Discovering Western America

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The reason that we have the western part of U.S. was because of the successful planed

expedition by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson insisted that it would be necessary to know more

about the land west "In an address to Congress on Jan. 18,180, President Thomas Jefferson

mentioned the need for knowing more about the lands west of the Mississippi River." (Field

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Enterprises Educational Corporation1). Once the Congress accepted his proposal he sent a

letter to his private secretary asking him to lead this expedition and he choose William Clark to

lead with him "To lead the exploratory expedition, Jefferson chose Captain Meriwether Lewis ,

his private secretary. To help Lewis, he selected William Clark, ...and a close friend of Lewis."

(Field Enterprises Educational Corporation 1). Although Lewis and Clark both had men with

them to help them on this expedition the journey was not so easy to accomplish.

This expedition had many purposes. In the letter that Thomas Jefferson send to Lewis it

explained their mission

The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it, as, by its course and communication with the waters for the pacific Ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregan, Colorado, or any other river, may offer the most direct and practible water-communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce. (Letter from

President Thomas Jefferson ).

This is just one part of their mission they also had to find out the kind of people that lived near

the Missouri River "Their language, traditions, monuments...food, clothing, and domestic

accommodations...Moral and physical circumstances which distinguish them from the

tribes...Peculiarities in their laws, customs, and dispositions"(Letter from President Thomas

Jefferson ). Lewis and Clark also had to report any supplies that might be useful or unknown by

the United States

The soil and face of the country, its growth and vegetable productions, especially those not of the United States...animals of the country generally...remains and accounts of any which may be deemed rare...mineral productions of every kind, but more particularly metals, lime-stone, pit-coal, and saltpeter; salines and mineral waters, noting the temperature of the last, and such circumstances as may indicate their character (Letter from President Thomas Jefferson ).

Lewis had a fascination with plants mostly because his mother was a practicing herbalist. He

also relied on the plants. Since he was in charge of the health of the men he and Sacagawea were

always looking out for plants that might be useful for medical aid or as a food.

Lewis was entrusted with caring for the health of the men. He and Sacagawea were always alert for plants with medicine value. They were also constantly on the look out for those plants they could use for food. For future reference, Lewis described native plants on which the Indians and members of the expedition relied for food and medicine. He knew such information would aid future travelers to the region (The Discovery of Plants by Lewis and Clark1).

Lewis and Clark found shrubs, wild onions, Bitterroot and flax "Lewis and Clark discovered an

abundance of a shrub called golden current...Lewis collected blossoming Bitterroot

specimen...Wild onions were discovered in the Three Forks area...Lewis also discovered flax in

this area (The Discovery of Plants by Lewis and Clark 1).

Sacagawea was a slave that had been sold to a French trapper, Toussaint Charbonneau.

She originally came from the Shoshone a tribe from the Rocky Mountains. She was kidnaped

by the Hadasta when she was 1 yrs old "When she was 1 years old, she had been kidnaped and

taken as a slave. Her captors were Hidatsa....then sold her to Toussaint Charbonneau"

(Sacagawea 1). Lewis and Clark met her in Mandan, where they had built Fort Mandan, when

Charbonneau looked for them and offered to help on the expedition "At Fort Mandan ,

Charbonneau sought out the party and offered his services as an interperter...Lewis and Clark had

contracted with Charbonneau as an interpreter and Sacagawea had given birth to a

son...Charbonneau , Sacagawea and little Jean Baptiste joined the expedition"(Sacagawea 1).

Sacagawea became an essential part of the expedition. She was the one who could speak

Shoshone and had knowledge of the native plants and the fact that she was a women and had a

child gave them security

Sacagawea became an invaluable member of the expedition. Her courage and knowledge of native plants, languages, and terrain all contributed to the success of the expedition. She served as an interpreter, and was the only person who could speak Shoshone. Sacagawea also offered the party a measure of protection . Since women and infants were never included in war parties (Sacagawea 1).

Sacagawea helped Lewis and Clark during the expedition once the boat that they were traveling

on almost tipped over she stayed in the boat and saved all of the important papers and

instruments "Her husband couldn't swim, and as other members of the party scrambled to paddle

the waterlogged boat to shore, she remained calm and stayed with the boat, reaching out into the

heavy waves to retrieve nearly all of the Corps' important papers and instruments" (Sacagawea

1). When Lewis and Clark reached the Shoshones' in the Rocky Mountains, there they found out

that Sacagawea's brother was the chief of the Shoshones' "In an amazing twist of fate, the tribe's

chief, Cameahwait, was none other than Sacagawea's brother" (Sacagawea 1). This ensured

Lewis and Clark horses and a person to guide them through the mountains "Were it not for

Sacagawea and Cameahwait, the party likely would not be outfitted [for the rest of the

expedition]. Lewis and Clark were able to secure many horses, and even an experienced guide to

take them across the mountains" (Sacagawea 1).

During the expedition Lewis and Clark encountered many different Indian tribes. One of

the tribes that they met was the Sioux. To be able to speak to them Lewis and Clark would send

two of their men to tell them about it first "We sent sergeant Pryor and young Mr. Dorion with

some tobacco, corn, and a few kettles for them to cook in, with directions to inform the chiefs

that we would speak to them tomorrow" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 1804). Since

they had to take notes about all of the tribes that they encountered Sergeant Pryor informed them

all they saw in the Sioux camp

Sergeant Pryor informs me that when they came near the Indian camp, they were met... buffalo robe to carry them. Mr. Dorion informed they were not the owners of the boats and did not wish to be carried. The Sioux's camps are handsome-of a conic form, covered all around. An open part in the center for the fire, with buffalo robes. Each lodge has a place for cooking detached. The lodges contained from fifteen persons. A fat dog was presented as a mark of their great respect to the party, of which they partook heartily, and thought it good and well flavored (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 1804).

In order to meet the chiefs and make a good start with them Lewis and Clark would prepare gifts

for them this way the chiefs would know that they came in peace and did not want to harm them

"After preparing some presents for the chiefs, which we intended to make by giving medals, and

finishing a speech, which we intended to give them" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 0

1804 ). When Lewis and Clark met with the chiefs they did it under a tree "we sent Mr. Dorion

in a pirogue for the chiefs and warriors, to a council under an oak tree, near where we had a flag

flying on a high flagstaff" (the Journal of Lewis & Clark August 0 1804). To show peace they

would all some the pipe of peace "We smoked out of the pipe of peace, and the chiefs retired to a

bower, made of bushes by their young men" (the Journals of Lewis and Clark August 0 1804).

While Lewis and Clark talked to the chiefs they would observe them to make specific reports

about them "The Sioux are a stout, bold-looking people; the young men handsome and well

made. The greater part of them make use of bows and arrows. Some few fuses [rifles] I

observed among them, notwithstanding they live by the bow and arrow" (the Journals of Lewis &

Clark August 0 1804). After the Indians talked amongst themselves over night they met on the

next day this time it was to close the agreement "After the Indians got their breakfast, the chiefs

met and arranged themselves in a row, with elegant pipes of peace all pointing to our seats. We

came forward, and took our seats. The great chief, The Shake Hand, rose, and spoke at some

length, approving what we had said, and promising to pursue the advise" (the Journals of Lewis

& Clark August 1 1804).While they stayed with the Indians they also took notes of what they

did "Last nigh the Indians danced until late in their dances...This nation is divided into twenty

tribes, possessing separate interests. Collectively, they are numerous-say from two to three

thousand men. Their interests are so unconnected that some band are at war with nations with

which other bands are on the most friendly terms" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 1

1804).

While Lewis and Clark were not meeting Indians and taking notes of their acts they

would write about the time they would start walking again and some of the land marks they saw

the rivers they passed or crossed "Set out early...Passed a large island. Opposite this island near

the head, the Ponca River comes into the Missouri from the west. Tins river is about 0 yards

wide" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark September 5 1804 ). Lewis and Clark would keep on

traveling and take notes of everything they saw every animal they found and killed or captured.

"In descending this cupola, discovered a village of small animals that burrow in the

ground...Killed one, and caught one alive, by pouring a great quantity of water in his hole. We

attempted to dig to the beds of one of those animals. After digging 6 feet, found, by running a

pole down, that we were not halfway to his lodge" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark September 7

1804). Lewis and Clark would also make note of the weather that they had "A very cold

morning. Wind S.E. Set out at daylight" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark September 7 1804).

Also, while they were on the expedition they would note all the mountains that they would pass

and how wide and tall they were "We landed after proceeding 51/ miles, near the foot of a

round mountain, which I saw yesterday, resembling a dome. Captain Lewis and myself walked

up to the top, which forms a cone and is about 70 feet higher than the high lands around it. The

base is about 00 feet" (the Journals of Lewis and Clark September 1804). When they would

find an animal that they did not recognize they would give a full description of it. If the

animal had any characteristics of another animal they would compare them "Those animals are

about the size of a small squirrel, shorter [or longer] and thicker, the head much resembling a

squirrel in every respect, except the ears, which they shake, and whistle when alarmed . The

toenails long. They have fine fur and the longer hair is gray" (the Journal of Lewis & Clark

September 7 1804). Lewis and Clark had many of these kinds of reports.

Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to make a better western empire for France. In order to get

what he wanted he would have to get Louisiana back from Spain "Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte

had a vision of a renewed western empire for France, and his schemes included the rapture of

Louisiana from Spain" (The Cabildo 1). Recovering Louisiana from Spain would give him the

opportunity to put a stop to the United States growth and he would supply goods to the French

colonies "Control over this vast territory would halt the westward expansion of the young United

States and would supply French colonies in the West Indies with the goods they needed (The

Cabildo1). Napoleon signed the Treaty of Ildefonso in secret withe Spain, to get Louisiana back "

In 1800, Napoleon signed the secret Treaty of Ildefonso withe Spain" (The Cabildo 1). By

signing this treaty he agreed to give the son-in-law of Spain's king a kingdom "an agreement that

stipulated that France would provide Spain with a kingdom for the son-in-law of Spain's king if

Spain would return Louisiana to France" (The Cabildo 1). All of Napoleon's plans were ruined

when the slaves beat the French resulting for them not to get to Louisiana "Napoleon's plan

collapsed when the twelve-year revolt of slaves and free blacks in the French colony of Saint-

Domingue succeeded, forcing the French troops to return defeated to France and preventing them

from reaching their ultimate destination�Louisiana�and from being able to defeat it" (The

Cabildo 1).

The United State wanted the Louisiana because it was at the mouth of the Mississippi

River and they needed to have free will over how to use the river that way they could use it as

transportation for goods "The United States wanted to acquire the area near New Orleans

primarily to guarantee its right to sail vessels down the Mississippi River through Spanish

territory and unload goods at New Orleans for shipment to the Atlantic coast and Europe.

Moreover, the United States wanted to posses the entire territory of Louisiana" (The Cabildo 1).

When the United States found out about the trading of Louisiana between France and Spain

Robert Levingston was sent to France to try to buy New Orleans from Napoleon "The United

States discovered the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France and sent Robert Livingston to

France 1801 to try to purchase New Orleans" (The Cabildo 1). When Napoleon did not want to

sell the New Orleans Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to make an agreement but before he

could get to France Napoleon offered the United States the whole Louisiana "Napoleon initially

refused, leading President Thomas Jefferson to send James Monroe to secure the deal. However,

in April 180, just days before Monroe was to arrive in Paris, Napoleon offered to sell the United

States not only New Orleans but all of Louisiana (The Cabildo 1). All of the negotiations were

done with James Monroe, Levingston and Barbe-Marbois, the price of Louisiana would be $15

million in total "Napoleon's minister of the treasury, the Marquis de Barbe-Marbois , dealt with

Livingston and Monroe over terms of the Louisiana Purchase. The United States purchased

Louisiana for $11,50,000 and assumed claims of its own citizens against France up to

$,750,000, for a total purchase price of $15 million" (The Cabildo 1). William Charles Cole

Claiborne was elected by Thomas Jefferson to govern the lower part of Louisiana and General

James Wikinson backed Claiborne withe the power of the military "Thomas Jefferson selected

William Charles Cole Claiborne, former governor of the Mississippi territory and highest-

ranking civilian official in the vicinity, to govern lower Louisiana . Backing Claiborne with

military power was General James Wikinson" (The Cabildo ). The United States did not get

Louisiana at once first they got the lower part then they got the rest later on "On December 0.

180, again in The United States took formal possession of the full territory of Louisiana,

although its boundaries were vaguely defined in St. Louis three months later, France handed over

the rights to upper Louisiana" (The Cabildo ).Thomas Jefferson wanted to be remembered for

three accomplishments during his public life he was the third president of the United States he

was governor of Virginia and was the secretary of state under George Washington as vice-

president. "Thomas Jefferson wished to be remembered for three achievements in his public life.

He had served as governor of Virginia, as U.S. minister to France, as secretary of state under

George Washington as vice-president in the administration of John Adams, and as president of

the United States from 1801 to 180 (Thomas Jefferson 1). Even though he wanted people to

remember him for these accomplishments on him tombstone he did not put any of them on it, it

was his will not to "On his tombstone, however, which he designed and for which he wrote the

inscription, there is no mention of these offices. Rather, it reads that Thomas Jefferson was

author "author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statue of Virginia

for the religious freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia" (Thomas Jefferson 1).

If it weren't for the following people and events much of the United States wouldn't have

come into existence Louisiana Purchase, Sacagawea, Jefferson, Lewis, and Clark. Those people

and events are the reason why the western part of the United States exists. Field Enterprises Educational Corporation. The World Book Encyclopedia L. U.S.A.

T 160

Letter from President Thomas Jefferson. AP Online 1August 00

http//www.mt.net/~rojomo/landc.htm

Sacagawea. AP Online 1 August 00

http//montanakids.com/db_engine/presentation.asp?pid=104&sub=The+story+of+sacagawea

The Cabildo. AP Online 1August 00

http//lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cabildo.htm

the Journals of Lewis & Clark. AP Online 1 August 00

http//www.sierraclub.org/lewisandclark/journal/index.asp?date=8/0/1804&source=Clark

The Discovery of Plants by Lewis and Clark . AP Online 0 August 00

http//montanakids.com/db_engine/presentation.asp?pid=17&sub=Plants

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Depression to Optimism

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The Process Of Change From Depression To Optimism

Depression is a medical condition leading to persistent feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, thought of death and suicide and an inability to feel pleasure or take interest in life. Some depressed people are physically depressed as well as constantly tired and sometimes insomniac or lacking in appetite (Harvard Mental Health Letter, December 17/January 18). Weather you choose to take medication or other means to decrease your depression a process of change takes place. The change could lead to optimism. To be depressed is like seeing a "glass half empty" to be optimistic is to see the "glass half full".

First, treatment for depression can involve taking medications, going to therapy or counseling, or both. You may need ongoing treatment to prevent it from coming back. Some people find comfort just by learning depression is a medical condition. Learning more about your condition is often a good first step toward feeling better. Treatment can improve your moods and can help you feel better by decreasing your symptoms. A study in the American Journal of Psychiatry tracked some of the brain changes associated with drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Research has demonstrated that serotonin is an important chemical that nerve cells use to communicate. This chemical, called neurotransmitter, play a role in concentration, attention, and aggression.

Cheap University Papers on Depression to Optimism

Shortages of serotonin are thought to play an important role in depression. By increasing the levels of serotonin through a mechanism in the brain called reuptake inhibition, certain medications can help to combat depression.

Once you have controlled the depression, you may perceive everyday living in a different perspective. Therapists focus on reducing unpleasant negative emotions--anxiety, fears, depression, anger, dependency and so forth. This is partly because patients frequently have gotten into a sinkhole of obsessive scary, irritating, or sad thoughts and feelings. Also, therapy methods are oriented toward reducing symptoms. Research, however, has shown that positive thoughts and experiences reduce the negative reactions we have to stress, loss, frustration, and helplessness. Note that how well we cope is related to (a) perceived characteristics of the upsetting situation, such as how changeable the situation is seen to be, (b) personality factors, reflecting such traits as optimism, self-efficacy, toughness, a sense of humor, and neuroticism, and (c) social resources the person has, such family support, a devoted friend or therapist, a fun group, etc. (Folkman & Moskowitz, 000).

It is important to acknowledge that we will sometimes feel down. But by expecting rather than dreading down time, such periods become more tolerable. In addition, recognizing that we will have blue periods helps keep them in perspective. We will be able to say to ourselves, I was depressed before, and got out of it; this time, too, it will pass. After accepting that we will sometimes feel sad, and even experience self-pity, we can concentrate on ways to shorten these periods and make them fewer and farther between.

Todays cognitive therapists often ask their patients to schedule positive events and to look for positive meaning. The more positive events and experiences we can have, the more we reduce the depression (Dixon & Reid, 000).

According to Family Life Specialist, Ben Silliman, "Healthy, optimistic attitudes lead to positive effort and positive results in a cycle of hope" (Ben Silliman, UW Family Life Specialist).

Optimism can be defined "A disposition to take the most hopeful view."

References

Dixon, W. A. & Reid, J. K. (000). Positive life events as a moderator of stress-related depressive symptoms. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78, 4-46.

Folkman, S. & Moskowitz, J. T. (000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. …….American Psychologist, 55,647-654

Harvard Mental Health Letter (December 17/January 18)

Silliman B. (December 000). Raising Optimistic Kids. 1

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Gathering blue

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Gathering Blue is a great novel about a girl named Kira who was born with a crippled leg. Her mother, Katrina, was a remarkable weaver and taught her daughter most of the skills that she would need in her life. Yet one day, Katrina died of a rare illness and was sent to the Field of Leaving. Kira was young still, and had never experienced death before, not in the small two-person family that she and her mother had been. Now there was no one who could take care of Kira, for she didnt have any close relatives.

Only one person willingly offered to protect and amuse Kira - her friend, Matt, an eight-year-old intrepid boy who absolutely hated taking baths! He lived in the swampy, disagreeable Fen, probably the child of a dragger or digger. He had found a small dog and named it Branch, because he had matted its torn tail with twigs and leaves.

There was one person who absolutely hated Kira - Vandara. Everyone knew her. The woman was tall and muscular, with long, tangled hair tied back to her neck. She had a scar that marked her chin and continued down her neck to her broad shoulder. It reminded everyone of Vandaras courage and vigor as well as her malevolence. She wanted Kira to die because she was of no use in the village, for she couldnt do the work that other girls her age could do.

Kira, in my belief, is a brave, optimistic girl who is strong-willed and diligent. She continues with her life after her mothers death and uses Katrinas wisdom to defend and guide herself thereupon. After Kira was born, men tried to take her away from Katrina because she was crippled. They wanted her to go to the Field of Leaving, but her mother insisted.

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I knew I would not have another child, Katrina pointed out. Your father had been taken by the beasts, and so I would not give birth again...I could see the beginning of something remarkable in your eyes. And your fingers were long and well-shaped -

And strong. My hands were strong, Kira added with satisfaction.

Her mother laughed. So strong they gripped my own thumb fiercely and would not let go. Feeling that fierce tug on my thumb, I could not let them take you away. I simply told them no.

This story takes place in the future and is a adventurous, sci-fi book. If you liked reading The Giver, the probability is that youll like this book as well. Antithetically, you might not want to read this book if you werent a big fan of The Giver! If you havent read The Giver, you might want to check that book out before you jump into this one, because Gathering Blue is a companion of it.

In comparison, The Giver is a book about everyday life in a community with no feelings, color, music, war, or pain. On the other hand, in Gathering Blue, there is pain, sadness, and battles. Kira has to learn to deal with the death of her mother, and Vandaras scar was a symbol of a long-ago strife with one of the forest creatures.

In The Giver, everyone has a role that is specially designed to help the society function precisely. The same concept is played in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, where the Alphas, the Betas, the Gammas, the Deltas, and the Epsilons have to work together to reach one goal.

In The Giver, Jonass life changes when he turns twelve as a result of being selected to become the next Receiver of Memory. His mentor, The Giver, teaches him the truth about the choices his ancestors made. Therefore, Jonas begins to understand the pain involved in bearing the burden of truth. In Gathering Blue, everything begins to fall apart for Kira after Katrina dies, and little by little, she is faced with mysterious obstacles and unanswered questions.

As I read this book, I visualized the setting and conflicts so I could understand every sentence without missing any major detail. I tried connecting with it to see if I had - or knew someone - with the same experiences as the characters in the book.

I enjoyed reading this novel and rate it four out of five stars because the ending is a bit confusing. Its a complete shocker, though, and it keeps you at the edge of your seat throughout the whole book. Youll definitely want to continue reading this book until the very last page! After having finished reading Gathering Blue, I had many questions about the characters and events. I wouldve rated it five stars if the author had a slightly different aspect of the ending.

Please note that this sample paper on gathering blue is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on gathering blue, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on gathering blue will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Tourism Manpower

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Tourism Manpower

According to Pizam's article (18), the tourism and hospitality industry has been applauded by industrialized and developing countries for the number of jobs created. A large amount of position vacancy is generated within the tourism industry and the supported industries. As a labor-intensive industry, its contribution to employment is not only restricted to the area or country but it also provides those jobs to women, youngsters, unskilled, minorities and the socially disadvantaged who find it very hard to get any jobs (Pizam, 18). However, the unskilled and semi-skilled workers who are directly employed in the industry are usually considered to be the uneducated, unmotivated, untrained, unskilled, and unproductive employees (British Tourist Authority, 174). Pizam has identified the impacts related between the characteristics of modern society and the characteristics of the tourism industry on the work environment, since 18 (Exhibit 1), but how relevant are they in today's tourism and hospitality industry? And are there any causes that can affect employees' performance? If yes, how?

Even though the article was written in 18, it is a fact that the characteristics of modern society and the characteristics of the industry on the tourism and hospitality work environment are still affecting employees' performance and their productivity today. The characteristics of the industry can be identified as internal factors and the characteristics of modern society can be classified as external factors.

Considering the individualities of tourism industry production, tourism products are intangible, perishable, variable and inseparable. Management has to operate in a very strict and close supervisory aspect. The continuity of operation requires employees to have an inconvenient pattern of working hours, for example, time shifts in the hotel and inconstant rosters for cabin crews. In this case, the nature of tourism product is a factor that interrupts employee's personal and family life. Furthermore, seasonality of operation in the industry is one of the major factors that make many potential employees not interested in working in the tourism industry. The employers have to hire part-time workers or migrant workers due to the labor force demand fluctuation between seasons. Because the industry cannot attract the potential workers, it creates the problems of cultural adjustment, ethnic conflicts and accusation of discrimination in a workplace that affects their productivities (Pizam, 18). However, it can be a benefit for some potential labor force such as students and housewives to earn extra income beside their own duties. For example, students can work part-time in the hotel as casual staff during their session break. These internal components still exist in today's tourism and hospitality industry. Help with essay on Tourism Manpower

In addition to the internal factors that may affect employees' performance, personal attitudes to work can be a significant driving force towards good or bad labor efficiency. In other words, attitudes to work have a positive and negative quality, which quality might transform to some form of behaviour. It is compulsory for management to be able to know the employees' attitudes, which indicate their motivation (Riley, 000). Everyone has different motivation; therefore, management has to look closely and spend a lot of time with the employees to find out how to motivate properly and make sure it is suited to the individual.

Beside the internal factors, the external factors are also a significant influence on job performance and are far beyond the control of the industry. There are several external factors, which are identified as major driving forces to job dissatisfaction in the tourism industry, for example, economic impacts, political uncertainties and social health.

Considering the economic impact, it could be a world economic crisis or an economic recession within the country, which would affect the work environment in the form of low wages and job redundancies. As Pizam cited " In a majority of countries, remuneration in the hospitality and foodservice sectors is between 15% and 0% below the average for other industries (Sabolo175, p.60)". It is manifested that lower payment in the industry might lead to a lower standard of living of employees and an objectionable lifestyle regarding to the difficult nature of the work and the inconvenient pattern of working hours (Pizam, 18). Due to the economic crisis, the organizations may lay off employees to cut down the operation cost, and because of this management strategy, it will put employees into risk of losing their jobs, which will definitely influence their behavior and their productivities in a workplace.

Furthermore, Political uncertainty is a significant factor affecting workers' performance especially in today's world for example, terrorism attacks, which have become the world's current affairs. Since the terrorists have attacked the United States of America on September 11, 001, people around the world are terrified to travel. It is a remarkable impact on the tourism and hospitality industry especially in airlines business. Another major terrorists' attack was the bomb blast at Sari Club, Bali, on October 1, 00, which 180 people were killed and hundreds were injured. The businesses in Bali, which its' economy is relied on tourism and hospitality, have been dropped dramatically because tourists are scared to travel to Bali. Thousand of people in the industry lost their jobs. Once again the tourism industry in Bali has not yet recovered from the Bali bombing, the latest bombing attack at the JW Marriott Hotel, Jakarta has brought the decline in tourism business now to worsen, because there are no security guarantees for the tourists visiting Indonesia. The remarkable drop in tourist numbers following the bombing has been felt in low occupancy rates, which is approximately 46.8%. The 670 employees of the hotel have lost their jobs. As a result, the workers who are members of the Independent Federation of Tourism Sector Unions (FSPM) protested and called for the protection of the workers from the acts of the terrorism and for job security for hotel and tourism sector workers in a workplace (FSPM, 00). This political instability mentioned above might happen anywhere in the world and affect tourisms' work environment in terms of safety and job security, which are not included in exhibit 1 by Pizam.

Unless a war in the Middle East, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome outbreak (SARS) has brought the tourism and hospitality industry into crisis which started in March 00. The impact of SARS might affect all of the world's service industries because people start avoiding activities that involve personal contact with others due to the unclear of methods of transmitting the virus responsible for SARS. As a result of tourists' cancellation trips, the tourism growth is sluggish which is leading to the reduction of employment. People start losing their jobs because of job redundancy strategy applied in some organizations. Remaining staff is persuaded to acquire additional skills and also accept more flexible working hours; as a result, the loss of employment affects most of the unskilled and semi-skilled staff members, as well as part-time workers including high proportions of women, migrant workers and youngsters who have difficulty finding alternative jobs due to lower skills levels (ILO, 00).

In conclusion, according to the article written by Pizam in 18, some of the related impacts between the characteristics of modern society, and the characteristics of the industry on the work environment of the unskilled and semi-skilled workers in the tourism industry still exist in worlds' today; nevertheless, it was mentioned twenty years ago. However, there are some other factors that may affect employees' work environment and lead to job dissatisfaction such as, economic impacts, political uncertainty and social health, which are new issues to the tourism industry.

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Lawrence of Arabia

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Lawrence of Arabia opened with its world premier in 16. The film depicted the life of Thomas Edward Lawrence and his travels and adventures in Arabia. The film was patterned after Lawrence's own autobiographical novel The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. It took the audience through the conquest of Aquaba, Lawrence's capture and torture in Deraa, the massacre at Tafas, and the fall of Damascus.

Lawrence was born an illegitimate child in 1888 in Oxford, England. His parents eloped and adopted the name Lawrence. He was well educated and very bright; he earned a rite to attend Jesus College in Oxford, and graduated with Honors. He was interested in Literature and Archeology greatly. He began his Military career in Cairo, which is where the film opens. Lawrence was raised in the Church of England and was considered evangelical. During his stay in Cairo, Lawrence was chosen to go to Hedjaz in a fact finding mission. He was to locate Prince Feisal, son of Sherif Hussein of Mecca. Sherif had rebelled against Turkish rule, and left his son to carry out the rebellion. The Turkish people at this time, during World War one, were allies of the German forces.

Lawrence made a comment in the beginning of the film when he was being guided by an Arab traveler. The traveler asked about his culture, about England. Lawrence said they were a nation of fat men. The traveler asked if he was a fat man and what made him different than the others in England. The traveler wanted to know why a white man would love the desert so. Lawrence responded with the comment that he himself was not a fat man. This was the basis for his difference with his own culture.

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From the beginning of the film, when Lawrence started out on his journey to meet the Prince Feisal, he had to learn and make adjustments. He was in a hot, desert, climate much different from the climate of his home town of Oxford. He was introduced to different foods and mannerisms of the Bedouin people. After feeling like he had been accepted in to the Arab clan he adorned a white harith robe with the traditional sword. The men said this after giving him the clothes, "He for whom nothing is written may write himself a clan." Lawrence had no real written family history and these men accepted him into theirs, he was becoming one of them. Lawrence also had to learn to ride a camel, and in the early stages of the movie his Arab guide showed him how to do that. One of the more important and crucial adjustments Lawrence had to make was when he had to execute the man he had saved days earlier. One of the men in his tribe had murdered another and according to Bedouin code he had to be executed and Lawrence was the one that had to do it. That was probably the most decisive adjustment he had to make, fallowing a strict code and killing a man.

Lawrence traveled back to England after his stay in the Middle East and had to resume his way of living, however, he was bicultural, while living in the Middle East, and it proved to be a problem at times. After the capture of Aqaba, Lawrence volunteered to travel to Syria to tell the English of their accomplishment and to receive additional supplies. The Sharif his commander was upset because Lawrence would probably wear his traditional clothes rather than the harith robe he was used to. "They will be all right with me. Look Ali if any of your Bedouin arrived in Cairo and said we've taken Aqaba the generals would laugh", Lawrence said. "I see. In Cairo you will put off these funny clothes. You will wear trousers and tell stories of our quaintness and barbarity. And then they will believe you," replies Sharif. Sahrif Ali was obviously hurt, and it caused strain in their relationship, because of the cultural difference.

Lawrence was a desert-lover and truly respectful of the culture of the Bedouin people. He loved the culture and went back to the Middle East many times after the war was over. He later helped Feisel take over the throne and helped to set up the Kingdom of Trans Jordan. Because of his love for these people he helped their area many times and in many ways.

The film was a great depiction of the life of Thomas Edward Lawrence. It depicted his life and the cultural differences fabulously. Although some of the movie was fiction, it was mostly historically accurate

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Leadership of Jesse Ventura

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The person of my choice just so happens to be the 8th person to govern the state of Minnesota Jesse Ventura. Governor Jesse Ventura to was elected to take office January 4th, 1 and his term just ended January 6th of this year. He was elected as a Reform Party candidate, but later switched to the Independence Party. Since becoming governor, he had not curbed his flamboyant side that was evident since his days as a professional wrestler. Ventura has on more that one occasion upset a large portion of Minnesota's citizens by his words or actions. There were a lot of questions concerning the type of leader he represents and his ethical framework while he was governor of Minnesota.

Jesse Ventura was born in Minneapolis in 151. He graduated high school in South Minneapolis before attending a community college in North Hennepin for one year. His college career ended when he entered the Navy and was trained as a SEAL. He served for six years in the Navy, four on active duty and two in the reserves. His Naval career took him to active fighting in Vietnam. Ventura then earned an honorable discharge from the Navy in 17, which at the time he was .

He enjoyed an eleven-year career in professional wrestling. Jesse "the body" Ventura started his wrestling career in the Minnesota-based American Wrestling Association. After his time in the AWA he moved up to the more popular World Wrestling Federation. He developed a medical condition in 186 that sustained his active wrestling competition. Faced with retiring from pro wrestling, Ventura quickly became one of the most flamboyant announcers in wrestling history. During his time announcing he became a successful actor. He starred in many movie, most notably The Running Man, Predator, and Batman & Robin. After his acting career declined, he was a commentator for NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers before coming a talk show host for KSTP-AM in the Twin City area. He resigned from radio broadcasting to pursue a successful bid for the mayoralty of Brooklyn Park, a suburb of Minneapolis.

He served one as mayor of Brooklyn Park from 11 to 15. His role as mayor was not as influential as a persona like Ventura could have attained, due to the weak-mayoral system. The weak-mayoral system yields little actual power, as the mayor's vote has the same power as the other board members. He served more as a spokesperson for the board. He kept busy in his personal life and was frequently criticized for failing to appear at a consistent level of meetings. While his decision was influenced by the criticism he faced, it turned out to be the deciding factor not to run again.

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Jesse Ventura retired from the political arena after his one term as mayor of Brooklyn Park. He appeared destined to pursue a non-political lifestyle. He returned to radio as a talk show host for KFAN-110 AM. He was seen mostly as a Minnesota celebrity during his life after serving as mayor. On January 6th, 18, however, Jesse Ventura announced his intent to run for governor to a widely uncaring media. Ventura's was readily dismissed as a publicity stunt by most branches of the media and quickly forgotten.

Jesse Ventura's gubernatorial campaign began gaining momentum during the televised debates with the top three candidates. Republican Norm Coleman, current mayor of St. Paul, attorney general of Minnesota Hubert H. Humphrey III, and Jesse Ventura engaged in a series of television debates during the 18 gubernatorial election. What would have been normally a two-candidate race became a three party race at the insistence of DFL candidate Hubert Humphrey. Ventura was not seen as a threat to the other candidates and his poll numbers after the televised debate were below ten percent.

Near the end of the 18 campaign, Jesse Ventura was closing the gap between his other two opponents. It was only on election day that the people of Minnesota realized that Jesse Ventura had a fair shot at winning the race. Millions of young people voted for the first time in the 18 gubernatorial election and they voted for Ventura. Many elderly people were discontented with the current state of politics also voted for him. It became clear later that night of election day that Jesse Ventura would be Minnesota's 8th governor.

Jesse Ventura is not a career politician. He is not a Democrat or a Republican. He is a working man with commonsense ideas and goals. He describes himself politically as fiscally conservative and socially moderate-to-liberal. He is an advocate of minimal government interference and minimal public reliance on government, which means lower taxes. He feels neither of the two parties represent the people anymore and they are at opposite extremes with 70 percent of us in the middle. This is why he is a member of the Reform Party.

Ventura is a Minneapolis native with working-class roots. He has a indelibly blue collar. He belongs to the private sector, which he says he will be returning to once his term as governor is over. I think this is one reason Minnesota elected him was because they know where he is coming from because he came from the same place. Ventura is not easy to ignore. He is big, he is loud, and he si not afraid to say what he thinks. Honesty, is one of the moral values he lives and dies by. He tells the truth, stands tall and speaks freely, even when it is not politically expedient to do so. This is where I think Ventura was well respected but it sometimes was not ethical to do so.

Throughout all that he has done as Governor in his first two years, Ventura retained extremely high levels of approval. Along with the controversial, he continues top ask intriguing political questions that churn thought-provoking debates. Among his personal goals as governor, he wants the State legislature system to take a vote on whether Minnesota should have a unicameral legislative system. Having one house instead of both the Senate and House of Representatives. Although the unicameral system was an unpopular idea when Ventura first broached the topic in 1, the idea gained supporters through Ventura's support of the plan.

Governor Jesse Ventura took a stand on a lot of issues. Government Reform, Term Limits, Campaign Reform, Legal Reform, Taxes, Consumption Tax vs. Income Tax, Refunds for Budget Surplus, Education, The Military, and Social Issues are many of the issues he had voiced an opinion about. He probably voiced his opinion the most on Social Issues such as crime, death penalty, drunk driving, marijuana, prostitution and drug possession, drug dealing, gun control, abortion, welfare, and health care.

He did not tackle these issues all in four years time. There is no way anyone could make a difference with tha many topics and that little time. He did pick a handful of issues that he did focus on while as governor. There were three that he felt had the greatest effect on all the other problems and challenges we face day to day.

Reforming the tax system, the government takes too much of our money and spends too much inappropriately. Reforming the public-school system and help families reinvest in neighborhood schools, with better education and more parental and community support, kids will be far less vulnerable to most the social problems we face today. Encouraging people to get involved with their government, so they can do there part to make it what they think it should be.

In respect to the Principles of Ethical Leadership I believe he sometimes did not show justice or respect others. I do believe he manifests honesty, serves others, and built community. I guess I would argue that he is a mix of a transformational leader and a transactional leader. Transformationally he is a motivator and takes consideration and is individualized. Transactionally he has a contingent reward, he is active and passive.

Bibliography

Minnesota Legislative Manual. Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State, 1-000.

Minnesota Legislative Manual. Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State, 001-00.

Ventura, Jesse. "I ain't got time to bleed." Villard Books. 1.

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The Team Performance Curve

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The Team Performance Curve traces the development of a team from the beginning stage of Working Group through the ultimate goal of becoming a High-Performance Team. Team effectiveness increases as you move anywhere along the curve, but the performance impact may decrease if the group becomes a Pseudo-team before making it to the Potential team stage. Moving along the curve and becoming more effective and better-performing involves taking risks, dealing with problems and concerns, patience, time, and commitment.

Working Group

The first key point on the Team Performance Curve is a Working Group A group for which there is no significant incremental performance need or opportunity that would require it to become a team. It is comprised of a number of workers who pursue no collective, time-oriented goal. Usually members interact only to share information, methods, and practices and each member performs in his or her area of specialization and responsibility. There is often very little room for conflict, no set of goals, and no mutual accountability. ...Working groups rely on the sum of individual bests for their performance. They pursue no collective work products requiring joint effort.

An example of a Working Group is the members of an administrative staff whose tasks include answering phones, filing, billing, and scheduling appointments. They are all working as part of the same group, but have no common, time-oriented and measurable goal to attain. They work together to maintain a certain level of acceptable performance, but are not collaborating towards achieving a set goal.Cheap Custom Essays on The Team Performance Curve

Pseudo-team

A working group may turn in to a Pseudo-team on their quest to becoming a Real or High-performing team. A pseudo team is not actually a team, even though it may "go through the motions" and consider itself to be one. A pseudo team is a group for which "there could be a significant incremental performance need or opportunity," but it has not focused on collective performance and is not making much of an attempt to achieve it. Pseudo teams show little to no interest in creating clear, concise goals and their downfall roots from failing to shape a common purpose. These "teams" are the weakest of all teams in regards to performance impact and productivity. As stated in The Wisdom of Teams, by Jon Katzenbach and Douglas K. Smith, "the sum of the whole is less than the potential of the individual parts." In other words, the team members are stronger individually than the outcome or end results that are produced.

Almost always, pseudo teams "contribute less to a company's performance needs than a working group and this is because their interactions detract from each member's individual performance without yielding any joint benefits." This type of team would only ever become a potential team if they were to define specific goals, be committed to a common purpose, and were then willing to make valuable contributions based on this premise. A pseudo team only beholds the potential of becoming a real team when its members execute the essential principals and standards of any high performing team member.

Potential Team

A potential team is a group for which there is a significant, incremental performance need, and that really is trying to improve its performance impact. They typically require more clarity about the purpose, and goals and more discipline in devising a common working approach. A potential team has not yet established a group accountability. They are very common in organizations, but are not good enough. The steepest performance increases occur between this stage and becoming a Real Team. Any movement up the slope is worth pursuing.

There should be an effort for working groups to jump straight to becoming a potential team, skipping pseudo-team altogether to remain at least as productive as they were. A group or pseudo-team only becomes a potential team if they make a good, honest effort to improve their performance impact. Those who take the risks to climb the curve will inevitably confront obstacles, some of which will be overcome and others will not be. Potential teams that get stuck should stick to the team norms and keep pushing for performance. Performance in itself has the potential to save a struggling potential team by illustrating that the team can and will work, therefore giving new motivation.

Real Team

Next we move to "real" teams. In order for a group of people working together to be considered as a real team, there are five basic elements that need to be met. The aspects needed concern the number of people working together, their complimentary skills, commitment to performance goals and a common purpose, commitment to a common approach and mutual responsibility and accountability. Only once these five aspects are met can a group of workers be labeled as a real team.

There seems to be an agreed upon notion that teams with fewer members perform better. The teams that we have read about in text or learned about during class time indicate that anywhere from two to twenty members perform best when put together. Groups of larger numbers tend to break into smaller sub-teams within a team, which leads to lack of communication and a break down of team values and structure. Larger teams face problems such as the inability to construct clear goals or clear purposes. They tend to revert to crowd behavior and have trouble finding common ground throughout their many differences. Finding adequate space for larger numbers of people also presents a problem. Many companies do not have enough unused space to house a team of fifty although finding a place to set up work space for twelve may be more reasonable.

Complimentary skills that are brought to a team are also as important as the number of people working as a team. Within the aspect of skills we can further break it down by looking at the types of skills needed. Technical, problem-solving and interpersonal skills are the three types that need to be identified and brought to each real team.

Technical skills include any formal training or specialty that team members bring to a group. An example of this could be a surgical team performing a heart transplant. This team would need to consist of medical specialists ranging from nurses to various doctors. Having a school teacher in this team would obviously not be necessary and would not contribute to a successful team operation. It is very important to match skilled team members to correct teams in order for that team to reach optimal performance.

Decision-making and problem-solving skills are often developed while working together as a team. Many members bring the basis of these skills to a group stemming from prior experiences but given the fact that each team is unique, skills in these areas are usually readjusted to suit a specific situation. Working through problems that a team faces and making decisions that affect the team and its members have to be developed when a problem is faced is essential.

Interpersonal skills like decision-making and problem-solving skills are also developed once a team is formed. Team members will bring interpersonal skills that they have developed over their lifetimes to a group, such as how to handle conflict and communication but, each team member brings individualism and with that comes the need to adjust interpersonal skills in order to compliment other team members in a way that is productive to the overall effort that is being made.

Performance goals and commitment to a common purpose is an important part of becoming a real team. This aspect originates in management. Teams are put together in order for a goal to be met. Whether it be developing a new product line or performing a surgical operation, the task at hand is always clearly defined prior to the beginnings of team work. Although this goal or opportunity is predetermined, there must be an agreement between team members that they are all equally able and willing to work towards it successfully.

As stated earlier it is very important to have a clearly defined purpose in order for a team to know what it is that they are working to complete. After this goal is defined, a team must then decide exactly how it is that they are going to accomplish it and reach success. It is not enough for a surgical team to have a goal of completing a heart transplant. They must also have a plan containing each step of the surgery, directions for each team member and a set of instructions for everyone in the group to follow. Without these instructions measuring success would be impossible and reaching a common goal would be difficult.

While working together each team member must also take responsibility for the team as a whole. Placing individual blame for failure or success weakens a team's ability to work as a group. Each member must know that all of their actions are a reflection of the real team and any problems that arise are a direct reflection of each and every group member. Going back to the surgical team, if the actual doctor operating happens to make and error and the transplant is a failure, it is the team that failed, not the one surgeon. Each member's actions must be considered as important as the next members. Without mutual accountability it is impossible for a group of people to work as a team, instead they are simply a group of individuals working together.

High-Performance Team

The last stage in the team performance curve is when a team would like to become is a high performance team. A high performance team meets all the conditions of real teams, and has members who are also deeply committed to one another's personal growth and success. That commitment usually transcends the team. The high performance team significantly outperforms all other like teams, and outperforms all reasonable expectations given its membership. (Becoming a Team. p.).

When looking at the ten attributes of high performing teams, we see that high performing teams have goals that are clear, well known and understood, and is supported by all members. Excellence is the only acceptable standard. Team members receive immediate feedback from their teammates on their progress. Each team member is provided with opportunities to fully participate in all team activities, using and developing skills and abilities. While team members can exercise self-initiative and make their own decisions on how they will perform, rewards are based on accomplishments. The team knows how to praise and recognize its accomplishments, and its members are committed to the success of one another and to the team. Everyone knows the plan, strategy and tactics to be used to achieve the goals and objectives. Rules and penalties are known in advance, are agreed to by everyone, and are considered fair, consistent and immediate. (O'Brien and Buono. Lessons from the Field.)

A high performance team is created to achieve challenging goals and solve complex problems set forth by a higher authority. This high performance team takes all its teammates and looks at their special skills and their strengths in order to achieve their goals. Within a high performance team, the members use and build upon each other strengths and knowledge to get to a place where an individual could not get to alone. (O'Brien, lecture notes).

One of the most important things a leader in a high performance team can do is encourage taking risks. Risk taking is what gets a team to the next level. It's about coming up with ideas that may seem outrageous, but the team can then use all their knowledge and work with that idea in order to come up with something great. This is how a high performance team will feed off each other. They use their skills and knowledge together to work as one. This is what will separate a real team from a high performance team. It's all in the team members and their interaction with one another.

The transition from a work group to a high performance team may be a fairly lengthy task, but in order to ensure maximum results and benefits from the team, everyone must be working as one towards the common goal set fourth by every member of the team. A high performance team must understand and consent to things such as desired outcomes, shared purposes, accountabilities, coordinated roles, efficiency and participation, quality of work, continuous improvement, credibility and trust, and have a core competence. (Chapter , Building effective teams and teamwork.)

Once a team has come to work together in such ways as listed above, they have achieved the title of a high performance team. Great things can happen to teams that work at this level. The rarity is finding members and people to lead such members to get to that desired level of performance. With the help and knowledge of everyone in the team, anything is possible and no task is too large or complex for a high performance team.

Works Cited

Katzenbach, J., & Smith, D. (00). The Wisdom of Teams, Creating the High-Performance Organization. New York. HarperCollins Publishers Inc.

Maxwell, J. (00). The 17 Essential Qualities of a Team Player, Becoming the Kind of Person Every Team Wants. Nashville, Thomas Nelson, Inc.

Maxwell, J. (00). The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork Workbook, Embrace Them and Empower Your Team. Nashville, Thomas Nelson, Inc.

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