'The Spear of Death'-Dreamtime

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Summary

'The Spear of Death'

In the far-off Yamminga times, so long ago that death was not yet known to the yoongar, the men and women of the earth, an old man and woman lived at Ngangalup with their only son. Each day the old man went out hunting for food. One morning he stalked an emu across the plain, and when he came near it he cast his spear. But the spear missed the emu and flew far, far away, and so the old man lost his quarry, and thought he had lost his spear, too.

But as he looked into the distance, shading his eyes with one hand, to see where his spear had gone, he suddenly beheld it returning at full speed, and coming straight towards him. He dodged the spear as it reached him, only to find that it turned and came towards him again; and when he dodged it a second time, once more it threatened him, so that he had to keep dodging it again and again; and each time he hoped that it would go away and leave him alone. He knew that if he misjudged the direction of the spear by only a fraction, it would go straight through his body and kill him.Cheap College Papers on 'The Spear of Death'-Dreamtime

After a while the old man grew very tired with this continual dodging of the spear; then his son came running to him, and when the young man saw what was happening, he said 'Let me take your place, father, for you are growing very tired.'

Although he was exhausted, the old man replied, 'No my son. You might be speared, for you are not so experienced in the arts of hunting as I am.'

'Let me take you place for only a little while, so that you can rest,' the boy pleaded.

At last the old man agreed to let his son take his place, and while he rested beneath a tree, the young man began to dodge the tireless spear as it came hissing towards him again and again. Alas, the son was not as experienced as the father in judging direction and distance; he let the spear come too close to him, and it pierced his body and he died.

The old man and woman, full of grief, buried their son in the ground, and soon afterwards they went to live in another place. If the boy had not been speared, then for ever afterwards all the yoongar would have been able to dodge any spear that was thrown at them, and moreover they would never have known death at all.

After the death of the boy the Law of the tribe decreed that the place where he was killed by the spear must always be strewn with fresh blackboy rushes by any of the yoongar who passed that way; any old rushes that lay there must first be removed before the fresh ones were put down. And if anyone neglected this Law, then in a short while he would die.

How does 'The Spear of Death' Relate to Aboriginal Spirituality?

Aboriginal Spirituality are myths and rituals that form the basis of the Aboriginal way of life. 'The Spear of Death' relates to Aboriginal Spirituality because it talks about the myth of how death was created, and the origin of a ritual used to honor those who are dead.

The cycle of life and death is something that all Aborigines of today's world must contend with. Their life, must always end in death before continuing onwards, for that is a never-ending step in the Aboriginal way of life. Aboriginal Spirituality is all about how and why things were created. The myth, 'The Spear of Death', talks about how and why death exists in the world today. It talks about the origin of death, an origin to a step in the lives of all Aborigines.

'The Spear of Death' also discusses the origins of an Aboriginal tradition of the Mirning Tribe, the scattering of Blackboy Rushes to honor those who have passed away. This tradition is a religious ritual that is performed whenever necessary.

Task Part Two

Where the Story Came From?

In 114, Daisy Bates, an Irish journalist and an Australia Government researcher traveled to the Nullarbor Plains with the intent to gather information on the mistreatment of Aborigines. At the Nullarbor Plains, Daisy met members of the Mirning Tribe. This tribe gave Daisy Bates information about the Aboriginal way of life, including many Dreamtime Stories. One of these stories is 'The Spear of Death.' Daisy Bates recorded this Dreamtime Story for her research papers.

'The Spear of Death' describes how the Mirning Tribe believe death had come into their land. It talks about how the Spear of Death came into their land, and how it hurtles around the Nullarbor Plains searching for its next victim.

The People and Language Group

The people who told this story were the Aboriginal people in the Nullarbor Plains region known as the Mirning Tribe. The language name of this tribe was Ngandatha, based on the phrase "What is it?"

Which Part of Australia

In 174, the Mirning Tribe were located in Western Australia, more specifically, the Nullarbor Plains region. They also lived in the east Port of Culver and White Well, eventually moving to the inner edge of Western Australia's "inner-country." The Karraru Tribe were also known to live in the Nullabor region. The land was shared at the time. This story relates to how death came to the Nullarbor Plains.

What is Dreaming and how does it Relate to my Dreamtime story?

Dreaming is the center of Aboriginal religion, spirituality and the Aboriginal meaning to life. Dreaming refers to all things physical, metaphysical and spiritual. Dreaming is the basis of all life on Earth, it is the past, the present, and the future.

The Dreaming also provides spiritual understanding, rules for living, and sets the social standard. Dreaming is the law for Aborigines, physical law and natural law, the natural order of life. It is the Dreaming that describes how things were created, and how we should live our life today. It is the bedtime stories they tell their children; it is the scary, camp-fire tale they tell their friends; it is the tale of meaning boys are told when they turn into men. Dreaming is the tradition, dreaming is the law, dreaming is everything.

Basically, the 'Dreaming' is the answer to 'why' and 'how'. 'Why do we exist?' 'Why is there death?' 'How were we created?' The Dreamtime is the era when everything was being created. It is the reason, and the means for existence.

'The Spear of Death' relates to the Dreaming because it is talking about the creation of death and the cycle that is life and death. Why is there death in the world and how was it created? This story describes how long ago, in the Dreamtime, one of the Aboriginal ancestors went hunting with a spear. The spear he used to kill turned on him and tried to kill him. Instead of killing him, the spear killed the ancestor's son, and for an eternity then on, the Spear of Death travelled the lands of Nullarbor searching for its next victim. Thus, explaining why there is death in the world and how it was created.

Bibliography

http//www.nla.gov.au/ms/findaids/065.html

http//www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindale/boundaries/sw_rite.htm

Australian Dreaming 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History. Published by Lansdowne Press, Sydney, 180. Complied and edited by Jennifer Isaacs.

http//www.yidaki.com/howplayed.html

http//www.disabilityaction.asn.au/dawebsite/systemsadvocacy/Advocac.htm

Living Religion nd edition. Published by Pearson Education Australia Pty Limited in 001

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Middle passage

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In both Middle Passage and "The Frill" one prominent similarity is the perceived difference in social status and intelligence. Many different vantage points fuel the way people speculate about other cultures. In "The Frill", the author (Pearl S. Buck) shows how Mrs. Lowe believes herself to be of higher social standing than the Chinese tailor she hires. Also, she constantly reminds the tailor that he is not well educated by speaking down to him. We see similar themes in the novel Middle Passage. The Caucasian men judge themselves to be better and smarter than the Allmuseri they capture. They show this by consistently demeaning them and ordering the slaves around. In both stories, we see how bad the lower class groups have it. In "The Frill", we recognize that the tailor really has a dreary and meaningless life. In Middle Passage, the audience is struck with the struggles of an African slave aboard the Republic.

To begin with, Mrs. Lowe regards herself to be a better person than the tailor she hire. She shows her thoughts several times throughout the story. The first sign we see is that she is wealthy. She has a manservant that waits on her hand and foot. When the tailor arrives, the first words out of Mrs. Lowe's mouth are orders for the tailor not to put a collar on the dress. Instead, she would prefer a frill because she is a larger type of woman. "No wantchee that collar tailor! I have talkee you wantchee frill- see, so fashion" (Buck, 17). Secondly, she insults the tailor by calling him a liar. "No, you talkee lie, tailor. I know how I talkee. I never say I wantchee flat collar- never" (Buck, 17). Mrs. Lowe also demands the dress to be done in a very short time period or else she will not pay the tailor. "I want it tomorrow replied the white woman in a loud hard voice, suppose you no bring, then I no pay- savee?" (Buck, 18). Furthermore, Mrs. Lowe shows her insensitivity when the tailor asks for a dollar or two because he needs money to buy a coffin for his deceased brother. Mrs. Lowe replies by telling him that he will get his money when he finishes the dress. She then proceeds to demean him to Ms. Newman by saying that he will gamble, or use the money for opium. The last incident where she shows she is superior is when the tailor finishes the dress, and Mrs. Lowe gets angered at the price. She complains that it is too much even when she knows another tailor would charge more.

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Moreover, Mrs. Lowe repeatedly talks down to the tailor in the story. The first instance of this is when she refers to him as boy. "Boy, talkee tailor come this side." (Buck, 16) In addition, she demonstrates how she wants the frill to look like as if the tailor was never educated in that area. Another time that Mrs. Lowe speaks down to the tailor is when he uses more cloth than she expected. "Yes, never mind you but you have spoil so much my cloth. What you think, I buy this cloth no money. Plenty money you make me lose." (Buck, 17) Furthermore, Mrs. Lowe says it in a tone that implies that the tailor does not know what he doing. When the tailor asks Mrs. Lowe for money, she ignores him like he was a homeless man on the street rummaging for pennies. After Mrs. Lowe receives the dress she considers that she got the best of him because the dress should have been more money.

The Chinese tailor that Mrs. Lowe hires has a very unfortunate life. He had three children, which all passed away. He then took care of his cousin and called him his son. He was always struggling for money. Moreover, he asked Mrs. Lowe to make her more dresses so he could afford a coffin. He worked day and night on the dress to have it finished by the next day. In addition, it was the hottest day of the year. He worked almost naked because he was so hot. His wife lay helpless as he went to work on the frill. After all of his hard work and fine stitching he didn't even get recognition from Mrs. Lowe when he delivered it.

In Charles Johnson's Middle Passage, racism and prejudice is an eminent theme. We even see prejudice among the same race. Papa gives Rutherford Calhoun an ultimatum to marry Isadora to relieve himself of his debts. When Calhoun interrupted Papa in mid sentence, he became very angered and constantly reminded him that he owns him. Calhoun said he would marry her to get out of there and delay the inevitable. Calhoun goes to a bar that night and meets a man named Josiah Squibb who tells him about a cargo ship that is leaving the next morning. When Calhoun gets on the ship, he is greeted with a pistol at his head held by Peter Cringle, a first mate. The fact of the matter is that if Calhoun were white he probably would not have been asked to show his papers. When Calhoun meets Ebenezer Falcon, it is almost as if he makes Rutherford his slave. He wants Calhoun to give him reports on how the Allmuseri are doing. When the Allmuseri came aboard ship, right off the bat, racism comes up. An African woman throws her baby overboard, then two slaves try to escape, then Ebenezer Falcon beats them until they bleed. Many of the slaves aboard the Republic tried to rebel, but failed. "The best way to control a rebellious nigger," said he "Is to give him some responsibility. (Johnson, 74) Throughout the entire trip the crewmen used various experlatives that were demeaning to Africans. At first, the slaves saw Calhoun as an enemy until they got to know him. "His people saw whites as raw barbarians and me as a cooked one." (Johnson, 75) Falcon assigned Calhoun to oversee the Allmuseri, because he thought the white folk were too good for that job. We also see prejudice and racism when the Allmuseri are all packed into tight quarters when the crew has elaborate sleeping beds. The slaves were brought up to the deck frequently to do exercises so none of them would be stiff or become ill. The captain gets three course meals with all kinds of food while the slaves get the scraps of the leftovers. The only time when the slaves got a halfway decent meal was when they were inspected. Captain Falcon wanted them to look huskier because he said they would sell for more money. As the story goes on the Allmusri take over the ship. Even after all the racism directed at the slaves they let Rutherford plead for the other crewmembers' lives. They decide to keep the men alive. Calhoun's big argument is that they will need them because the slaves can't read English maps. "Kill Falcon if you want, but if you kill his helmsman, you'll never reach land. Never, none of you can read English maps." (Johnson, 14).

In conclusion, the most conspicuous theme in both stories is social status and intelligence. We see the progression of how Mrs. Lowe constantly demeans and pokes fun at the Chinese tailor, and the racism aboard the Republic between the crewmen and the Allmuseri.

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Holocaust Medical Experiments

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Holocaust Medical Experiments

The horror and suffering imposed on the Jews, by the Nazi Third Reich has been extremely well documented since the end of the second World War just as with most aspects of the Holocaust phenomenon. The way the Jewish people, along with homosexuals, gypsies and others, not fitting the Nazi criteria, was nothing short of evil. Beyond many though is the concept and actual performance of the infamous Nazi medical experiments. A wide variety of heinous experiments were performed. Experiments such as Freezing/Hypothermia, Genetics, Infectious Diseases, Interrogation and Torture, Killing/Genocide, High Altitude, Sterilization, Surgery and Traumatic Injuries.

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A prisoner in a compression chamber loses consciousness

(and later dies) during an experiment to determine altitudes

at which aircraft crews could survive without oxygen. Dachau,

Germany, 14. (NARA Photo)

Doctors

From the beginning of time, or at least the 0th century, doctors and medicine have been placed upon a pedestal and widely admired. Even ancient civilization praised the medicine men as having special powers to protect life, holding them in the highest regards. They have given hope and a will to survive to those who are sick. Many have put all their faith into doctors, clinging to the chance that their disease or illness can be cured. Why we have such a fascination with doctors probably stems from many reasons. But probably the main reason is that they have always been linked to the solution of our greatest fears, pain and death. Throughout history doctors have produced many great wonders and cured many diseases that at one time were considered deadly, but now can be treated with little or no pain. However, there are some doctors who have betrayed and corrupted the place that doctors hold in our society. These were the doctors of the Holocaust.

Josef Mengele

"The Angel of Death"

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Josef Mengele was a doctor at the Auschwitz concentration camp. He promoted medical experiments and took much interest in twins. He subjected his victims to clinical examinations, blood tests, x-rays, and anthropological measurements as well drawing sketches of them for comparison. He would measure every inch of each twin, then inject his victims with various substances. He then killed them himself at the exact same time, by injecting their hearts with chloroform to later conduct examinations of their internal organs. His purpose he said was to establish the genetic cause for the birth of twins. Therefore he could formulate a program for doubling the birth of the "Aryan" race.

On one occasion he selected a set of 18-year-old Hungarian twins who were described as "extremely athletic and handsome." The examination started at the head by examining every inch. Then they were completely X-rayed. Next they had tubes stuffed down their noses and into their lungs where they were ventilated with gas which caused them to cough hard enough to be restrained. They were then photographed for several days; the purpose was to see any patterns in hair growth. After the pictures were done every hair on their body was removed. They were then photographed without hair. Later they were subjected to an extensive lower gastric intestinal examination performed without any anaesthesia. The twins cried so loud Dr. Mengele ordered they be gagged. More exams were performed extracting samples from their kidneys, prostate, and testicles. Several weeks later the twins were simultaneously killed by injections to the heart.

The Experiments

The experiments have been classified into three categories those conducted by the German Air Force, those involving medical treatment, and those, which were racial in nature. The German Air Force used prisoners of concentration camps to study the effects of high altitude, freezing temperatures, and the ingestion of seawater. Doctors sterilized many of the prisoners, and used them to study the treatment of battle injuries, gas attacks, and to test vaccines. The racial experiments included comparative studies of dwarfs, twins, and skeletal structure. The majority of these experiments resulted in the deaths of their subjects. ()

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A Gypsy victim of Nazi medical experiments to make seawater

potable. Dachau concentration camp, Germany, 144. (NARA Photo)

Freezing / Hypothermia

Experiments were conducted at Dachau and Auschwitz to test freezing and hypothermia for the Nazi high command. The experiments were conducted on men to simulate the conditions the armies suffered on the Eastern Front. Thousands of German soldiers died of freezing.

The freezing experiments were divided into two parts. First, to establish how long it would take to lower the body temperature to death and second how to best save the frozen victim. The main methods used to freeze the victim were to put the person in an icy vat of water or to put the victim outside naked in sub-zero temperatures. The icy vat method proved to be the fastest way to drop the body temperature. A insulated probe which measured the drop in the body temperature was inserted into the rectum of the naked victim. The victim was then placed in the vat of cold water and started to freeze. It was learned that most victims lost consciousness and died when the body temperature dropped to 5°C. The second way to freeze a victim was to strap them to a stretcher and place them outside naked. The extreme winters of Auschwitz made a natural place for this experiment.

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Victim of a medical experiment immersed in freezing water at the Dachau

concentration camp. Dachau, Germany, between August 14 and

May 14.(Yad Vashem photo.)

High-Altitude Experiments

Experiments were conducted at the Dachau concentration camp, for the benefit of the German Air Force, to investigate the limits of human endurance and existence at extremely high altitudes. The experiments were carried out in a low-pressure chamber in which conditions and pressures prevailing at high altitude (up to 68,000 feet) could be duplicated. The victims were placed in a low-pressure chamber and the simulated altitude was raised. Many victims died as a result of these experiments and others suffered grave injury, torture, and ill-treatment.

Experiments with Poison

Experiments were conducted at the Buchenwald concentration camp to investigate the effect of various poisons on human beings. The poisons were secretly administered to experimental subjects in their food. The victims died as a result of the poison or were killed immediately in order to permit autopsies.

In short Nazi medical experiments were nothing other than murder and the doctors who performed the experiments, nothing more than murders. Regardless of any beneficial findings There is no excuse to justify the actions that were brought upon the innocent victims of the Holocaust. It seems impossible to believe that a humans hate could drive them to conjure up deeds as horrifying as these. One can only imagine the emotional and physical pain that the victims had to endure. These experiments showed just how terrifying medicine can become. These experiments brought to reality what a mad scientist is and just how deranged he can become if given the right motivation.

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Capitalism

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"Capitalism is doomed to fail" Comment on the above statement, stating if you agree or disagree and your reasons for doing so.

The famous socialist, Karl Marx believed that capitalism was not to succeed, which he stated, "capitalism is doomed to fail." Marx believed that capitalism would fail because capitalists exploited workers by not paying them their full value of their labour. In Marx's time new machinery was being introduced, which replaced many jobs leaving thousands of people unemployed. He also predicted that the system would turn out into one big monopoly and all the small firms would be wiped out. Therefore, the groups outside the monopoly would get poorer and poorer and form an enormous group and rise against the capitalists. However, Marx's theory did not exactly turn out the way he thought it would. Capitalism still exists in today's modern world and has not failed. It will be argued that many of the problems Marx saw in capitalism have been solved, and that in areas of innovation, wealth creation and efficiency, capitalism came out ahead of socialism.

Often government intervention in the market is wasteful and inefficient, which was the socialist alternative to capitalism. This can be seen when capitalist countries, such as Britain tried to nationalize their industries after World War II. Yergin describes these industries, "Whatever the vision, state companies had often proved in practice to be highly inefficient, inflexible, poorly performing employment agencies, politically pressured to maintain and expand employment far beyond what was needed." (Yergin, 000, p7). The government nationalized industries that have turned out to be a failure and has not lived up to the expectations to the public. An example was the British telecom system, which Yergin states, "It took months to get a new telephone. There were only two choices-the design or nothing. The only way to get a phone fixed in any reasonable time was to pay a repairman, who freelanced after hours, under the table. The red box were relatively rare, sometimes malodorous, and often out of order." (Yergin, 000, p101). This shows that government intervention is inflexible and inefficient, the alternative to capitalism, did not focus on the sovereignty of the consumer and was better off in the hands of individuals.

Capitalism works because the market allocates resources efficiently and to the right places without government intervention. Adam Smith described this as the 'invisible hand'. It is the ability of the free market to allocate factors of production, goods and services to their most valuable use. If everybody acts from self-interest, spurred on by the profit motive then the economy will work more efficiently, and more productively, than it would do if economic activity directed by a central planner. An example on how capitalism increases wealth of society is in the national income per capita figures for capitalism vs communism countries. The capitalist country America has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $6,00. However the communist country China with its 1.8 billion people, has a GDP of just $4,600 per capita.Cheap Custom Essays on Capitalism

Karl Marx believed that capitalism was a failure because capitalists exploited workers and treated them unjustly. However, capitalism overcame this major problem of the unfair treatment towards workers. During the 1th century workers formed unions for wage negotiations. This was known as collective wage bargaining, and was able to equalize the imbalance of market power that Marx saw in the factories of Europe. Obviously it would not be effective if one employee goes on strike and asks for a pay rise. It would have a much bigger impact if all workers all unite together and threaten to go on strike. The employer would be pressured because he cannot afford to lose so many of his workers so he is forced to give his employees a pay rise they want.

Another reason why capitalism has not failed is because of 'diminishing returns to capital.' This is where each additional unit of capital adds less to production than the previous unit where other factors, such as labour on land are fixed. For example if more fertilizer and better machinery are used on an acre of farmland, the yield will increase for a while but then begin to slow and become flat. A farmer can only get so much out of the land, and the more the farmer works, the harder it gets. The economic reason for diminishing returns of capital is as follows When the capital stock is low, there are many workers for each machine, and the benefits of increasing capital further are great; but when the capital stock is high, workers already have plenty of capital to work with, and little benefit is to be gained from expanding capital further. During the 1th century new machinery was introduced (such as sewing or weaving machines) which replaced thousands of jobs. It was very productive in the start, but as new machinery was invented they were less effective or productive than the previous machine, so fewer jobs were being replaced. The unemployment rate stopped rising because capitalists purchased more machinery, which required workers to run and help maintain them.

Capitalism is a success because it gives people freedom. As a result people are inspired to invent and create new products that will satisfy consumer demand, they do this as they will earn a large amount of profit, known as profit motive. Capitalist countries are innovative and modernized unlike communist countries where the government takes control of everything in the market. For instance, in the book 'Commanding Heights' it states, "Already by the early 170s, a fatal weakness was becoming clear in the system It could not, for the most part, innovate. There was no reward, no reason to do anything new." "The only exception was in parts of military sector." (Yergin, 000, p81). This indicates in communist countries the only government innovation is on military, which does not benefit or increase the quality of people's life.

In conclusion, it is evident that the statement made by Karl Marx, "capitalism is doomed to fail" is false. Capitalism still exist today and powerful and economically wealthy countries such as America and Britain are capitalist countries., which economically dominate over communist countries such as China. There are many areas in capitalism that have solved the problems that Marx saw in his days such as innovation, unions, and education. Overall capitalism is better than communism. This is because government intervention was wasteful and inefficient, which individuals are better in using scarce resources in serving the public interest than the government. Finally, capitalism is the best economic system out there, countries such as Britain have attempted to alternate to communism by nationalizing industries and factories but have failed. Capitalism prospers and economically benefits society and increases their quality of life.

Please note that this sample paper on Capitalism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Capitalism, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Capitalism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Negative Sides of American State-Based Higher Education

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Perhaps the level of American education could be a point of controversy, but statistics and research show that educational standards of the State-run Colleges are very low. Teachers and parents, as well as students, are concerned about the catastrophically low level of knowledge in public schools. According to the United States Department of Education, the degree of literacy among American students is very poor. After graduating from the high schools, many American teenagers decide to continue studying in various colleges and universities. It is known that the level of General Education in most colleges does not meet high standards. However, college students need to obtain skills that they are deprived of in public schools. Academic requirements are basically the same in all State Colleges; therefore the John Jay College criteria can be tested for the latitude of knowledge.

First of all, there is an obvious necessity for everyone to take a proficiency exam in writing and mathematics. This helps evaluate one's intelligence and place individuals into classes of the appropriate level. Before going into the major courses, students have to master the fundamental skills in such subjects as history, geography, literature, international politics and economy, mathematics, natural sciences, etc. The main error of the American educational system is that it lets people live on a kind of "isolated island". Colleges do not expand students' erudition with necessary information about the world. The range of American students' interests do not exceed the borders of their country. This unawareness leads to students' separation from the world outside the United States. Such a lack of knowledge is caused by imperfection in history and literature courses. For example, the required history classes at John Jay College are divided into two chronological parts. Unfortunately, none of them include an analytical study that goes into details of tendencies and laws of world development. The future must be created on the basis of the experience and lessons taken from the world's past. The thorough study of history not only educates people, but it gives them an ability to think independently, analyze the present and even predict some events of the future. The courses of world history must be more extensive, deep and need to be taken more seriously. It is also not wise that John Jay College requirements do not have a separate course of American history. The nation that does not know its own history is blind and dependently thinking. The public, that doesn't realize and study the way of its country's evolution, risks becoming a "puppet" in the hand of ruling authorities. The future of the nation, which has lost its roots, is hopeless and empty. Our history is our heritage, wisdom and national treasure.

A Racial Formation course at John Jay is an example of an incorrectly designed study plan. A friend of mine took this class is a part of the required core curriculum. She expected from this course to learn about the process of racial formation in the United States as well as about the reasons for peoples' migration. She thought it would include historical, philosophical and geographical aspects. Instead, this course focused on the feminists movement. Actually, this course did not meet her expectations and it did not allow her to understand the ethnic structure of the United States. Therefore, it is important for all of the historical and social study courses be wider in their world aspects.

Additionally, there is a mistake in the absence of geography, international politics and economy courses. Many American students are not aware of geographical locations, international borders and even the names of different countries and cities. Their sight is usually directed towards those hot spots on Earth, which currently stand on the governmental agenda. The era of cold war isolation has already passed, so the world's progress is solely dependant on all the world's population. Only by the ways of knowledge and literacy can individuals strengthen the world. Unity is the future and the real path to success.

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Speaking of the Arts courses, it is necessary to point the attention to literature courses. John Jay College offers four different literature classes, each of which is dedicated to the certain time period. Even if a student chooses one of the courses and studies it thoroughly, she/he would not have a complete overview of the entire treasure of the world's literary thought. Therefore, if one course cannot include the entire material due to the time constraints, it must inculcate in students a taste for enjoyment of literature. Students of all races, ethnicities and religions must take classes in American literature and history, so they can understand and value the country they live in.

After completing the Arts disciplines and learning the basic skills of comprehension and analysis, everyone should take mathematic courses. Unfortunately, America has one of the lowest levels of mathematical education among all developed countries. Almost every student hates math classes, since they cannot realize its necessity. Mathematics is not just a "numbers play," but is also the most effective form of brain training. It develops memory and logical thinking. Math courses should cover arithmetic, geometry and pre-calculus. These math courses should be made a requirement for every student, since it is an auxiliary science for all the natural science courses.

After mastering the math skills, students should take three natural science courses physics, chemistry and biology. Physics must cover the nature of motion, electricity, etc. Chemistry should include the basics of organic and non-organic concepts. Biology should consist of botany, zoology and human anatomy. These courses should be required in order for an individual to gain the basic understanding of the world's nature and be able to apply these skills in everyday life.

The pre-requisites in State colleges include the very basic disciplines, none of which should be omitted. On the contrary, the level and requirements of the taught subjects should be raised and strongly improved. The courses in general arts and sciences must emphasize the topics about the world's general structure. Everyone should realize that education is a tool for enriching one's perception and for widening one's intellectual outlook. In order to be an autonomously thinking individual who can make right decisions and built a brighter future for the country, one must be a well-rounded, educated person.

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The Hurracane

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Several shots on June 17th 166, pierced the stillness of the night. This gunfire came from the Lafayette Bar and Grill in Patterson, New Jersey, and claimed the lives of two men and two women. This night would terrorize a champion fighter for the next nineteen years of his life. Without the help and constant persistence of justice by Lesra Martin, Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter as he was known to his fans, may never have seen the light of justice in the United States legal system.

Even though Rubin Carter suffered at the hands of the law when he was a child, the more serious injustices occurred on the eve of June 17th 166. On this night, he and an associate who fitted the description of the sighted attackers of the Lafayette Bar and Grill were arrested and imprisoned. All the while they were denied the most basic right, the right to a constitutionally fair trial. These atrocities were committed by vengeful and predominantly white executive and judicial powers, some of who had a personal vendetta against Carter simply because of his racial background and its socio-historical context.

After his imprisonment, Rubin continued fighting for justice despite his limited contact with the outside world. One way in which he accomplished this was by publishing an autobiography in 174, entitled 'The 17th Round'. This book raised awareness for Rubin's cause, along with the support of several high profile people, such as Bob Dylan who wrote the song "the hurricane" as a tribute. It was not until the 180's that a man named Lesra Martin, and his three Canadian companions, actually began to formulate a successful campaign to set free this man who had suffered 1 years of wrongful incarceration.

The prevalent theme throughout the film is that of prejudice and its effect on the justice system in today's society. Many forms of prejudice take hold in this film, some of which include gender, age and race. Such baseless discriminations eventually shroud justice and render it harder to achieve. In the film ' the Hurricane ' Rubin Carter was the victim of such discrimination as a result of his race. The legal court was corrupted by prejudice and a primary example of this can be seen in one of many specific forms this prejudice took in Rubin's case. His trial jury comprised of caucasian citizens, in contrast to his African-American heritage. The socio-historical context of the era suggests that with this combination of power forces at play, Ruben had almost certainly been presumed guilty and would remain so until proven otherwise. This is an example of racial discrimination in the justice system and it was not until he placed his plea in front of the federal courts, without relevant evidence being unlawfully with-held, that he received a fair and just trial without racial discrimination.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on The Hurracane

The film takes place in two main time periods. The 160's, when Rubin's middleweight championship dreams are doused by his racially motivated arrest and again in the early 180's when enraged fan Lesra Martin vowed to help release his hero. In the 160 flashbacks, the Audience witnesses Carter in his glory as a champion boxer hardened by a life in the juvenile detention center, and later in the United States Military. Then we are transported quickly to the years he spent losing all hope of justice being done, and finally realizing that the only way he was going to survive jail was to adjust his way of viewing occurrences and his understanding of the world around him.

The actor who portrayed Rubin Carter in a most excellent manner was Denzel Washington. This man has long admired Rubin's struggle and admittedly has ample admiration for the man. This can be seen blatantly by the audience in Denzel's powerfully emotive dialogue, and his articulate portrayal of the stunningly powerful Hurricane as seen in his autobiography. Denzel plays the part incredibly considering the amount of work he had to do for the part. He plays Rubin from the late teen years, where he truly managed to capture the arrogance of youth. His portrayal is convincing at every step of Ruben's journey, leading to when he becomes imprisoned and is content within himself and leaves everything he cares about, even his beloved wife.

Another great actor in the film was the vicellous Reon Shannon who played Lesra, the fan who befriended his hero and mentor was then able to set him free. Shannon along with his Canadian counterparts Live Schreiber, Deborah Unger and John Hannah were fresh and thoroughly enjoyable to watch, although sadly the movie downplayed the Canadian's real life effort in the instigation of Ruben's road to freedom, to focus mainly on Lesra and Rubin;'s budding friendship.

Another part well played was that of Dan Hedaya who played Vincent Della Pesca, the police officer that had built his career on Rubin's incarceration. This is reminiscent of the role of the judicial forces within Civil Law nations, where judges who make a career out of climbing the government's corporate judicial ladder, do so by favoring the government in cases against private litigants. Here we witness the same concept, except the part of the judicial ladder-climber is played by Vincent Della Pesca, an executive officer, and the private litigant becomes Rubin Carter, a man merely fighting for his own justice.

Throughout the movie the cinematography used was excellent. Though there were many flashbacks throughout the movie these were used at the right time and even though we had seen some of the before they always revealed something extra in the story which didn't make them seem repetitious. Also when Rubin is in jail it is always shown at night or when it is very dark, showing us that the jail is a institution of shady characters and id numbers. The best use of cinematography would have to be the final scene of the movie where the sky is made to look like heaven on earth. In this scene you see Rubin raise his hand as if he has just won the greatest fight of his life, when this is shown we see a flashback of Rubin as a boxer raising his hand after winning a fight with a huge smile on his face.

It is not till the end of the movie do we see the main legal scene. In this scene we finally see that not all of the justice system can be influenced by discriminatory people. This court had no jury so the judge made the final verdict. This judge found the previous rulings against Rubin were filled with bias and racial prejudice and therefore allowed the case to continue. This shocked the prosecution, as they had not prepared for the case for they thought that it would be dismissed due to a legal technicality, but for Rubin Carter justice this time prevailed. At the end of these legal proceedings, Rubin made a speech, which shows people that even though he has suffered greatly because of the abuse of justice he still had faith in the system. The words, which he spoke, were " I served time in the house of justice, yet there is no justice for me. So I ask you to consider the evidence, don't turn away from the truth, don't turn away from your conscious, please don't ignore the law, no, embrace that higher principle for which the law was meant to serve. Justice. That's all I ask for."

Rubin Carter finally found justice after 1 years of discrimination. This shows us that even in times of great loss and desperation, justice does prevail.

Please note that this sample paper on The Hurracane is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Hurracane, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Hurracane will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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It is time for the British Monarchy to be abolished – discuss

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This topic has certainly been under the media spotlight for the last few years, opinion polls abound with the views of the general public but what are the issues? The main protagonists of the case for abolishment suggest it is a natural development needed to reflect and respond to our ever changing society which is now much more diverse than ever before. On the other hand, opinion polls suggest the majority of people feel differently. As recently as May this year, a survey conducted by MORI reported 74% of the population favoured a monarchy (as opposed to a republic).

There are many arguments to support abolishing the monarchy, the main themes include the right to elect an apolitical head of state (to become a republic), the breakdown of the class system and removal of the royal prerogative which allows governments to act without reference to the country's democratically elected representatives. One aspect that usually gets mentioned in the argument concerns financial matters.

There are those who hold the view that the £5m paid to the Queen last year could have been put to better use, for instance, to reduce a NHS waiting list or two, improve a couple of inner city schools or go towards paying nurses and firemen a better salary. They wonder what the nation gets for their money, suggesting it is only sanctimonious tradition; a lot of pomp and ceremony wrapped around a family not good enough to be a role model. Frequently, supporters of the monarchy tell us that the royals generate revenue for the country through tourism but it is not credible to assume tourists visit only to see them; it must be the country and not just the monarchy they come to visit. Not surprisingly, there are no estimates for this mythical (or mystical) revenue. Also on the subject of revenue, Her Majesty has recently started to pay some of her fortune back to the state, in the form of tax. Whilst this is a relatively recent change for the better, it is considered too little too late by some and certainly not nearly enough when you take into account the wealth the monarchy has accumulated on the back of what, effectively, belongs to the state. The most conservative estimate is that the Queen is worth around £00 million (but estimates go as high as £5 billion). Add to that the £4.4 billion estimated as the Duke of Westminster's fortune (Britain's wealthiest man) and you have a sizeable sum to help with some of the pressing social problems in Britain today. Republican supporters believe there is no arguable reason why such fortunes and special privileges should be bestowed on so very few, just because of the family they were born into, especially when there are huge numbers of people suffering in poverty and living underprivileged lives.

With nearly three quarters of the population supporting the monarchy, there is obviously a counter argument. In fact there are many strands of arguments, ranging from the need to retain traditions, having a respected figure-head representing the country, to the good will and charity work tirelessly done by the royal family. Apart from the argument regarding tourism revenue generated, supporters also maintain that the monarchy is worth the cost to the taxpayer. Of the £5m paid last year, £15m was for the upkeep of palaces and property belonging to the state and that the civil list has been drastically cut in recent years, with only £8m being paid last year. As for the Queen's wealth, her supporters believe that she needs to retain this in order to remain above corruption. Also, they think the monarchy deserve the money as recompense for their suffering, i.e. from the terrible pressures of their lives, living as they do in the public eye, not being able to enjoy the anonymity of a "normal" existence in order to serve the country and its people. Interestingly, in August this year, the Guardian reported how much more open the Queen is compared to the prime minister concerning how much of taxpayers money is funding their public duties (added to which Mr Blair was reported to be £100,000 over budget last year).

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The monarchy cannot hope to continue to provide a proper representation of a people so culturally and socially diverse as the British, especially since they are so far removed from the reality of British contemporary life. Despite the fact that at the moment most people support the monarchy, there is no doubt that such support is fading and discussions must begin now so that changes can be introduced at the most appropriate juncture (most think upon the death of the Queen, some believe Prince Charles should be the first democratically elected President).

This leaves one problem which must be carefully thought through before we abolish the monarchy - who and how would we replace them? The majority of republican theorists seem to agree on an elected president, the problem is what sort of person could do the job and how would the electorate find them? As Max Clifford, (a publicist who supports abolishment of the monarchy) said in the Guardian, 1st June 00, "As someone in and around the media jungle for the last 40 years, I know that it's impossible to know if people are good, bad, honest or corrupt. Could we really come up with a credible candidate? I don't think they exist". Many agree and although this could a cynical view, we need to make sure we do not end up with President Beckham!

Bogdanor, V. (15) The Monarchy and the Constitution. Oxford Claredon Press

Official Royal Website. (March 00) Head of State Expenditure Met From Public Funds. [Online]. Available from http//www.royal.gov.uk [Accessed 16 October 00]

Hencke, D. (00) Queen more open than Blair on how cash is spent. The Guardian [Online]. Available from http//www.guardian.co.uk/monarchy/story/0,76,77.805,00.hmtl [Accessed October 00]

Jones, Bill and Kavanagh, Dennis (18) 'The Monarchy and the House of Lords'. In British Politics Today. 6th ed. Manchester Manchester University Press

Madgwick, P (14) A New Introduction to British Politics. 4th ed. Cheltenham Stanley Thornes

MORI (00) Britain's Latest Views on the Monarchy Topline Results. Granada Media & MORI. [Online]. Available from http//www.mori.com/polls/00/granadamedia-topline.shtml [Accessed October 00]

Norton, Nicola and Fleming, Amy (00) Part 'Being a citizen, not a subject' The Guardian [Online]. Available from http//www.guardian.co.uk/monarchy/story/0,76,756,00.hmtl [Accessed 16 October 00]

Wheelan, S (001) Rich List Britains Wealthiest 1000. The Sunday Times. [Online]. Available from http//www.wsws.org/articles/001/apr001/rich-a0.shtml

Please note that this sample paper on It is time for the British Monarchy to be abolished – discuss is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on It is time for the British Monarchy to be abolished – discuss, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on It is time for the British Monarchy to be abolished – discuss will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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