Baroque period essay

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The Baroque Period was the age of reason when minds and imaginations opened up new worlds of scientific knowledge as well as artistic creativity. (Fleming, 75) The Baroque era was a period of opulence and magnificence that gave off a powerful awe inspiring style that was full of flamboyant concepts and overall dramatic quality. From Venice, as well as from Rome and the centers where international mannerism flourished, the roads to Baroque art fanned out in all directions. The style of Baroque art was so diverse that it's difficult to determine what classifies it as being art of the Baroque era. Although Baroque art has many diverse artistic manifestations there are certain general characteristics that appear in all three types of Baroque art. The Counter Reformation Baroque style focuses on astonishing and overpowering its audience. Art of this time was also enlisted in serving the purposes of the church militant. The Aristocratic Baroque style focuses on glorifying the position and asserting national power and prestige. The last style of the Baroque age, Bourgeois Baroque, was marked by the concentration on down-to-earth common people of the middle class. The individuality of each style of the Baroque period is visibly distinctive, yet similar in their own exclusive approaches.

The Counter Reformation art, which focused on the command of the church, was created by the Jesuits in 154. It was also dynamic and religious due to the influence of the church. In Artemisia Gentileschi's Judith Slaying Holofernes, a religious fervor can be seen in this brutally graphic version of a biblical scene which enlightens the action with realism and powerful female protagonists. Gentileschi's use of emotionalism is visible because of the abundance of dramatic aspects due to the vicious slaughter of Holofernes by the Jewish widow, Judith. She also utilizes the aspect of light and shade to extract the spectator's attention to the dramatic action of the painting. Her use of realistic colors, textures, and substances creates illusionism in the appearance of the scene. Through Gentileschi's use of dynamic religious fervor and lack of boundaries she clearly creates a classic Counter Reformation painting of the Baroque era.

In Aristocratic Baroque art, the emphasis shifted from the divine God to the divine state. After the restoration of monarchy under Louis XIV, the Baroque period resumed its magnificent course and the state became the focal point of all art. In Hyacinthe Rigaud's Louis XIV, the magnificence of the domination by the state is undoubtedly perceived. In his painting the glorification of the state is apparent by stressing Louis's preeminent qualities which was the personification of France. The authority and splendor of the state is conveyed through his use of illusionism of his lavish red and gold drapery which portrays an image of dignity and authority. Through his use of texture and color he creates an exceedingly lavish scene with many assorted varieties of fabric which also appeals to the Baroque ideal of richness and lavishness.

The Bourgeois Baroque art style is differentiated by the down-to-earth, middle class families which were predominantly seen in Holland and Flanders. This period was also marked by a variety of painting categories including history scenes, landscapes, genre scenes, still-life, portraiture, and corporation pictures. An example of one specific still-life painting of the Bourgeois Baroque is Willem Claes Heda's Still Life with Oysters, Rum Glass, and Silver Cup. In the still-life studies, objects were rendered with almost scientific precision as seen in Heda's painting. (Fleming, 441) Light and shade is also an exceedingly strong aspect of the Bourgeois era, this is visibly observed through the inflowing of light accenting the domestic intimacy of the painting. In using realistic colors, textures, and substances the artist facilitates a painting of illusionism. The artist pays particularly close attention to every detail in the painting from the realistic quality of the orange peel, to the glistening of the oyster.

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Not the average hero

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Not the average hero

"I want a hero an uncommon want,

When every year and month sends forth a new one,

Till, after cloying the gazettes with cant,

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The age discovers he is not the true one; . . ." (6).

In Canto I from "Don Juan," Lord Byron desires a hero but cannot find one in the world around him. He wants an epic hero, someone who will give him the necessary inspiration to write a poem of epic proportion. This hero needs to be like the heroes of Greek and Roman mythology; he wants his hero to be as strong and powerful as the gods. Lord Byron cannot find this type of epic hero in the world around him because there are so many. There are men called heroes who are not true heroes. Perhaps this is why the hero, Don Juan, is not of epic proportion. Numerous external and internal forces make Don Juan a striking contrast to the mythical Greek and Roman heroes. Instead of masculine features being prevalent Don Juan is feminine in ways which render him almost completely useless as an epic hero. Don Juan is an inadequate hero because his gender has been inverted resulting in atypical heroic characteristics.

The standard definition of a hero is someone who does the right thing no matter the consequences they may face. A true hero is strong, brave, and willing fight to the death for the downtrodden and persecuted. Much like Robin Hood, a hero will try to help elevate the common person. During the time Lord Byron wrote "Don Juan," all heroes were male and displayed masculine ideals. The typical hero was a protector of women, the helpless, and the innocent. A hero will go above and beyond the call of duty. A hero virtue lies in the call to do what is right. A true hero fights for what he believes in so others will benefit.

Lord Byron's Don Juan does not fulfill the typical definition of an epic hero. Don Juan exhibits only one conventional heroic trait and that is his flaw. Every hero possesses some kind of flaw that he must overcome. The typical list of flaws includes women, drugs, and money. The term "Don Juan" is usually given to men who attract and woo women only then leave behind a trail of heartbreak. This might make a reader believe that Byron's Don Juan's flaw is women. Although his flaw does have something to do with two women, his mother and his lover, his flaw is more complex than that. Don Juan's real weakness is his inexperience with the world at sixteen years of age. This inexperience is a product of his upbringing and education. More experience would have enabled Don Juan to better handle difficult situations that call for a true hero

One of the biggest contributors to Don Juan's flaw is a result of his parents' relationship, or lack thereof. Don Jose and Donna Inez love and dote on their son, but as a married couple, they lack any kind of attraction towards each other. As a description of the type of life the two lead Byron writes that they spend their time "Wishing each other, not divorced, but dead; They lived respectably as man and wife . . . And gave no outward signs of inward strife" (66). Although it is not visible to anyone else, Donna Inez and Don Jose do not have a quality relationship. Donna Inez even tries to convince people that her husband is mad. When Don Jose dies, Donna Inez takes over the estate and Don Juan is left without a father to guide him.

After the death of his father, Don Juan's education is left to his mother. Don Juan becomes a sheltered hero. Every mother wants to protect her children, but Donna Inez wants to control Don Juan as well. At this time in history women were not involved in a male child's education once he reached a certain age. Donna Inez plans Don Juan's education when causes the first emerging flaw in the hero. Donna Inez feels that her son's education should be more consumed with morals than biology or physiology. When the tutors begin to teach Don Juan about mythology Donna Inez forbids it. As a sixteen-year-old male, Don Juan is not taught the basics of the world, he is only taught what his mother wants him to know. He is educationally unintelligent as well as socially unintelligent. As a result of being under his mother's control, Don Juan is not able to fully experience life and all it can offer.

Instead of being masculine Don Juan is feminized under his mother's influence. He becomes debilitated, a characteristic the conventional hero would not possess. The hero is masculine in ways that common men are not. Where a common man will back down, a hero will step forward. Women will throw themselves at a her, but the hero will pursue only those he feel are worthy. A hero can make women swoon, but in the case of Don Juan the roles are reversed. When Donna Julia, a married, older woman begins to seduce Don Juan he should back away and recognize that having an affair would be wrong. Instead of doing what is right, Don Juan has an affair with Donna Julia. She continually seduces him and he willingly obliges. Instead of being the pursuer, Don Juan is the pursued. If he had a father figure Don Juan would be able to learn about the ideals of marriage. He would know that what he is doing is immoral. His mother kept him away from this side of life with her moral education. Having the affair with Donna Julia, a Moor, Don Juan is not only immoral but is tainted with impure blood.

When two people have an affair, it is almost inevitable that they will be caught; Don Juan and Donna Julia are no exception. In the beginning of the relationship, Donna Julia tries unsuccessfully to forget Don Juan. Don Alfonso discovers his wife is being unfaithful and tries to prove it by gathering a search party to find Don Juan in Don Alfonso's home. While Don Juan is hiding under the covers, Don Alfonso and his lackeys search the room but find no one. The master of the home is forced to stand and look foolish as he tries to fumble with excuses. After the search party leaves, Don Juan comes from hiding and is caught by Don Alfonso. Don Alfonso goes to retrieve his sword, and Donna Julia tells her lover to flee. However, Don Juan is trapped. The two men fight and eventually the hero is forced to escape naked from the house. Don Juan is a reactor. When the situation gets too rough he runs away naked and vulnerable. A hero would never allow himself to look vulnerable or weak. He would stay and fight to the death. How can Don Juan be considered a true hero if he will not take charge of his own life?

Instead of exuding masculinity, Don Juan seems to only exhibit a more feminine side. A sixteen-year-old male cannot be a true man if he is not taught how to be one. Byron writes Don Juan to be an epic hero, something he cannot be. Don Juan is instead a negative hero. Everything that a standard hero is Don Juan is not. He is not brave, this is proven when he runs from the house naked showing his vulnerability. Don Juan is pursued by an older, married woman instead of pursuing her. He is not the man in the relationship because he is at her will at all times. Don Juan acts more like Don Quixote than Odysseus. For this hero nothing seems to go right which Don Juan human. He starts from nothing and is an unsuccessful hero in the beginning. Byron writes his hero from the beginning to prove that a simple person can become a hero. If Don Juan can obtain the masculine characteristics of a hero, it could be possible for him to become a heroic character. Byron may be able to show the reader that a common man can become a hero if he is able to overcome his past.

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Cause and effect

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on cause and effect. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality cause and effect paper right on time.

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the rain causes floods and floods cause damage thats why there is flood damage Instant Essay is the newest and best database of FREE term paper, essays, research papers, book reports and more on the Web. Unlike other essay websites, we give you the complete essay/paper FREE instantly. Our database is completely student driven, meaning students like you contribute to it. So if you like Instant Essays and want to see it grow, then send your best essays/papers to us. Be sure add this site to your favorites because we update the database often. Free essays on Free essays on drug alcohol, alcohol and drug abuse, drug and alcohol treatment, and more Free essays on mathematics, history mathematics, discrete mathematics, and more

Instant Essay is the newest and best database of FREE term paper, essays, research papers, book reports and more on the Web. Unlike other essay websites, we give you the complete essay/paper FREE instantly. Our database is completely student driven, meaning students like you contribute to it.In a day in time where alcohol and tobacco products, although restricted by age, are available to millions, one has to wonder why there is such controversy about the proposal to legalize marijuana. Of course, there are many arguments or both sides of this hotly debated issue. Nonetheless, marijuana is no more harmful than alcohol and tobacco products and in some cases, marijuana has already proven to be medicinally helpful. Marijuana, a plant with many uses, should be legalized for crime deterrence, medicinal help and tax purposes.

Marijuana is, in truth, no more harmful than currently sold alcohol and tobacco products. In the U.S. each year, millions and millions of dollars are spent on health care issues stemming from the use of alcohol and tobacco drugs Studies have indicated that the toxins in tobacco and that alcohol, perse, are addictive. Fighting addictions, added to the cost of fighting cancer, has skyrocketed the amount of money spent and the personal/ family angst suffered in this nation for decades. Studies do not, however, indicate that marijuana is a "gateway drug," one that causes addiction ("Legalization Report," Http//www.geocities.com/marinol.html). Perhaps the only reason that currently points to danger associated with marijuana has more to do with the fact that because it is not currently government regulated for the public use, marijuana does, occasionally, contain impurities that cause temporary nausea. Obviously, government control, perhaps under the FDA specifically, would guarantee a consistently pure product. Already, the FDA has that marijuana is helpful in treating nausea for cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy. In addition the FDA supports the research that shows marijuana's medicinal potential in treating glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness. Several studies have found that "smoking marijuana reduces intraocular pressure…the main [cause] of this disease" ("Legalization Report," Http//www.geocities.com…Glaucoma). How can a drug that the FDA endorses for purposes of healing and prevention be harmful that the general population needs to be prohibited from its pleasurable effects?

Along with the medicinal purposes of marijuana, it will also help to reduce crime related offenses. Police enforcement will save billions of dollars a year. Because marijuana

Picture if you will, two street corners in a crime-riddled neighborhood. On one corner stands a Pimp with several of his "employees" parading around. On the other corner stands a Junk dealer selling his product. Both men frown upon each other for the other's occupation. Little do they know they are doing basically the same thing; both men make a living off of degrading people, only difference is one does it for goods (Junk) and the other does it for services (sex). The reason why I say that pimping and dealing are the same is because of the principles upon which these two businesses operate.

"Junk is the ultimate merchandise, no sales talk necessary…. The junk merchant does not sell his product to the consumer he sells the consumer to his product. He does not improve and simplify his merchandis

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Tempest

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In The Tempest by William Shakespeare, Miranda exclaims "How beauteous mankind is! O, brave new world that has such people in 't." Prospero comes back with "'Tis new to thee" because he believes that Miranda is inexperienced and disagrees with what she says, as he should. The Tempest is full of evils that Miranda is unaware of, such as betrayal, opportunism, and greed.

Even though the gods frowned upon betrayal of family and deception, these two flaws were seen quite often in The Tempest. The entire conflict of the play revolves around the fact that Antonio usurped the dukedom of his own brother Prospero.

Prospero To have no screen between this part he played/

And him he played it for, he needs will be /Absolute Milan. Me (poor man) my library/ Was dukedom large enough. Of/ temporal royalties He thinks me now incapable; confederates /so dry he was for sway, wi' th' King of Naples /to give him annual tribute, do him homage/ subject his coronet to his crown, and bend/ the dukedom, yet unbowed to most ignoble stooping.

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Miranda O the heavens

Prospero Mark his condition, and th' event, then tell me/ if this might be a brother.

Miranda I should sin/ to think but nobly of my grandmother. / Good wombs have borne bad sons (1..1-14).

Here Antonio is showing his lack of respect toward his direct family. Not only does Antonio betray Prospero through this act, he tries to kill Prospero and his daughter later on.

Prospero Well demanded wench. / My tale provokes that question. Sear they durst not, / So dear the love my people bore me; nor set /a mark so bloody on the business; but /with colors fairer, painted their foul ends. / In few, they hurried us aboard a bark; / bore us some leagues to sea, where they prepared /a rotten carcass of a butt, not rigged/ nor tackle, sail, nor mast; the very rats/ instinctively have quit it. There they hoist us, / to cry to th' sea that roared to us; to sigh/ to th' winds, whose pity, sighing back again, / did us but loving wrong (1..167-17).

This shows how blind Miranda must truly be to believe that humans are good. Her own family member tried to kill her and her father. Poor Prospero was betrayed even again, though this time not by his family. His servant Caliban plotted to kill him.

Caliban There thou mayst brain him, having first seized his books, or with a log batter his skull, or paunch him with a stake, or cut his wezand with thy knife. Remember first to posses his books; for without them he's but a sot, s I am, not hath not One spirit to command. They all do hate him as rootedly as I. Burn but his books. He has brave utensils (for so he calls them)(..7-105).

Is being cruel, murderous, and deceitful something mankind should be recognized for? Or is Miranda just too inexperienced to understand the evil that abounds? Likewise she could not see the evil in being opportunistic.

Many times throughout The Tempest characters used each other to get what they wanted, regardless of the consequences. Prospero was guilty of opportunism. He constantly ordered Ariel around and expected him to do whatever he bid.

Prospero Ariel, thy charge/Exactly is performed. But there's more work. / What is the time o' th' day?

Ariel- Past the mid season

Prospero- At least two glasses. The time 'twixt six and now/ must us both be spent most preciously.

Ariel Is there more toil? Since thou dost give me pains, / Let me remember what thou hast promised/ which is not yet preformed me.

Prospero - How now? Moody? / What is 't thou canst demand?

Ariel My Liberty

Prospero Before the time out? No, more (1..81-).

Prospero clearly shows through this quote that he does not care about Ariel's needs. He just wants Ariel to carry out his duties. Prospero also takes advantage of his slave Caliban in the same way.

Prospero Fetch us in fuel; and be quick, thou 'rt best, /to answer other business. Shrugg'st thou, malice? /If thou neglect'st or doust willingly/what I command, I'll rack thee with old cramps, /fill all thy bones with aches, that make thee roar/that beasts shall tremble at thy din.

Not only does Prospero show opportunism in this example, he also proves that he is without compassion and is not afraid to ignore Caliban's feelings. Antonio and Sebastian were mean and cruel to the Boatswain but still expected him to steer the ship out of the storm so they would not die.

Boatswain Down with the topmast! Yare! Lower, low-/er! Bring her to try wi' th' main course. (A cry/within) A plague upon this howling! They are/louder than the weather or our office.

Enter Sebastian, Antonio, and Gonzolo

Yet again? What do you here? Shall we give o're and/ drown? Have you a mind to sink?

Sebastian A pox o' your throat, You bawling, blasphe/mous, incharibtable dog!

Boatswain Work you, then.

Antonio Hang, cur hang, you whoreson, insolent/noisemaker! We are less afraid to be drowned than/ thou art(1.1.5-46).

Sebastian and Antonio did not care whether they hurt the Boatswain's feelings or whether he lived or died. All they cared about was their own survival. Opportunism, a great sin, was one that was definitely overlooked by Miranda as well as greed obviously was.

Greed is not a trait mankind should be recognized and respected for. In The Tempest, avarice enlaces the plot often. For example, after Prospero abruptly stops the "engagement party" for Miranda and Ferdinand, in remembrance of Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo's plan to kill him, Prospero lays out royal gaudy clothes in hope that their greed will distract them.

Prospero - The trumpery in my house, go bring it hither/ for stale to catch these thieves…

Enter Ariel with glistening apparel.

Come hang them on this line.

[Prospero and Ariel remain invisible.] Enter Caliban, Stephano and Trinculo, all wet.

Trinculo O King Stephano! O/ peer! O worthy Stephano, look what a wardrobe/ here is for thee!

Caliban Let it alone thou fool! It is but trash.

Stephano Put off that gown, Trinculo! By this hand, /I'll have that gown! (4.1.08-55).

Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo take the bait. Their own greed led to their downfall. They were unaware of the fact that the regal clothes might be part of Prospero's plan. Caliban in fact thought of this and still ignored it. In the end, dog spirits chased the three away from the party. Another example of greed would be Antonio's and Sebastian's plan to kill Alonso. Alonso was depressed in dealing with the loss of his son, and Antonio and Sebastian brutally attacked him in the hopes of becoming king.

Sebastian Shall be my precedent as thou got'st Milan/I'll come by Naples. Draw thy sword. One stroke/shall free thee from the tribute which thou payest, /and I the King shall love thee.

Antonio Draw together, / and when I rear my hand, to you the like/ to fall it on Gonzolo (.1.-).

Antonio and Sebastian were greedy and needed to become royal no matter what the circumstances. A similar case is Caliban's, Trinculo's, and Stephano's plot to kill Prospero as a means to promote Stephano's marriage to Miranda. Rather than being grateful for Prospero taking pity on them, the three show their greed and plot to kill him.

Stephano Monster, I will kill this man. His daughter/ and I will be kind and queen save our graces! and Trinculo and thyself shall be viceroys, - dost/ thou like the plot, Trinculo? (..116-11).

Killing Prospero will allow reward Caliban and Trinculo to become viceroys. If this does not show greed, what does? Is Miranda oblivious to the greed shown by all of these characters?

Betrayal, opportunism, and greed are traits Miranda should have investigated before saying, "How beauteous mankind is! O, brave new world that has such people in 't." Undoubtedly the world is not as beauteous and good as Miranda perceives it to be. Her own naivete and inexperience flaw her concept of reality.

Please note that this sample paper on Tempest is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Tempest, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Tempest will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Utilitarianism

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Utilitarianism. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Utilitarianism paper right on time.

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Utilitarianism Vanessa Harris

1.a) What is Utilitarianism?

The dictionary definition of Utilitarianism is 'The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principal of conduct.' When making a moral decision, we should look at the outcome of an action. Whatever brings the greatest happiness to the most people is the morally 'right' decision. It is a consequentialist principal where the majority rules. It is also relative as each situation is looked at differently and will have a different outcome. Utilitarianism is known as the theory of utility. The meaning of utility is usefulness. Each action is judged by its usefulness in bringing about desired consequences. The word utility was first used to describe a group of social reformers. They attempted to make laws and practices of use-useful to people.

It was Scottish Philosopher David Hume (1711-76) who introduced utility into ethics. However, he was not viewed as a Utilitarian. The well known phrase associated with Utilitarianism was produced by Francis Hutcheson. He saidWrite my Essay on Utilitarianism

"The nation is best which produces the greatest happiness for

the greatest numbers, and that worst which in like manner

occasions misery."

This is the basis of Utilitarianism yet, like Hume, Hutcheson was also not regarded as a Utilitarian.

One of the main exponents of Utilitarianism is Jeremy Bentham. He was an English philosopher who was particularly concerned with social conditions of his time. Oxford University saw him graduate at just 16 and become a barrister. He was responsible for the reforms of prisons, and education, influenced by the French and American Revolutions. Bentham, a strong atheist who was very much opposed to the monarchy wrote a book in 178 named 'The principles of Morals and Legislation'. He believed that all people should be treated equally and what is right for society relies on what makes the individual happy. Happiness is determined in terms of pleasure.

Bentham was a hedonist - pleasure seeker. His aim was to pursue pleasure and avoid pain. Pleasure is the sole good or intrinsically good, and pain is the soul evil or intrinsically evil.

"Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters,

pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as

well as to determine what we shall do."

The intent of this was to maximise pleasure. An action is morally right if it generates the greatest pleasure for the majority and the least pain. This idea of pleasure and pain is known as the Hedonic Principal. Bentham said that if you wanted to find out which of your actions would bring about the greatest happiness, then you could measure pleasure. The quantity of pleasure can be measured according to Bentham using the Hedonic Calculus. The following criteria are used for measuring pleasure duration, intensity, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity, and extent. It does not matter if an action goes against the law, at least the result will be maximum pleasure.

One of the earliest Utilitarians to live by this principle was Epicurus he stated that "Friendship goes dancing round the world proclaiming to us all to awake

to the praises of a happy life."

He believed that a good life was one with pleasure and the absence of pain.

The other exponent of Utilitarianism is John Stuart Mill. He had a strict upbringing having very little contact with the outside world. He was around intelligent people a lot of the time as his father's friends consisted of philosophers, politicians, and economists-one being Bentham. He joined the Utilitarian Society, which met at Jeremy Bentham's house this is where Mill became interested in the theory. Two of his important books were 'On Liberty' in 185 and 'Utilitarianism' in 1861. Mill wanted to modify Bentham's theory of Utilitarianism to make it more acceptable.

There were a number of things Mill did to change Utilitarianism. Bentham suggested that all pleasures were of equal value, no pleasures were higher or lower than others. This evoked criticism so the main point he made was that of changing qualitative pleasure to quantitative pleasure. He divided pleasure into two, higher and lower. The higher pleasures were associated with the mind, and the lower pleasures with the body. Once the basic lower pleasures of the body (food, water etc.) have been reached, we can then go in search of higher, intellectually challenging pleasures. Mill said

"Better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied;

better to be a Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied."

Mill also linked Utilitarianism with Christian morality. He connected the theory with the teachings of Jesus. He said that the 'ideal perfection of utilitarian morality' was abiding by the 'Golden Rule'-'Do onto others as you have them do to you.' This made many more people accept Utilitarianism as it linked with their religion. Rules were introduced into Utilitarianism by Mill. The rules introduced were ones that generally brought about the greatest happiness for the greatest number. For example, Mill argued that society needs the principal of truthfulness as it brings the most happiness on the long run.

There are three types of Utilitarianism, Act, Rule, and Preference. Act Utilitarianism is where you look at the consequences of each individual action and asses which brings the most good. Act Utilitarians like Bentham do not see the need for rules when deciding morality, each situation is different. Rule Utilitarianism does not look at individual acts but the usefulness of a rule in morality. Mill was an Act Utilitarian and applied rules that usually bring the most good to situations. Strong Rule Utilitarians never break rules, and Weak Rule Utilitarianism keep rules in mind yet are prepared to break them if necessary. Preference Utilitarianism is where the preferences of those involved are taken into account when making the decision. The morally right thing to do in any situation is one that satisfies most people's preferences.

Utilitarianism is used in many societies, especially in politics. We encounter it every time we make a democratic vote. Our government rule by majority without the consent of the minority. Right and wrong are relative to the people involved and the things that give them pleasure. Utilitarianism is there to ensure that this pleasure is present and is maximised to its full potential.

b) What do you consider to be the strengths and weaknesses of Utilitarianism as a moral theory?

As with all moral theories, there are strengths and weaknesses. Although they are both Utilitarians, Bentham and Mill disagreed with each other on some matters. Many different people have their own interpretations of Utilitarianism and some may not agree with the strengths and weaknesses but here are some of the major arguments connected with the theory.

The major criticism of Utilitarianism is that it is extremely hard to predict the results of an action. The outcomes of all situations are hard to predict, so how can we possibly apply the rule of the greatest happiness for the greatest number if we do not know who will benefit most? It is also difficult to decide whether an outcome is morally good or bad. People have contrasting opinions on what they think is right or wrong. It really depends on the person who is making the decision, a lot of pressure is then put on that person's shoulders. How can we define happiness? The decision-maker may have a different perception on happiness than others-causing conflict. "One man's happiness is another man's pain." Without an absolute definition of happiness, it is hard to arrive at a 'right' decision.

Different decisions may result in different kinds of pleasure. Is long term or short term pleasure more valuable? For example, when deciding whether to take an ecstasy tablet at a club. Taking the pill may give you a lot of short-term pleasure, but in the long term, it may cause more harm than good. Not taking the tablet would involve fewer risks and would avoid potential pain. Even here, you cannot predict the results of your decision, as there is no way of telling the effect the ecstasy has on you until you have tried it. Bentham would look for the long-term pleasures, as this is what Hedonists seek. Also, we do not know how long the result will last for. Hume argued for this statement

"The effects of an action form part of a chain that stretches into the indefinite

future. Here is always the possibility that a very positive result of an action

may subsequently lead to very negative consequences."

How do we decide which pleasure the majority would prefer? This refers to preference Utilitarianism where the action is taken that is most favourable to the majority.

The rules of Utilitarianism allow people to do things, which are usually considered immoral. This is the idea of "The end justifies the means". If an action brings about the greatest happiness for the greatest number, then whatever needs to be done to obtain this is just. This means that even serious rules are permitted, Often requiring the breaking of the law. Utilitarianism requires people to put their personal feelings and ties aside and act on the absolute rule of the theory. Prior commitments a person may have should not influence their decision, although when decisions need to be made quickly, the reflex action would be to act on human instinct (e.g. save their family).

Bentham's theory is suggesting that good and happiness are the same thing. G.E. Moore argued that moral terms such as good cannot be defined. It is wrong to define good as happiness as this is creating the naturalistic fallacy. He believed that by defining good, important aspects or meanings are missed out, so by not defining them, they stay as they are. Utilitarianism sees that everybody's duty is to do what is best for the majority. It is allowing for the well being of the majority to rule over the minority. Just because the majority benefit, it does not mean that the action is the morally correct thing to do.

Despite all the arguments against Utilitarianism, there are some valid points for the theory. It is widely accepted, many countries run by means of democracy. Our political leaders are elected through the ballot box, the majority overriding the minority. This however does not automatically mean that they are the most suited people for the job. Utilitarianism allows people to contemplate the situation before making the decision. This time prevents people from making hasty, unethical judgements, as it encourages thought before action.

The aim of the theory is to produce happiness and pleasure. These are two desirable things as Utilitarianism says that pleasure is the sole good and pain is the soul evil.

"Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign

masters-pleasure and pain"

A theory that promotes pleasure must be a good thing as most people see pleasure as desirable over pain. The intention of Utilitarianism was not to create immorality but to please to maximum number of people possible. Surely it is better for a hundred people to be happy than five. There are other ethical theories that have many rules you have to learn and abide by. Utilitarianism has one simple absolute which can be applied to all situations with a positive outcome. In times of difficulty, it eases people out of difficult situations. They cannot be blamed for making the wrong decision if they claim it was for the happiness of the majority

Prejudices the decision maker may hold are eradicated in Utilitarianism, as they have to stick to the main rule. There is some leeway for emotions in moral decision making according to Rule Utilitarianism. This strand of the theory allows respect for the rules that are created to better our society. Even these rules do not have to be kept all the time if you are a weak rule Utilitarian. Some people would see this kind of Utilitarianism more compassionate than Act Utilitarianism. One of the main strengths is that it prevents the few people that think they better the rest from dictating society. Utilitarianism acts as a good weapon for reform.

Utilitarianism is a theory that Christians can relate to. Mill brought it closer to the Christian church by introducing Rule Utilitarianism. This would be closer to the principals Jesus lived by. For example, it was against the Jewish law to work on the Sabbath but when people were in need, Jesus bent this rule and healed them. The largest connection Christianity has with Utilitarianism is the death of Jesus. He was crucified and died for the sins of mankind-sacrificing himself for the majority. However, Utilitarianism does accept evil where Christianity most certainly does not.

Philosophers like Bentham and Mill worked hard to produce a theory that could aid us make complex decisions with a desirable outcome. The different types of Utilitarianism make it easier to live by, yet it is hard not to let our emotions override our actions. Despite the many flaws in the theory, it is simple and easy to apply. Our legal and political system work by the theory and are not corrupt, so why shouldn't our morality?

Ethical Theory Mel Thompson

Foundation for the Study of Religion Libby Ahluwalia

Dialouge Robert Kirkwood

The Puzzle of Ethics Peter Vardy & Paul Grosch

A Beginner's Guide to Ideas William Raeper & Linda Smith

Concise Oxford Dictionary

Encarta Encyclopaedia

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A rose for emily

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William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" takes place during a period of new thoughts, ideas, and a different way of life for the United States. Faulkner draws a vivid representation of this change that the South faces during the turn of the century. He shows the destruction of the South, represented by the changes of the entire town, as well as the resistance to the changes by Emily and many of the townspeople. In addition to the characters, the house can also be seen as a symbol of the changing South, and as a parallel for Emily and her life.

"A Rose for Emily" is told from the viewpoint of an anonymous resident of the town where the story takes place. In Jefferson, Mississippi, the Grierson family was looked at very highly. Emily was raised by a strict father, which after his passing still feels irreplaceable ties towards him, like any daughter would. Because of him, her ties to the "Old South" remain with her, while holding on to the memories that she has of him. She learned from him to be proud of their old self-heritage.

Emily seems to be the product of a past era and surrounds herself with reminders of the times before. Referred to as a fallen monument in the story, Emily was once a product of what the South once stood for, and has "fallen" when she becomes subjected to death and perishes away (45). Throughout the story, she fades from the strong, effervescent person that she was, to a person in hiding, living in the shadows of her past. This feeling of hers is shown when she keeps her fathers body in the house after he has died, denying that he is even dead. She is unwilling to let go of the past, and is trying to keep hold of everything in the past that remains. All her life, she had been put on a pedestal. But after her father's passing "it got about that the house was all that was left to her, and in a way, people were glad. At last they could pity Miss Emily" (48).

After being abandoned after her father passes away, finding herself lost and alone, she finds herself a lover to whom her strict father would have forbid, for "None of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily" (p. 48). Homer represents a change in her life, as he represents the New South and the attitude that starts to invade the town of Jefferson. He was "a Yankee a big, dark, ready man with a big voice and eyes lighter than his face" (48). The people of the town looked on as the "Old South Emily" was seen on "Sunday afternoons driving in the yellow-wheeled buggy" with Homer (48). Eventually, she began to realize that her relationship with Homer was essentially forbidden, due to whom she was and what she was supposed to stand for. Upon the arrival of her cousins, Emily became repulsed with what she was doing, realizing that although she loved and cared for Homer, he represented everything that she was against the ruin of the family and of the Old South. With this, Homer suddenly disappeared, and this is when Emily began to disappear also. She took shelter from the world and the town of new ideas that surrounded her, and took Homer with her, by putting him to rest in the room that they shared together. "From that time on, the front door remained closed" (40).

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The house where Emily hides herself away for years has many parallels with the changing south, as well as Miss Emily herself. The house was "once white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street" (46). This house that was once the most beautiful in Jefferson, has now turned into "an eyesore among eyesores" (46). This also parallels with what Miss Emily was once like. At one point, she was standing above the rest, and now only stands out against all of the new townspeople. Times began to change and "cotton gins and auto garages" replaced the houses. Because of these new changes that came along with modernization and industrialization, Emily and her house became the last evidence that showed the refusal to the new ways, her house serving as a visible reminder of this.

The Grierson's house showed her refusal to come out of the past that she was trapped in. When the Board of Alderman arrives at Emily's house questioning about the taxes, "it smelled of dust and disuse a close, dank smell. It was furnished in heavy, leather-covered furniture" (46). When the blinds were drawn, "a faint dust rose sluggishly about their thighs, spinning with slow motes in the single sun-ray" (46). The house was filled with shadows, not only rejecting the sunlight into the house, but the light of the future as well.

Following this grave condition of the house, a similar description is given of Miss Emily. Her appearance is depicted as looking "bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough," much like the previous description of the house (46). But Emily was not always like this. In the portrait with her father, Emily is described as "a slender figure in white in the background," delicate, fresh and full of life. After her father dies, she is described "with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows sort of tragic and serene" (48).

Both the house and the tenant can be seen as suffering with age and abandonment. The darkness and obscurity of the house with a "dim hall from which a stairway mounted into still more shadow" has a tie with Miss Emily herself. (46) She is a "small, fat woman in black…her skeleton small and spare" with a voice that is "dry and cold" (46, 7). After years of seclusion and a yearning to stay in the past, she becomes decayed herself, just as the house becomes. Emily's soul becomes lost in the house, which represents the past and everything she stands for. The soul of the house also becomes lost, as times change. Something that was once so beautiful and grand is now nothing more than an "eyesore."

As changes occur from the movement of the Old South to the New South, transformations are seen all over the town. Just as in the appearance of the town as they "let the contracts for paving the sidewalks" the people of the town turned to "more modern ideas" (48, 46).

At the turn of this new era, some people favored the change while others held on to the past. The town began to change, and those people that agreed with the new thoughts began to step up and realize their own self worth. The newer generation, with its more modern ideas" became the strength of the town (46). As people of the older generation started to move out of Jefferson, in came the fresh, new minds that represented the New South. Emily still felt ties to the Old South, and so continued to hide herself away in her deteriorating house. It is in that house where she slowly deteriorates as a person.

Throughout the story, several characters can be seen to symbolize the changing South that is seen during the story. These key characters still reflect on the "old" ideas before the South began to change, and as it continued to change. Although the entire town is changing before their eyes, this old generation of thoughts and ideas is still present, although it eventually fades away with time. As Daniel Bronson states in his response to this story, "Members of the Old South were very honorable, graceful, and above all, dignified. They had great respect for each other and each other's feelings" (45). These characteristic traits are shown through several characters throughout the story through actions they take for Emily, someone who saw things the same way they did.

Colonel Sartoris, a man who "fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apron" still passed on her taxes - the privilege that was given to her after her fathers passing (46). He makes up a story to defend the prior fabricated story, something that "only a man of Colonel Sartoris' generation and thought could have invented" (46). When the Board of Aldermen, of the new generation, come to her house to request her taxes, they view this situation quite differently than Colonel Sartoris did. Emily insists that his word is enough evidence, which the "new" men insist that this is not correct because their new views aren't based on "promises" or "word" but rather the law and "the books." However in the end, they too dismiss her taxes, but only due to the fact that Emily is who she is and because of the promise that Colonel Sartoris had given her.

Another character in the story that still abides by these Old South values is Judge Stevens. When a smell began to invade around Miss Emily's property, the "new" townspeople started complaining. "It was another link between the gross, teeming world and the high and mighty Grierson's" (47). Judge Stevens, being 80 years of age, belongs to the old generation of ideas, just like Emily. When a woman of the town complains of the smell, she insisted that word should be sent to her to stop the smell by asking, "Isn't there a law?" (47). Judge Stevens speaks against word of the new by saying, "Dammit…will you accuse a lady to her face of smelling bad?" (47). This Old South mindset is quite evident regarding the situation with the smell and how Judge Stevens handled it, by showing self-respect to a fellow person of his time. After all, when Emily was alive, she was "a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town" (46).

The situation with receiving the poison at the pharmacy also reflects on the dwindling, but still present spirit of the Old South, despite the changing times. Upon her request for arsenic, the pharmacist says, "If that's what you want. But the law requires you to tell what you are going to use it for" (4). Although Emily basically insisted that this drug be given to her despite the law, the pharmacist complies with her request, even though it really is not permissible. This action by the pharmacist is typical of the values of the Old South, as he shows honor and respect for Miss Emily, realizing that this would help her.

Throughout Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," a vivid picture is painted of the many changes that occur in the South after the Civil War. As the Old South moves out and the New South moves in, Emily refuses the changes that are occurring in Jefferson, Mississippi, which are bound to happen eventually. After years of fighting against the alterations of this era, she falls victim to it. Just as her house, the death of her father, and the townspeople, she too finally meets the same destiny. "And now Miss Emily had gone to join the representatives of those august names where they lay in the cedar-bemused cemetery" where they rest, signifying the past that Miss Emily tried for so long to hold on to (46).

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Teenage Drug Use

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Teenage Drug Use

In today's society, the common problem among teenagers is the use of drugs. Teen age years is probably one of the most challenging periods of life. It is a stage of identity versus confusion - knowing oneself compared to losing oneself. Belonging and being accepted in a group is very important and being cool as well. During these years of growing up, teenagers encounter their share of positive and negative experiences. Peer pressure, curiosity, and the availability of drugs are factors that some youthful and vulnerable teenagers have to deal with in their adolescent lives.

One of the significant reasons of teenage drug use is peer pressure, particularly from the social influences among friends, acquaintances, school, and the community. Depending on the person's experiences and choices, circumstances and consequences may vary. If a teenager's social main group is using drugs, then there may be a strong pressure due to the fact that drugs are present and can easily be offered. Also, the person might get convinced to think that there is nothing wrong with trying drugs because "everybody else is doing it." In the effect that teenagers will try drugs just to fit in the social norms, they might do it to impress their buddies to be considered "cool" as part of being in the group and gain acceptance by friends.

The issue of using drugs is everywhere in the country and around the world. It's available and accessible for anyone who knows where to get it or whom to talk to about it. Interest will develop in a matter of time. For instance, if one teenager hears a personal drug experience from another student in the school, the person may become curious and try to have a connection. Most teenagers today would believe that the first use of drugs is safe. Although there is no instant addiction with the first try, young persons can tend to experiment further and in a matter of time, anyone can have the euphoric effects of the drugs and may keep seeking it in order to function adequately. The accessibility of the drugs and the curiosity and experimentation of the person are high risk factors that can result in a drug addiction among teenagers.

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Because of the chemical changes in the brain that most drugs can create, as well as environmental influences, one of the most devastating side effects of addiction is depression. Using heavy and very highly addictive drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and opium will cause sudden mood changes and unusual flares of temper from the effects in the brain, deterioration in the immune system, and nervous breakdowns from the changes in the heart rate, and among other side effects. Drug addiction can also change a person's social life, running into conflicts with family and friends, and resulting in a desire for isolation. This will create more problems, limiting the person's social support and the burden of financial strain that leads a teen to do anything to obtain money to continue getting drugs.

When things become out of control and a stage of serious hopelessness, problems may seem inescapable, in other words "hitting rock bottom." According to a previous study, persons who are feeling hopeless and lonely with no prospects for improvement may lead to depression, which can further lead to attempted suicide. Many studies have found that drugs are a contributing factor to suicide because drugs can inhibit or impair judgment; thereby, affecting the brain and a person's thinking.

In short, the cause of using drugs can have a great effect on the person and in the society. Depression and suicide, mainly from substance abuse, are now the common problems among the younger population. Teenagers need to be educated about substance abuse, such as drug addiction to create awareness among them and to help them make better choices in their lives. There are many non-profitable organizations that can help teenagers to cope with drug abuse. There are telephone help lines, community services, and individual counseling that can give information and they are available in almost every educational institution. There is help available to anyone who seeks it.

Please note that this sample paper on Teenage Drug Use is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Teenage Drug Use, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Teenage Drug Use will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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