The Team Performance Curve

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The Team Performance Curve traces the development of a team from the beginning stage of Working Group through the ultimate goal of becoming a High-Performance Team. Team effectiveness increases as you move anywhere along the curve, but the performance impact may decrease if the group becomes a Pseudo-team before making it to the Potential team stage. Moving along the curve and becoming more effective and better-performing involves taking risks, dealing with problems and concerns, patience, time, and commitment.

Working Group

The first key point on the Team Performance Curve is a Working Group A group for which there is no significant incremental performance need or opportunity that would require it to become a team. It is comprised of a number of workers who pursue no collective, time-oriented goal. Usually members interact only to share information, methods, and practices and each member performs in his or her area of specialization and responsibility. There is often very little room for conflict, no set of goals, and no mutual accountability. ...Working groups rely on the sum of individual bests for their performance. They pursue no collective work products requiring joint effort.

An example of a Working Group is the members of an administrative staff whose tasks include answering phones, filing, billing, and scheduling appointments. They are all working as part of the same group, but have no common, time-oriented and measurable goal to attain. They work together to maintain a certain level of acceptable performance, but are not collaborating towards achieving a set goal.Cheap Custom Essays on The Team Performance Curve

Pseudo-team

A working group may turn in to a Pseudo-team on their quest to becoming a Real or High-performing team. A pseudo team is not actually a team, even though it may "go through the motions" and consider itself to be one. A pseudo team is a group for which "there could be a significant incremental performance need or opportunity," but it has not focused on collective performance and is not making much of an attempt to achieve it. Pseudo teams show little to no interest in creating clear, concise goals and their downfall roots from failing to shape a common purpose. These "teams" are the weakest of all teams in regards to performance impact and productivity. As stated in The Wisdom of Teams, by Jon Katzenbach and Douglas K. Smith, "the sum of the whole is less than the potential of the individual parts." In other words, the team members are stronger individually than the outcome or end results that are produced.

Almost always, pseudo teams "contribute less to a company's performance needs than a working group and this is because their interactions detract from each member's individual performance without yielding any joint benefits." This type of team would only ever become a potential team if they were to define specific goals, be committed to a common purpose, and were then willing to make valuable contributions based on this premise. A pseudo team only beholds the potential of becoming a real team when its members execute the essential principals and standards of any high performing team member.

Potential Team

A potential team is a group for which there is a significant, incremental performance need, and that really is trying to improve its performance impact. They typically require more clarity about the purpose, and goals and more discipline in devising a common working approach. A potential team has not yet established a group accountability. They are very common in organizations, but are not good enough. The steepest performance increases occur between this stage and becoming a Real Team. Any movement up the slope is worth pursuing.

There should be an effort for working groups to jump straight to becoming a potential team, skipping pseudo-team altogether to remain at least as productive as they were. A group or pseudo-team only becomes a potential team if they make a good, honest effort to improve their performance impact. Those who take the risks to climb the curve will inevitably confront obstacles, some of which will be overcome and others will not be. Potential teams that get stuck should stick to the team norms and keep pushing for performance. Performance in itself has the potential to save a struggling potential team by illustrating that the team can and will work, therefore giving new motivation.

Real Team

Next we move to "real" teams. In order for a group of people working together to be considered as a real team, there are five basic elements that need to be met. The aspects needed concern the number of people working together, their complimentary skills, commitment to performance goals and a common purpose, commitment to a common approach and mutual responsibility and accountability. Only once these five aspects are met can a group of workers be labeled as a real team.

There seems to be an agreed upon notion that teams with fewer members perform better. The teams that we have read about in text or learned about during class time indicate that anywhere from two to twenty members perform best when put together. Groups of larger numbers tend to break into smaller sub-teams within a team, which leads to lack of communication and a break down of team values and structure. Larger teams face problems such as the inability to construct clear goals or clear purposes. They tend to revert to crowd behavior and have trouble finding common ground throughout their many differences. Finding adequate space for larger numbers of people also presents a problem. Many companies do not have enough unused space to house a team of fifty although finding a place to set up work space for twelve may be more reasonable.

Complimentary skills that are brought to a team are also as important as the number of people working as a team. Within the aspect of skills we can further break it down by looking at the types of skills needed. Technical, problem-solving and interpersonal skills are the three types that need to be identified and brought to each real team.

Technical skills include any formal training or specialty that team members bring to a group. An example of this could be a surgical team performing a heart transplant. This team would need to consist of medical specialists ranging from nurses to various doctors. Having a school teacher in this team would obviously not be necessary and would not contribute to a successful team operation. It is very important to match skilled team members to correct teams in order for that team to reach optimal performance.

Decision-making and problem-solving skills are often developed while working together as a team. Many members bring the basis of these skills to a group stemming from prior experiences but given the fact that each team is unique, skills in these areas are usually readjusted to suit a specific situation. Working through problems that a team faces and making decisions that affect the team and its members have to be developed when a problem is faced is essential.

Interpersonal skills like decision-making and problem-solving skills are also developed once a team is formed. Team members will bring interpersonal skills that they have developed over their lifetimes to a group, such as how to handle conflict and communication but, each team member brings individualism and with that comes the need to adjust interpersonal skills in order to compliment other team members in a way that is productive to the overall effort that is being made.

Performance goals and commitment to a common purpose is an important part of becoming a real team. This aspect originates in management. Teams are put together in order for a goal to be met. Whether it be developing a new product line or performing a surgical operation, the task at hand is always clearly defined prior to the beginnings of team work. Although this goal or opportunity is predetermined, there must be an agreement between team members that they are all equally able and willing to work towards it successfully.

As stated earlier it is very important to have a clearly defined purpose in order for a team to know what it is that they are working to complete. After this goal is defined, a team must then decide exactly how it is that they are going to accomplish it and reach success. It is not enough for a surgical team to have a goal of completing a heart transplant. They must also have a plan containing each step of the surgery, directions for each team member and a set of instructions for everyone in the group to follow. Without these instructions measuring success would be impossible and reaching a common goal would be difficult.

While working together each team member must also take responsibility for the team as a whole. Placing individual blame for failure or success weakens a team's ability to work as a group. Each member must know that all of their actions are a reflection of the real team and any problems that arise are a direct reflection of each and every group member. Going back to the surgical team, if the actual doctor operating happens to make and error and the transplant is a failure, it is the team that failed, not the one surgeon. Each member's actions must be considered as important as the next members. Without mutual accountability it is impossible for a group of people to work as a team, instead they are simply a group of individuals working together.

High-Performance Team

The last stage in the team performance curve is when a team would like to become is a high performance team. A high performance team meets all the conditions of real teams, and has members who are also deeply committed to one another's personal growth and success. That commitment usually transcends the team. The high performance team significantly outperforms all other like teams, and outperforms all reasonable expectations given its membership. (Becoming a Team. p.).

When looking at the ten attributes of high performing teams, we see that high performing teams have goals that are clear, well known and understood, and is supported by all members. Excellence is the only acceptable standard. Team members receive immediate feedback from their teammates on their progress. Each team member is provided with opportunities to fully participate in all team activities, using and developing skills and abilities. While team members can exercise self-initiative and make their own decisions on how they will perform, rewards are based on accomplishments. The team knows how to praise and recognize its accomplishments, and its members are committed to the success of one another and to the team. Everyone knows the plan, strategy and tactics to be used to achieve the goals and objectives. Rules and penalties are known in advance, are agreed to by everyone, and are considered fair, consistent and immediate. (O'Brien and Buono. Lessons from the Field.)

A high performance team is created to achieve challenging goals and solve complex problems set forth by a higher authority. This high performance team takes all its teammates and looks at their special skills and their strengths in order to achieve their goals. Within a high performance team, the members use and build upon each other strengths and knowledge to get to a place where an individual could not get to alone. (O'Brien, lecture notes).

One of the most important things a leader in a high performance team can do is encourage taking risks. Risk taking is what gets a team to the next level. It's about coming up with ideas that may seem outrageous, but the team can then use all their knowledge and work with that idea in order to come up with something great. This is how a high performance team will feed off each other. They use their skills and knowledge together to work as one. This is what will separate a real team from a high performance team. It's all in the team members and their interaction with one another.

The transition from a work group to a high performance team may be a fairly lengthy task, but in order to ensure maximum results and benefits from the team, everyone must be working as one towards the common goal set fourth by every member of the team. A high performance team must understand and consent to things such as desired outcomes, shared purposes, accountabilities, coordinated roles, efficiency and participation, quality of work, continuous improvement, credibility and trust, and have a core competence. (Chapter , Building effective teams and teamwork.)

Once a team has come to work together in such ways as listed above, they have achieved the title of a high performance team. Great things can happen to teams that work at this level. The rarity is finding members and people to lead such members to get to that desired level of performance. With the help and knowledge of everyone in the team, anything is possible and no task is too large or complex for a high performance team.

Works Cited

Katzenbach, J., & Smith, D. (00). The Wisdom of Teams, Creating the High-Performance Organization. New York. HarperCollins Publishers Inc.

Maxwell, J. (00). The 17 Essential Qualities of a Team Player, Becoming the Kind of Person Every Team Wants. Nashville, Thomas Nelson, Inc.

Maxwell, J. (00). The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork Workbook, Embrace Them and Empower Your Team. Nashville, Thomas Nelson, Inc.

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The Great Gatsby - Jay Gatsby's Greatness

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The greatness of an individual can be defined in terms far beyond tangible accomplishments. In F. Scott Fitzgerald's classic American novel, The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby's greatness comes from his need to experience success and his will to achieve his dreams. Nick Carraway narrates the story, and his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, is Gatsby's love. Daisy, however, is married to Tom Buchanan, a wealthy, arrogant womanizer who despises Gatsby. Gatsby feels the need to be successful and wealthy, and his participation in a bootlegging operation allows him to acquire the wealth and social status needed to attract Daisy. In his narration, Nick focuses on Gatsby's fixation of Daisy and how he longs for her presence in his life. Gatsby's greatness comes from his power to dream, his competence in turning dreams into reality, and his absolute love for Daisy.

In The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby uses his dreams as motivation for his existence. Fitzgerald uses wealth and social status to define Gatsby's character, which is exemplified by his lavish parties and the dignitaries who attend them. In his formative years, Gatsby was employed by a wealthy yachtsman, Dan Cody. It is from Cody that Gatsby develops his appreciation for wealth. "To young Gatz, resting on his oars, looking up at the railed deck, that yacht represented all the beauty and glamour in the world" (Fitzgerald 106). Fitzgerald uses this quote to mark the point at which Gatsby encounters wealth and power for the first time, and also, he uses it to symbolize Gatsby's social standing and economic status. By comparing Gatsby's rowboat with the luxurious yacht of Cody's, Fitzgerald presents the idea that money and power translate into bigger and better things. The event is symbolic in that it illustrates Gatsby's perception that wealth is a necessity. By saying that he was "looking up" to "all the beauty and glamour in the world," Fitzgerald makes it evident that Gatsby idolized this lifestyle. Also, he shows that Gatsby views beauty as a materialistic quality. Gatsby's materialistic view of beauty can be seen in his love for Daisy when Gatsby says, "her voice is full of money" (17). This quote by Gatsby shows how he identifies his love for Daisy with his love for money. Gatsby and Daisy met in Louisville, where they fell in love with each other, however, when Gatsby left for "The Great War" (World War I), Daisy fell in love and married Tom Buchanan. The most significant difference between Tom and Gatsby was their economic and social standing in society. Tom was wealthy and powerful, and Gatsby was from a middle class midwestern family with little money or prestige to their name. Gatsby dreams of one day reuniting with Daisy and recapturing the love he lost, and he accomplishes this by acquiring the wealth and social status, which he lacked five years before. Gatsby invites Tom and Daisy to one of his parties and to display his new position among society's elite, Gatsby says, " 'You must see the faces of many people you've heard about'" (111). Gatsby also refers to Tom as "the polo player," implying that Tom is insignificant compared to the many "celebrities" present at the party (111). Daisy, however, is impressed by Gatsby's exorbitant amount of wealth, and she is eager to see him. Gatsby, in turn, used his materialism and excessive displays of wealth to reunite with his former love.

Gatsby is able to turn his dreams into reality. Gatsby idolizes money, and through bootlegging alchol, he is able to obtain it. Gatsby also wants to intimately reunite with Daisy, despite her status as a married woman. These two desires of Gatsby's come to show the lengths Gatsby is willing to go, even if it is illegal or morally unacceptable, to obtain his dreams. Gatsby hides his involvement in the bootlegging of alcohol not only to preserve his innocence, but also to give the impression that he is wealthy on his own accord. When Nick asks what type of business he is in, Gatsby replies, " 'that's my affair,'" however, Gatsby does attempt to correct himself by saying he was in the drug business and then the oil business, but is not in either one now (5). By covering up his true source of employment, Gatsby is attempting to create a more presentable image of himself to Nick. This need to make himself better in the eyes of others is characteristic of Gatsby throughout the novel. Gatsby also feels the need to display his wealth. To Nick, Gatsby says, "my house looks well, doesn't it? See how the whole front of it catches the light" (5). Gatsby uses this statement to seek reassurance from Nick on the appearance of his house. This statement once again reiterates Gatsby's need for others to his excessive wealth and extravagant lifestyle. Nick says in his narration, "he hadn't once ceased looking at Daisy and I think he revalued everything in his house according to the measure of response it drew from her well-loved eyes" (7). This quote shows not only how Gatsby sought approval of his wealth, but also how he based his love of Daisy on material objects. Despite being apart from Daisy for five years, Gatsby still feels that they love each other. Gatsby's love for Daisy is so immense that he "read a Chicago paper for years just on the chance of catching a glimpse of Daisy's name" (84). By describing Gatsby's love for Daisy in this manner, Fitzgerald shows the degree to which Gatsby has longed for Daisy in her absence. In order to see Daisy again, Gatsby hatches a plan that will allow him to interact with her "coincidentally." He decides that Nick, being Daisy's cousin, should invite her to tea one afternoon, and it is at Nick's house where he shall reunite with Daisy. Gatsby's plan works to perfection, and his propensity for fulfilling his dreams is once again revealed to the reader.

Gatsby's greatness can be seen in his unquestioned love for Daisy. Gatsby's love for Daisy is most evident in the death of Myrtle Wilson, Tom's mistress. While returning from New York in Gatsby's car, Daisy accidentally hits Myrtle, killing her instantly. Gatsby says that he will take the blame for Daisy (151). It is at this time that Gatsby shows his greatest love for Daisy. He is willing to put his own well being in jeopardy in order to spare the life and good name of Daisy. Daisy, however, is unable to return Gatsby's love. After Gatsby unites with Daisy at Nick's residence, she is unsure what is best for her future. She ultimately decides that Tom is her most secure choice. When Daisy decides to stay with Tom, Gatsby says, "of course, she may have loved him, just for a minute, when they were first married�and loved me more even then…" (15). This quote shows how Gatsby misconceived his relationship with Daisy. He feels that Daisy's love is equal to his, and he struggles with the idea that she could love someone other than him. However, this power to dream is Gatsby's greatest quality because it gives a dimension to his character that is not apparent in anyone else in the novel. Gatsby relies so heavily on his dreams and aspirations that he is willing to have his life ensconced in their very essence. Nick says that Gatsby, "represented everything for which I had an unaffected scorn" (6). However, he is able to see through this dislike of Gatsby's character to tell him, "you're worth the whole damn bunch put together" (16). In other words, Gatsby possessed the qualities of a great individual, but his reliance on material objects to show his love and his corrupt ideology prevent him from reaching his full potential as an honorable character in the work.

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Gatsby's greatness is not contained in noteworthy accomplishments, his wealth, or even his pursuit of love. Gatsby possesses the power to dream. Gatsby dreamed of being wealthy and reuniting with Daisy. He fulfilled his dreams, but unlike his dreams, Gatsby's reality was hollow. His money was made illegally and his love for Daisy was based on only that which he could buy. Gatsby's greatness is not only present in what he dreamt for, but also, he possessed the ability to grasp his dreams and turn them into reality. Gatsby may not be a perfect character, but by living for a purpose, he is able to extract greater meaning from life, making him superior to the other characters in the novel.

Please note that this sample paper on The Great Gatsby - Jay Gatsby's Greatness is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Great Gatsby - Jay Gatsby's Greatness, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Great Gatsby - Jay Gatsby's Greatness will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The shipping industry of korea

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Shipping Industry of Korea

Introduction

Koreas shipbuilding technology has greatly developed over time. Back to the ancient time, the three kingdoms (Kokuryo, Paekche and Shilla) competitively extended their influence to sea trade routes in A.D. 7. By the mid th Century, they installed a trade centre in china.

In 1011, spear ships that prevented enemy ships from approaching were in use and warships equipped with gunpowder and firearms appeared by the year 1150.

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In 15, Admiral Yi Sun Shin built up his own navy and directed the construction of a fleet of modern warships including turtle ships to prevent Japanese further invasion. The turtle ship, so named due to its shape, was ringed with state-of-the-art military technologies at that time.

400 years later, today, Korea is identified as a priority market for the Marine Equipment Industry.

Many countries place great strategic importance on their national shipping industry because it plays a vital role in their economies. Maritime transport is essential to expanding world trade, as nearly 80% of the world trade in goods is seaborne. Korea is not an exception to this considering Korea is geographically surrounded by the sea on three sides.

160's

Foreign trade has been a crucial element in Koreas national development strategy. Until the 160s, however, the industry was small, rather unsophisticated, and catered mainly to the domestic market by building coastal fishing vessels and small cargo ships.

Since 16, Korean shipping policy has been aimed at expanding the national fleet. This was to support the export-oriented economic development by means of efficient shipping and the improvement of the business climate.

170's

The development of shipbuilding was followed further in the 170s by a government-sponsored economic program. The program was aimed to restructure Koreas dated industry into a modern, technologically advanced one, able to compete worldwide. Special emphasis was placed on Heavy Industry and Chemical Industry. In this context, the shipbuilding industry was perceived as a leading export industry, due to its comparatively large-scale trade volumes (in terms of value). There was also abundant, high-quality labor available in Korea. These factors allowed the Korean shipbuilding industry to compete on equal terms with the existing shipbuilding centers. Being surrounded by the sea on three sides and having few natural resources has meant that Korea has had to rely on exports.

The shipyard construction of the 170s reflects this growth - in 17 Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. completed construction of a shipyard. In 178 Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering Co., Ltd. completed a No. 1 dock, and in 17, Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. constructed its own No. 1 dock.

180's

In the 180s the situation had progressed sufficiently for Korea to be ranked number two in the world shipbuilding industry in terms of market-share. Productivity improvement, technology development, and the growth of related industries, helped increase shipbuilding volume continuously without having to add new facilities. And in the second half of the 180s, their world market share rose from 10 percent to 5 percent.

10's

In the 10s, Korean shipbuilders made every effort to accumulate the advanced technology required for the construction of high value added vessels. In the late 10s, Korean shipbuilders achieved great productivity improvement both in terms of yearly production volume per employee and yearly number of turnover of dry docks.

Shipbuilding Today

The Korean shipping industry is growing at an impressive rate. Starting out with a mere 100,000 G/T of fleet tonnage in 160, Korea was ranked eighth in the world in terms of total merchant fleet tonnage in 000. In the container sector, Korea stood fourth after Japan, Taiwan, and the United States.

According to the data released by KOSHIPA, new orders placed by Korean shipbuilders in 00 amounted to 7.6 million CGT. This is an increase of 18.5 % compared with 6.4 million CGT in the previous year.

With the productivity improvement and the upgrading of production technology along with sufficient workload, Korean shipbuilders built a record high of 6.8 million CGT in 00, up 5.% in tonnage terms over the previous year. In the interim, the order books as of the end of 00 recorded 17.1 million CGT, up 5.% compared to a year earlier. This is approximately a two and half year workload.

Shipbuilding Technology

Before entering into the world shipbuilding market in the early 170s, Korean shipbuilders had mostly built conventional cargo ships, such as crude oil tankers and dry bulk carriers. Since the early 180s when Korea emerged as one of the leading nations in shipbuilding, it has developed technologies to build container ships, " roll on �roll off " ships, oil drilling rigs, etc.

Computer-based ship design and production was introduced to the Korean shipbuilding industry in the 170s. As early as the 180s Korean shipbuilders had introduced commercial CAD system for ship design. Since then Korean shipbuilders have made significant advances in the enhancement of various kinds of CAD/CAM systems and have developed in-house software not only for ship design but also for production. In parallel to that, particular advances have also been achieved in non-CAD area supporting and utilizing CAD/CAM system respectively for engineering analysis and material control to increase productivity and quality.

Additional research is being carried out jointly with classification societies focusing on the safety issues raised in building new generation of ship types. Korean shipbuilders, with their abundant and highly trained naval architects and engineers, can meet various ship owner design requirements.

Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Merchant Fleet compared to the world

Table-1 shows the growth of the total capacity of the Korean fleet between 171 and 000. The capacity of the fleet measured in gross registered tons grew at an annual rate of 6.4 percent during this period. During the same period, the world merchant fleet, as shown in Table-, grew at an annual rate of only .8 percent. The rapid growth rate of the Korean fleet allowed it to expand its share of total world tonnage from 0.8 percent in 171 to 1.06 percent in 000.

Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Fleet by type

Table- presents data on changes in the composition of the Korean ocean-going fleet between 10 and 000. During the period, container ships and liquid bulkers expanded considerably. This expansion can partially be attributed to the recent tendency to increase the size of these ships. Considering that the total Korean fleet grew more rapidly than the world fleet has, this expansion is an indication that the development of a container and a liquid bulk fleet in Korea lagged behind the relative growth of the dry bulk sector of its merchant marine.

Growth of Seaborne Trade

Table-4 presents the data on changes in seaborne trade during the period between 170 to 000. Between 170 and 000 the growth of world seaborne trade increased by .6 percent per annum, while Korean trade increased annually by 11.1 percent. However, the growth of Korean seaborne trade seems to show the same pattern as the world trade. As the Table shows, the annual growth rate in the 180s declined to . percent for Korea and 1.0 percent for the world; and in the 170s from 15.4 percent for Korea and .8 percent for the world. The annual average growth rate again rose to 8.8 percent in Korean trade and .1 percent in world trade in 10s. With regard to seaborne trade, it is important to note that the growth of Korean participation in cross-trades outpaced the growth of Korean seaborne trade. As shown in Table-5, the total tonnage carried by the Korean operators in cross trades increased from only 5.4 million tons in 170 to 181.6 million tons in 000.

Korean Operators in 000 by ship's capacity

In the year 000 there were 61 separate ocean-going operators in Korea. However, as Table-6 shows, the four largest operators alone accounted for 7. percent of the total capacity. Thus, the Korean shipping industry appears to have a dualistic structure, with half of its capacity in the hands of a few large carriers and the other half split amongst a multitude of small carriers. At one extreme there are Hanjin Shipping and Hyundai Merchant Marine, which accounted for 51.4 percent of total tonnage in 000. At the other extreme there are 51 small operators, each possessing less than 100,000 gross tons of shipping capacity, which in 000 accounted for only 8.0 percent of the total capacity.

Korean shipping companies earned $11. billion in freight revenue in 000, up from $.5 billion in 10, an average annual growth rate of 1.5 percent, thanks to the escalation of freight rates and increased seaborne cargo. Revenue from cross-trade increased to $6.0 billion in 000 from $1.4 billion in 10, making up 58. percent of the industrys total revenue. This growth is attributable to companies strengthening business activities through strategic overseas alliances and diversifying into the worldwide service and the pendulum service. In particular, revenue from container cargo increased steadily among the export-import goods; iron ore and grain cargo gradually increased as well.

Freight Revenue Trends by Cargo

Reflecting this bright situation in freight revenue, the overall financial position of the Korean shipping industry improved steadily from 1 to 15. The industry was continuously in the black from 188 to 15. In 17, however, the industry experienced a slump in net profits due to a plunge in fare prices and the economic turmoil in Asia.

The Korean Shipping industry has considerable know-how in all aspects of maritime transport services, such as management techniques, cargo collection, and customer service. And taking into consideration that it has a good merchant fleet, marine manpower, advanced shipbuilding techniques and its position at the hub of northeast Asia, the growth potential of Korean maritime industry seems large. Thus, after enduring tough periods arising from the worldwide excess of shipping tonnage and world economic/financial turmoil, the Korean Shipping industry is now expected to continue to grow, building upon its recovery which began in 1, as the world shipping industry recovers and cargo volumes rise. Thus, it is forecasted that Korea's export and import cargo volume will rise to 8. millions tons in 010 from 56. million tons in 001, and Korean commercial vessel tonnage will grow to 1.5 million GRT.

National Deregulation Policies

Starting in 10, the Korean government has steadily introduced liberalization and deregulation policies in the shipping industry, guaranteeing liberalization in the private sector and opening the domestic market to foreign carriers for the purpose of corresponding with the trends of globalization.

As a result of these efforts, Korean shipping industry is now largely liberalized due to the elimination of almost all trade barriers in maritime transport services. Accordingly, the Korean government understands it can no longer foster the growth of the shipping industry through protective policies. Liberalization measures have included the following

• Foreign carriers were allowed to establish branches in Korea (January 18).

• Foreigners were allowed to invest in shipping auxiliary services, including maritime agency service and maritime freight forwarding service (June 1).

• In the case of the cargo reservation system for non-liner shipping, the number of items on the designated cargo list has been gradually reduced from the original 11 to (items were already removed from the designated cargo list government procurement goods, refrigerated goods, cement, steel products, raw material for fertilizer, grain, coal and petrochemicals).

• The Waver System in liner shipping has been eliminated, allowing free access to the Korean market by foreign carriers (January 15).

• The licensing system of ocean-going shipping was transformed into the filing system, maintaining the policy of gradual liberalization the shipping industry (in 16)

• The Designated Cargo System was abolished entirely (in 1).

Korean Shipbuilders Advantages

Korean shipbuilders have the worlds most efficient steel producer (POSCO), which can provide cheaper and better quality of steel products than any other steel producer. Korean shipyards are based in the same area as POSCO, which is a vital condition for efficient operations. Tougher and stricter environmental rules could also be beneficial as world shipping and oil majors need to replace their single-hulled tankers with double-hulled ships. In addition, new environmental measures will increase demand for more clean energy such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), which in turn will raise demand for LNG tankers. Steady growth of world trade will increase the need for larger container ships, where Korean shipbuilders are strong and competitive.

Major Shipbuilders in Korea

1) Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd

Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd is the worlds largest shipyard

HHI is very active in the military business and was selected as the main contractor in Koreas submarine project (KDX-II) in 001.

In addition, HHI have become the first shipyard in Korea to build both moss-type and membrane �type LNG carriers. The membrane-type LNG carrier is the world's largest LNG carrier of this type, made up of four independent tanks insulated with polyurethane panels.

) Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co. Ltd. (DSME)

DSME has successfully completed its restructuring scheme and graduated from the workout program in August 001

) Samsung Heavy Industries

4) Hanjin Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd.

Hanjin Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd. is a subsidiary of Hanjin Business Group and a sister company of Korean Air

5) STX Shipbuilding Co., Ltd

STX Shipbuilding Co., Ltd (formerly Daedong Shipbuilding)

6) Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Co., Ltd.

Hyundai Mipo Dockyards has built 70 petrochemical product carriers since their establishment and has become the unrivalled shipbuilder in this field in the world market.

Competitions

Chinese shipbuilders, who have been taking rapid strides on the global market, are emerging as rivals for the world's leading shipyards in Korea and Japan. Chinese dockyards received record orders during the first five months of this year, including oil tankers, and container and bulk carriers.

According to British shipping industry research firm Lloyds, China grabbed 1.6 percent of the global shipbuilding market last year, up from 11. percent in 001, 5.6 percent in 000 and .5 percent in 18.

At this stage, Korean and Japanese shipyards are ahead of their Chinese counterparts in technology and production capacity. But domestic shipbuilders are afraid that China will chip away at their market share in the future.

China is estimated to be seven to eight years behind Korea in shipbuilding technology for LNG carriers and an average five years for other ship types.

Out of fear over China's rapid emergence as a global shipbuilding powerhouse, Korea's big three shipbuilders _ Hyundai Heavy Industries, Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering and Samsung Heavy Industries _ have been reluctant to form partnerships with Chinese shipyards for technology transfer

Conclusion

In the 1st century, Korean shipbuilders are seeking to transform quantitative into a qualitative growth, and are focusing on producing high value-added ships, which offer greater profitability. To fulfill their responsibilities as a leading shipbuilding country, Korean shipbuilders will also do their best to develop new technology for qualified ships and deliver environmental-friendly ships. For the prevention of global warming, a new ship type and FSO for carrying or storing liquefied carbon dioxide (LCD) are expected to be required, of which sector world shipbuilders should take full attention.

Table-1 Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Merchant Fleet

Year No. of Ships Tonnage % Change

171 7 40 -

180 1,46 4,44 18.5

10 ,114 7,86 6.1

000 ,417 5,75 -.1

Unit thousand gross tons

Source Lloyds World Fleet Statistics, 000

1) Percent change annual average increase rate

) Annual average increase rate during 171-000 6.4%

Table- Growth of the World Merchant Fleet

Year No. of Ships Tonnage % Change

171 55,041 47 -

180 7,8 40 6.1

10 78,01 46 0.1

000 86,817 54 .7

Unit million gross tons

Source Lloyds World Fleet Statistics, 000

1) Percent change annual average increase rate

) Annual average increase rate during 171-000 .8%

Table- Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Fleet by Type

Type 10 10 000 000 %

Tonnage share Tonnage share change

General Cargo Carrier 161 1.8 8 . .4

Log Carrier 14 1.6 4 .5 11.5

Dry Bulker 6,15 68.7 5,571 46.0 11.5

Container 1,408 15.6 ,5 1.5 6.

Liquid Bulker 8 10. 1,0 10.7 .6

Others 18 1.5 1,84 15.0 .5

Total ,05 100.0 1,104 100.0 .

Unit thousand gross ton, %

Source Korea Shipowners Association

Table-4 Growth of Seaborne Trade

Unit million tons, %

Year Korean World

volume percent volume percent

170 .4 - ,48 -

180 4.0 15.4 ,606 .8

10 6.7 . ,77 1.0

000 58.6 8.8 5,74 .1

170-000 11.1 .6

Source Korea Shipowners Association, Fearnleys

Table-5 Growth of Korean Participation in Cross-Trades

unit million tons, %

Year Volume Percent Change

170 5.4 -

180 11.4 7.8

10 1.6 10.7

000 181.6 1.1

170-000 1.4

Source Korea Shipowners Association

Table-6 Korean Operators in 000 by Ships Capacity

Capacity Number of Total Capacity % of Total

1,000s of G/T operators 1,000s of G/T Fleet Capacity

over ,000 6,17 51.4

1,500-,000 - - -

1,000-1,500 ,60 1.5

500-1,000 1,518 1.5

100-500 4 804 6.6

less than 100 51 6 8.0

Total 61 1,104 100.0

Source Ministry of Maritime Affairs of Fisheries

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A Conflicted End:Captain Vere's Death in Mehlville's "Billy Budd"

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Any analysis seeking to understand the intricacies of Captain Vere's death, must first display an adequate understanding of the noble Captain's life, and the elements of his person from which a conflicted passing may arise. It is important to first note the life Captain Vere lead. He was regarded by all as a just and noble man, abundant in all the qualities of leadership, personality, and humility that draw persons to their leader. He was also very unique in possessing and projecting onto those around him a sort of dreamy persona as dictated by his nickname 'Starry Vere.' (Perkins 164)

In fact, Vere's dominant good qualities set him as a character parallel to Billy Budd himself, as opposed to the antagonistic Claggart. Herein Mehlville sets the stage for unforeseen conflict, as it is Vere, Budd's counterpart in kindness and good nature that is ultimately faced with the difficult task of clinging to the principles that have always guided his life and ordering the death of his finest man.

It is the marriage of Vere's straightforward, fair leadership, and his compassion and personal attachment to Billy Budd that births the mortal conflict that manifests itself in Vere's dying words as Billy Budd's name is repeated over and over. In the Holy Bible, the Angel Rafael tells the boy Tobias, "Do that which is right and no harm shall come to thee." The honorable Captain vere can likely be found living in close accord with this principle as described by his treatment of subordinates, peers, and in his fair practices. In dealings with disciplinary and corrective actions on his ship, Vere is noted as "never tolerating an infraction of discipline." Sadly enough, it is this same righteous and admirable principle that undoubtedly forces Vere's hand in Blly's death.

Understanding Vere's upright practices and life add up to a significant wealth of information in light of why he was forced to reluctantly put Billy Budd to death. However, to understand from whence was birthed the conflict in Vere's death, it is necessary to couple this information with his appreciation of, and potentially love for Billy Budd as a sailor and a man. One line best encapsulates his feelings regarding Billy as he comments on his difficult, yet ordered actions following Claggart's death. Captain Vere speaks volumes of Billy Budd when he says, "struck by an angel of God! Yet the angel must hang!" (Perkins 1657)

This profound statement simultaneously addresses Vere's feelings about Budd in addition to the action he must take despite these feelings and his observation of Budd's somewhat innocence and inherent goodness. As the text goes on to illustrate through Budd's saint-like, almost angelic passing, and the crew's congregational repetition of Budd's dying words, he clearly passed on to the next world in a state of peace with himself, his actions, the crew, Captain Vere, and his soul. In fact, Budd's famous line, "God bless Captain Vere" (Perkins 166) directly expresses his state of peace regarding Captain Vere and the tough decision he makes.

It is my sincere belief that Vere's repeating Billy Budd's name reflects a similar parting view of this climactic crossroads that both gentlemen faced in their lives. Though the incident ultimately precipitated Budd's death, Vere's dying words illustrate the lasting effect of the events that transpired concerning Billy Budd and the undeniable challenge presented to Vere. As included in the piece, Vere feels no remorse with regard to his decision. However, it is clear that in his dying moments he is contemplative with and somewhat troubled by the ends to which his strick adherence to laws and codes guided him. As evidenced by Captain Vere's vague utterances of Budd's name, in contrast to Billy Budd's statement of closure, in passing Vere struggles with the finality of his decision and the condemnation that accompanied his decision to do what was technically right. On his dying lips is the conflict that results from not bending the rules the one time he knew he probably should have in an effort to save the worthiest vessel of all.

Please note that this sample paper on A Conflicted End:Captain Vere's Death in Mehlville's "Billy Budd" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Conflicted End:Captain Vere's Death in Mehlville's "Billy Budd", we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on A Conflicted End:Captain Vere's Death in Mehlville's "Billy Budd" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"TOO LITTLE DEMOCRACY IN THEPHILIPPINES"

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Claro M. Recto patterned the Philippine Constitution after the U.S. Constitution so that President Franklin D. Roosevelt would ratify the Tydings-McDuffie Act which would enable the Philippines to regain their freedom. President Roosevelt approved the Constitution because the purpose of benevolent assimilation was to teach the Philippines how to form and administer a Republican form of government that would recognize human rights. In accordance with the U.S. constitution, the Philippine Constitution is regarded as the supreme law which promotes democracy to which all laws are subordinate.

The word democracy arose from the Greek word, Demos, which means 'many' while the latter part of the word means 'rule' and so the word would come to mean 'Rule of Many'. However, it is obvious that the goal of democracy; the very foundation on which the ideology was built, is a concept that has not come to be realized in the Philippines. There are three important points that must be addressed before one can analyze democracy; that is that democracy for the people, by the people and of the people.

The first point implies that the aim of an efficient democratic government is to make sure that all citizens of the state enjoy the human rights which are inherent to them through the creation, implementation and interpretation of law as overseen by the executive, legislative and judiciary branches of government. The second point focuses on the source of power which is the people because government officials should represent the needs of the people while the third clarifies that these officials are, in essence, accountable to the people. Looking at the history of injustice, corruption and prevalent poverty, the problem is not that there is too much democracy but that there is too little because the concept of democracy is not understood or perhaps ignored by our so-called "public servants".

To prove this, we shall look at several historic events which are supposedly the manifestation of democracy. The first example of such is the EDSA Revolution which occurred in the nd of February 186. While many would argue that it is an example of too much democracy because the mob mentality asserted itself so much that it deposed Ferdinand Marcos, we shall take a different view. Let us first look at the reason why it occurred. So many allies of Marcos and his family profited from the misery of the people because they did not understand that they were suppose to serve the people.Do my essay on "TOO LITTLE DEMOCRACY IN THEPHILIPPINES" CHEAP !

After 6 years of ignorance of our rights, the people were clamoring for change. The people wanted to change the leaders of government because the government was self-serving, and inefficient. Marcos' purpose was to annihilate the power of the masses by having the elite control the society. The elite few were composed of his associates and family members. The control of the people were slowly transferred to the elite who possessed both wealth and political influence which allowed them to make political and economic decisions that would benefit themselves instead of the masses. In essence, they were the source and beneficiaries of power.

When former President Marcos was ousted, the primary aims of the Aquino administration was to destroy what the 'power structure' of Marcos left, to bring back the integrity of the society towards the government, and to put an end to the rebelliousness of the military and radicals. But unfortunately the Aquino administration wasn't able to accomplish its objectives. First of all, peace talks brought about nothing more than temporary solutions, the abundance of communist movements remained; despite the written settlements between the new government and the army, the army never acquired complete trust from the government; the violation of human rights worsened, finally, the revised constitution still favored the elite and the Aquino constitution did not wipe the power from the Marcos supporters. (Bakker, 17 pp.0-)

Another example is the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) II, which took place on the 17th of January 001. The primary reason for the gathering of most of the citizens during this incident was to remove the former President Joseph Estrada from his position. Let us look at the cause of why this occurrence really took place. Rumors emerged from different sections of the society suspected him for corrupting the whole nation, and having a big role in heading the scams that were going on during his reign as president. Both these rumors and statistics brought about the trial for his impeachment. The trial gave suspicion to the people by showing the possibility of Estrada in paying all his Senators under him to do everything they can to prove him not guilty. Suspicion of the people, both lay and elite, brought about chaos and therefore began the EDSA II. Therefore, the people lost their trust from the President which generally initiated the elite to influence a few of the low class to the ousting of Estrada in unity with them.

The administration of Estrada was handed down to his Vice president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo whose goals however, were not in whole accordance to the ousting of Estrada. She mostly continued the goals of Ramos' administration instead of Estrada's. Being an economist, she wanted to somewhat concentrate on bringing the economy upward, but her intentions weren't meant because of the chaos that has been going on in the world and in our own country. She also wanted to obtain stability among the citizens, but seeing the continuous threats and terrorism from rebellious groups it is easy for us to see that this objective of hers might never be achieved. She may have provided the Filipino citizens with solutions to these problems, yet it is obvious that the solution is just temporary that it would never be used by the succeeding president.

In conclusion to this argument, the Philippines has too little democracy because the people don't really understand what democracy is and what it should be. Even most of the former and present government officials, and the citizens do not understand what should be done for the country to be a democratic nation. There is no official fact that the officials do not know the exact meaning of democracy, or that they are just acting as if they truly understand what the nation should be doing in order for Filipinos to be democratic. It is obvious, however, that these officials are wise and intellectual for they were able to persuade the people to put them in their desired positions. What is not right, though, is that these officials are using there power of persuasion to convince the people that democracy is when they stand together against an official, instead of addressing them that democracy is actually when they control the government.

The examples of both People Powers are the best examples that show how Filipinos perceive democracy. For them, standing together against a government official is democratic; they never took time to realize what would happen to the nation once an official is replaced. In my opinion, democracy should be, if against an official, well thought about, but if the problem with the official is very insignificant, then the people does not need to rally but just needs to let the official realize what he should do for the better of the nation. The people, therefore, should never take for granted the petty mistakes of an official, for this simply shows how we take care of our nation as well. The people should also, always be reminded that they were the ones who placed the officials in their rightful positions, as a result, they should be responsible for what they have decided upon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agoncillo, Teodoro (10). History of the Filipino people. Quezon City Garotech

Publishing.

Bakker, Jan W. (17). The Philippines justice system. Netherlands Leiden University.

Hardin, Russell (1). Liberalism, constitutional, and democracy. New York Oxford

University Press, Inc.

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (176). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York

George Allen & Unwin, Inc.

Other sources

(1-15). Microsoft® Encarta® 6 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation Funk &

Wagnalls Corporation.

(001). http//www.worldsocialist-cwi.org/index.html?/eng/001/014.html. Accessed

on August 11, 00

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Craft as Art

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Craft as Art

Are we regressing? We as humans in a society consumed by bigger, better, faster, stronger more powerful things have finally realised we are losing what has made us human in the first place- what makes us, us and the personalised human touch.

Craft is emerging no longer with the stigma of just being something bored, uneducated housewives just sat around doing in quilting bees, knitting circles and craft corners while their husbands in the role of the breadwinner brought home the bacon.

But at what cost are we discovering this lost art form? Unfortunately for us, we have become unskilled and all the skills of knitting, sewing, crocheting which were for people of our Grandmother's generation second nature. Who can wistfully remember our Granny sitting there teaching us how to knit while patiently telling us that, "one day you will be able to make a nice sweater, dear," while secretly thinking that it would be so much easier to head off to the shops and buy a better one already made, off the rack.

Custom Essays on Craft as Art

When we see our friends wearing what they have discovered their mother's wardrobes full of one-off vintage pieces we wish that we too could own a piece of individuality and uniqueness. We can see this desire to create every day and more and more people are gradually becoming inspired to create something by hand. Something hand made by themselves, which they can proudly say, when asked "I made it myself". This can clearly be seen with the popularity of television programs such as 'Better Homes and Garden's' with the likes of People such as Tonia Todman making "fabulous wall hangings you can make from bits around the house in less that hours." Who doesn't feel that they too can take a break from a world increasingly obsessed with the ready made and disposable objects with planned obsolescence.

The increasing emergence and popularity of Craft's fairs exemplify the human need for the humanness in our everyday lives. Unfortunately for us, this desire comes at a price and the cost of someone's time, dedication, and effort is reflected in what seems to be ridiculously hight prices. It's even harder to comprehend now, the cost of something which has it's own character when we know too well, that we will be buying something our Grandmother's would have just made anyway.

Diana Wood Conroy's article, 'Curating Textiles Tradition as Transgression.' Reminds us that familiar Western archetypes of Art/ Craft must be continually given attention to. She recognises that there is a lot of polarisation with the meanings of the word "Art" and the meaning of the word "Craft". Her article shows us that these too practices are not the far cry from the other as it may originally seem.

Cross disciplining practice across media & into technology involves a theorising of practice, while recognising differences in histories & approaches among studio disciplines.

Both Art and Crafts people have a belief in an intuitive basis for artistic inspiration.

Students of textiles, like those of painting produced work that holds attention from a conceptual understanding & sensitivity to materials and structures. The combining significant concept & developed techniques in the textile medium. Yes, it is true that crafts such as textiles derive from very old tradition but like wise so does painting, so does sculpture. The crafts field became nuanced, differences of philosophical approach, ideology and practice.

The term craft once clearly defined in the 170's 'Craft Revolution', now faceted into myriad positionings blurring divisions between process, function and concept. Craft is commonly identified with the body and thus perceived as non-individual and non-conceptual. While art is associated with the mind & the conceptual with the 'one-off' artwork in a highly individual categorisation of the experience.

Groupings reflect our history, & continue to influence unconscious assumptions.

Craft plays the 'feminine' role to the 'masculine' art world. The strategies of visual art theory- feminist, post-structural & semiotic approaches are equally applicable to the crafts. Current theory suggests that the multiple, the corporeal, the feminine, histories of medium and materiality- all trad. Characteristics of craft-equal relevance to cutting edge art.

]

The crafts practice covers a multiplicity of perspectives, just as art practice encompasses innumerable styles & intentions. The is increased importance of maintaining some forum for the integration of conceptual sophistication allied with developed craft skills. Using Craft histories to engage in issues of subversion has benefited many notable visual artists who carefully avoid and contextualisation with crafts.

To make textiles that copy visual art in order to attain a de-skilled style seemed to undermine the integrity of the craft process. Rather than craft media being 'appropriated by artists identifying as non-craft artists in major exhibitions, or working within a visual arts style, craft artists should participate fully in their own traditions and histories. When it boils down to it, the strength of craft is craft and craft may give a different resonance and depth to the Australian Art world as a whole.

Likewise Sue Rowley's article, 'Parables of Criticism.' Highlights what we are just beginning to realise the stigma attached to craft, that it is merely an inferior form of art. Art belongs in the museums and galleries while craft belongs in schoolyard fetes and craft markets.

The criticism about art, craft literature & culture should not be seen by artists as a kind of service industry. Many crafts practitioners & writers have a strong sense of belonging to a relatively small community that places high value on cohesiveness.

Don't know each other face to face but there is a strong sense of interrelatedness and shared experiences. This sense of belonging to something which is part of a larger scale experience is incredibly exhilarating.

The "Privatisation" of criticism increasingly shows the veiling of crafts from public address. Sue Rowley states that the exemption of art from criticism is also an exclusion from public intellectual life. In craft communities, fear of ostracism & the partiality of advocacy functions to inhibit the development of critical insight into the crafts at a time when the practice of craft could be enhanced by its inclusion in public intellectual life in Australia.

A great deal of the emerging crafts writing seems to engage in story telling as a mode of interrogation. Not that this is a particularly bad thing, in fact it is quite the opposite the fact that craft shares kinship with folk tales heightens its importance. In Rowley's article she proves this by drawing the parallels between two folk fairy tales, 'Snow white & the Seven Dwarfs' and 'The Emperor's New Clothes'.

Robert Nelson's article, 'Towards a Typology of Small Objects' shows us how people are facing the questions of the viability, the integrity, the destiny of craft. Like Sue Rowley, Robert Nelson is concerned with the positioning of craft in a world consumed with the value of art. He realises that we are lacking in current debates of craft and this is good typology- typology being the method of classifying things made. He suggests that to categorise is to conceptualise and if there is no attempt to describe order, there is no chaos theory, no means of handling, and no critique.

Crafts people frequently begin with their material and let their ideas gel subsequently.

But if design becomes expressive because it looks like it wants to do something- it speaks a language of gesture. It must convey purpose and must therefore suggest a reason for being beyond itself. Everything is for something else. All things made by the human hand (with the possible exception of art) are for something else.

In very recent times painting and sculpture have sealed themselves off from the rest of the world in a museum of conceit. There is a potent motif of interdependence in all things made, an interdependence which is the context of meaning and purpose for each thing. We have to talk of the destiny of objects as though it is nothing but the context which each object makes for each other object.

Items which serve other objects before serving humans are more instrumental than those which serve us directly. We automatically become disgusted if objects and their functions are confused. Nelson shows us the very practical example of if we were to see someone drinking straight from the jug. If we were to see this, we would feel uncomfortable because the jug is not there to drink from, the glass is there to drink from. Therefore, the blurring between the purposes of everyday things make us suspicious of the unfamiliar.

Craft is a powerful purchase on daily life and its history of passionate debate, offers the humanities the ideal context for theory, for examining the way we fundamentally conceive the world.

Kylie Winkworth's article (complete with the different photographs of examples of tea cosies), 'Making Things,' Describes to us that the word craft has been smeared over a whole culture of making things, regardless of distinctions between different types of practice, different levels of skill and different motivations behind the making of things.

Craft is a term used in an indiscriminate application to work of every description- from the mundane and routine to the expert and the original. The parallels between women's crafts of the nineteenth century and recreational crafts today are striking and suggest a continuous culture of crafts practice. The traditional gender roles are explicit textiles and the domestic sphere are for women. While metal and wood belong in the 'man's place' in the shed or garage.

From the vantage point of the craft artist, the work reads as sentimental and lacking in originality, design quality and any level of real skill or invention. The vitality of popular crafts indicates a healthy desire for handmade object and for the experience of making things. The urge to make things is a fundamental point of connection between amateur and professional arts practice.

Anne Brennan and Nola Anderson, 'An exploration of memory, theory and making'.

Show us the very powerful analogy of the Wedding Ring, and like Robert Nelson's article describe what happens when objects are used for a purpose which is different than the purpose it was originally made for. They state that objects should not be used for any other purpose than which it has been made.

We have to reinvent ways of talking about the crafts and materials, processes, functions, ornament, symbol and medium histories, in order to salvage an awareness of the personal richness that an object embodies. Craft is more to do with the way of living than with the way of constructing theories.

In the existing system we separate the artist from the art. We insist that the art object alone can embody all meaning and that it alone bears the responsibility for value.

The art object is autonomous and makes its own rules of progression. Ie. one style or period supersedes another. When this is applied to crafts we divorce these objects from those things which have breathed meaning into them, that is the artists life & the way the object participates in our lives.

Please note that this sample paper on Craft as Art is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Craft as Art, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Craft as Art will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION AND THE DIRECT METHODS

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INTRODUCTION

First of all I want to give a brief history of what language teaching was through the nineteenth century where reading comprehension and writing instead of speaking and listening were in fashion ; just following the classical languages as a model to be followed.

Very few schools taught foreign languages, and in general the learning of foreign languages was more in a private way. It was only by 100 that most secondary schools incorporated one or more of their major European languages.Order Custom Essay on THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION AND THE DIRECT METHODS

By the middle of the century many European countries came into closer and more frequent commercial relations, so it was created the necessity to learn foreign languages according to practical needs and interests.

Due to all these, some teachers, specially from Germany and France, began to think on how to create methods that could help to learn foreign languages in the easiest way.

As market among European countries improved, writers like Ahn and Ollendorff, had an enormous success with their books, unless they were not used in schools because they were too easy and too practical.

The demand for utilitarian language teaching increased specially in Germany, and textbooks and methods by Germans got into use.

This approach to foreign language teaching, became known as the Grammar Translation Method in which the immediate aim was for the student to apply the given rules by means of appropriate exercises in order to translate sentences in a mechanical way.

There were some leading exponents like J. Seidenstucker. K. Plotz, H. Ollendorff, J. Meidinger, etc. Grammar Translation dominated European and foreign language teaching from 1840s to the 140s, and in a certain way it continues to be widely used in some parts of the world today.

As this method created frustration in students, in the mid and late 1th century opposition to the Grammar Translation Method developed, and foundations for new ways of teaching languages raised with the name of the Reform Movement.

This movement created a demand for oral proficiency, so some specialists turned their attention to the way modern languages were taught in secondary schools.

France was well represented with writers like Jacotot, Marcel, and Gouin ; England was represented by Prendergast whose ideas, based on children's observations, were later developed in the 0th century by men like Palmer and West.

Parallel to the reformers' ideas, was an interests in developing principles for language teaching in a naturalistic way and all this led to the development of what was known as the Direct Method, which became widely known in the United States through its use by Sauveur and M. Berlitz in commercial language schools.

This method required teachers who were native speakers and it was largely dependent on the teacher's skill, rather than on a textbook.

THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD

This method was called the grammar school method, because it was developed for use in secondary school.

The method did not attempt to teach languages by grammar and translation, its real motivation was reformist ; due to that the traditional scholastic approach of the time was individual, and had been to acquire a reading knowledge of foreign languages by studying classical grammar and applying it to the interpretation of texts in new languages with the use of a dictionary.

As these were self-study methods, that were not appropriate for group-teaching, the grammar-translation method, was an attempt to adapt these traditions to the requirements of schools but preserving the framework of grammar and translation due that they were already familiar to both teachers and students from their classical studies.

Its principal aim was to make language learning easier by the replacement of the traditional texts by sentences that could make grammar easier and clearer.

Grammar-translation textbooks were graded and presented new grammar points in organized sequence and with appropriate examples and sentences that were simpler than the traditional books from reputable authors.

The principal characteristics of the Grammar-Translation Method were

1-The goal was to learn a language in order to read its literature or benefit from mental discipline.

-Reading and writing were major focus.

-Vocabulary based on the reading texts.

4-The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice.

5-Students are expected to attain high standards in translation due

to moral value and increasing written examinations.

6-The students' native language is the medium of instruction.

7-Grammar is taught deductively.

(Richard & Rodgers. 186. Pag. )

There were some contrasts between patterns of change in England and Germany, partly because Germany was considered the model of advanced educational thought at the time due to its state-run system, and England, trying to bring some order into the chaos of middle class education and maintaining academic standards, as well as trying to avoid state involvement in anything like the Prussian model, established in 1850 a system of public examinations controlled by the universities in order to lever modern languages on to the secondary curriculum so as to determine both the content of the language and the methodological principles of the teacher responsible for preparing children to take them.

Approaches were made to Oxford in 1857 and then to Cambridge, establishing a system known as Oxford and Cambridge Local Examinations in 158, working in separate ways.

Later on, Cambridge established the Overseas Examinations in the 1860s, that eventually led to a famous world-wide service. The Locals increased the status of both modern languages and English by including them on the curriculum alongside de classical languages.

There was a split among the universities and the 'great" schools Eaton and Harrow creating a separate examinations board ; due to that, the schools complained that the universities did not teach modern subjects ; so modern languages and English lost academic prestige though their association with the Locals and social prestige by their exclusion from the 'best' schools ; hence the universities came round to the notion of instituting modern language degrees, requiring in this way academic respectability from the modern languages and from the late 1th century reformers who put much attention to the universities and the examination system. (Howatt A.P. 184)

Sweet and Widgery alleged that present methods need a change and stated that reform had to come from above, from the university system.

All this forced modern language teachers and text book writers to ape the methods of the classics. French has to be made as demanding as Latin, and German as intellectually disciplined as Greek.

Germany was more open to reforming influences, and one reason was the structure of its state-run education system. French was included as a compulsory subject but English was optional and rarely taught.

The industrialization of the second half of the 1th century created a new class of language learner, one that had not followed an academic grammar school education and therefore could not be expected to learn foreign languages by traditional methods.

A new approach was needed to suit this particular circumstances and it eventually emerged in the form of ' direct' methods which required no knowledge of grammar at all.

Ahn and Ollendoff included grammar in their courses but in a rationed way of about one or two new rules per lesson, reason which explains why some teachers and reviewers considered them lightweight with lack of improvement and in the need of improvement. (Howatt. A. P . 184)

Toward the mid -1th century Europeans demanded for oral proficiency in foreign languages. Initially this created a market of conversation and phrase books intended for private study, but teaching specialists turned their attention to the way modern languages were taught in secondary schools.

The Frenchman C. Marcel (17- 186) referred to child language learning, as a model for language teaching ; proposed that reading be taught before other skills and propose to locate language teaching within a broader educational framework. The Englishman T. Prendergast (1806-1886) was one of the first to record the observation that children use contextual and situational cues to interpret utterances and that they use memorized phrases and routines in speaking. (Richards & Rodgers. 186). He proposed that learners be taught the most basic structural patterns occurring in the language.

The Frenchman F. Gouin (181- 186) developed an approach to teaching a foreign language based on his observations of children's use of language. (Richards & Rodgers 186). His method used situations and themes as ways of organizing and presenting oral language.

All these specialists were writing at the time when there were no organizational structure in the language teaching profession in the form of professional associations journals and conferences to enable new ideas to develop into an educational movement.(Richard & Rodgers. 186. Pag.6)

In 186 was founded the International Phonetic Association and its International Phonetic Alphabet. One of its goals was to improve the teaching of modern languages.

It advocated

1-The study of spoken language.

-Phonetic training in order to establish good pronunciation habits.

-The use of conversation text and dialogues.

4-An inductive approach to the teaching of grammar.

5-Establishing associations with the target language rather than with

the mother tongue. . (Richards & Rodgers. Pag. 7)

Vietor and Sweet and other reformers shared many beliefs about basic approaches to teaching, but differed considerably in the specific procedures

Parallel to the ideas put forward by members of the reform movement was an interest in developing principles for language teaching out of naturalistic principles of language learning that were termed Natural Methods and that led to the development of the Direct Method.

THE DIRECT METHOD.

Attempts have been made to make second language learning more like first language learning ; one of them was Montaigne in the 16th century who described how his father trained his servants in order to speak in Latin to him so that he could learn Latin in the natural way. In the 1th century was L. Sauveur(186-107) who employed questions as a way of presenting and eliciting language in the target language. He argued that foreign language could be taught without translation or the use of the learner's native tongue.

According to the German F. Franke, a language could be best taught by using it actively in the classroom. Teachers must encourage direct and spontaneous use of the foreign language in the classroom. (Richards & Rodgers. Pag. )

These principles provided the foundations of the Direct Method, which is the most widely known of the natural methods.

It was introduced and officially approved in France and Germany at the turn of the century and became widely known in the United States through its use by Sauveur and Maximilian Berlitz in successful commercial language schools.

In general it stood for the following principles

-Classroom instruction in the target language.

-Only everyday vocabulary and sentences.

-Oral communication in a graded progression.

-Grammar taught inductively.

-New teaching points introduced orally.

-Concrete vocabulary through demonstrations and the abstract through association of ideas.

-Speech and listening comprehension.

-Correct pronunciation and grammar. (Richards & Rodgers. Pag. 10)

This method was quite successful in private language schools of the Berlitz chain. The use of native speaking teachers was the norm ; its method was difficult to implement in public secondary school education. It lacked a rigorous basis in applied linguistic theory so it was criticized by the proponents of the Reform Movement.

Teachers were required to great lengths to avoid using the native language, when sometimes a simple explanation in the student's native tongue would have been more efficient to comprehension.

By 10 this method in noncommercial schools in Europe declined. In France and Germany was modified through introduction of some grammar aspects. A study held in 1 concluded that no single method could guarantee successful results.

PHYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

It is well known that since interest in the learning of modern languages began, specialists and linguists are always trying to find ways on how to learn a second language in the most effective and easiest way ; methods, theories and methodologies are everyday being tried in order to facilitate this matter that has different grades of difficulty in each learner, but from my own point of view, it is a matter that we as teachers and researchers must work with, trying to give our best, so as to help the increasing number of learners that are and are going to be under our responsibility and the confidence that they have of our work with them and their achievements.

I also consider that in some way we are still using the Grammar-Translation Method in schools, specially when the large number of students in the classroom is the matter, and the Direct Method as well, when the school's philosophy is to speak only English, ignoring our own teaching methodologies.

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