is a severe and uncommon disease caused by the germ, 'Meningococcus', and attacks the body from either the throat or nose. The disease occurs in two main forms Meningococcal Meningitis, when Meningococcus infect the outer lining around the brain and spinal cord, or Meningococcal Septicaemia, when Meningococcus invade the blood stream and poison the blood. (http//www.cpsbc.bc.ca/news/Meningococcal.htm 15/06/0). The disease also splits up into 1 different serotypes, the five most common ones being A, B, C, W15 and Y.

When a person contracts Meningococcal Meningitis, meningococci are transferred to membrane-bound phagocytic vacuoles. They then settle on mucosal surfaces which results in infection and the mild symptoms; headaches, fever and joint/muscular pains. The meningococci may then be killed off by bacterial antibodies and phagocytes or multiply rapidly and cause further infection or enter the blood-stream and cause Meningococcal Septicaemia. (http//www.emedicine.com/neuro/byname/meningococcal-meningitis.htm 1/06/0).

At the current moment there are two ways of combating four of the five most common serotypes, and that is with the use of Antibiotics and Vaccines. Unfortunately, all serotypes except strain B are able to be prevented with the use of a vaccine.

Vaccines, prevent the occurrence or reoccurrence of specific meningococcal strains. There are two types of vaccines offered to stop the spread

- Polysaccharide Is typically used for the serotypes A, C, W15 and Y and only lasts for a few years.

- Conjugate Is only used for the serotype C and provides immunity against the strain for life.

Antibiotics prevent the spread of the meningococcal germ by eliminating the meningococcus from the nose and throat regions of infected people for a short period of time. People can be a host to this germ and still remain healthy because they have built up some sort of an immunity to that particular strain. When this host sneezes or coughs it is spread to others who have not built up an immunity to the particular strain and therefore they become sick. If an antibiotic is given to a person who is infected with the meningococcal disease within the early stages of the disease, then the probability of living is high. There are two antibiotics available for the prevention of and stop of the disease spreading

- Benzypenicillin

- Chloramphenicol

As only serotypes A and C have a vaccine able to stop and prevent the replication of the meningococci organism, the team of experts willing to supply their time and effort in developing a cure, will have to create a vaccine for the serotype B, which is the most common type of the Meningococcal Disease in Australia.

Research will first have to be done on the coating of the serotype B strain of the meningococcal organism. If a new vaccine is to be successful, the serotype in the vaccine must be a match to the serotype that is naturally occurring within the meningococcal organism. (http//www.nfid.org/library/meningococcal/prevent.html 0/06/0).

As like the vaccine for the serotype C strain, a vaccine will be made from a coating identical to that of the serotype B meningococcal organism. Similar to the serotype C vaccine, the coating will have to be ' glued together ' with the protein that allows the vaccine to work for children under the age of two years, leads to immunological memory and therefore lasting for life and eliminating the need for another serotype B meningococcal vaccination. (http//www.doh.gov.uk/meningitis-vaccine/newcvaccine.htm 0/06/0)

Further prevention of deaths in Australia from Meningococcal Disease can be achieved by constant reminders of the symptoms of this potentially deadly disease, especially the significant red/purple bruise that forms under the skin. Warning campaigns will be conducted about the symptoms and the rash and how to deal with them. This should hopefully minimise the current diagnosis time of the disease and increase the survival rate.

CONCLUSION

With this prevention and hopefully the completion of a vaccine that can combat the serotype B strain of the meningococcal disease, Meningococcal will no longer scare communities as it currently does and hopefully will become a disease of the past.

Population Health Division (00), Population Health, Disease and Vaccination http//www.health.gov.au/pubhlth/strateg/communic/factsheets/mening.htm (Accessed 5 June 00)

(00) Progression of meningococcal, http//www.emedicine.com/neuro/byname/meningococcal-meningitis.htm (Accessed 1 June 00)

Meningitis Research Foundation, (00), About the Disease, Meningococcal Disease http//www.meningitis.org/index.jsp?page=/content.jsp?sectno=8&subno=1&pageno= (Accessed 8 June 00)

(00), What is Meningococcal Disease, http//www.cpsbc.bc.ca/news/Meningococcal.htm (Accessed 15 June 00)

(001), Treatment of Meningococcal http//www.surrey.ac.uk/SBS/ACADEMICS_homepage/mcfadden_johnjoe/img/meningo.jpg (Accessed June 00)

(001) http//dsdph.wsahs.nsw.gov.au/projects/infectious-handouts/meningococcal-disease.htm (Accessed June 00)

NHS, (1), The New Meningococcal C Vaccine, What kind of vaccine is it? http//www.doh.gov.uk/meningitis-vaccine/newcvaccine.htm (Accessed 0 June 00)

(000), New Vaccine http//www.nfid.org/library/meningococcal/prevent.html (Accessed 0 June 00)

Miller, B F and Keane, C B, (10) Encyclopaedia and Dictionary of Medicine and Nursing, Meninges/Meningitis. Toronto, Canada WB Saunders Company. Pages 570 - 571

National Health and Medical Research Council, (001) The Australian Immunisation Handbook 7th Edition, Meningococcal Infection. Sydney, Australia Australian Government Publishing Services. Pages 164 - 16

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