Truth

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A Greek Proverb once noted, "A truth spoken before its time is dangerous" (Lieberman 51). People in power positions in our society are constantly challenged in their practice of rhetoric to speak the truth while presenting their ideas in public forums. Unfortunately, some individuals whether intentionally or not, distort the truth during their preparation and presentation to deceive the intended audience, which is a very dangerous tactic if the audience has the capacity to recognize the real facts of the matter. James A. Herrick highlighted the functions and ethical practices of the art of rhetoric and noted, "The six functions I will highlight are (1) Ideas are tested, () advocacy is assisted, () power is distributed, (4) facts are discovered, (5) knowledge is shaped, and (6) communities are built" (Herrick 16). It is the intention of this paper to conduct a theoretical analysis of the issues related to the rhetoric used by the embattled Los Angeles Chief of Police Bernard C. Parks. Prior to the latest crisis in his career, Chief Parks had established a reputation for being the most knowledgeable person on the department. Although he was considered the manager of the Los Angeles Police Department, it was recognized that he was not a polished public speaker and this flaw was actually highlighted during his most recent speeches to the Police Commission and City Council. In the area of power, Chief Parks is considered the consummate micro-manager with his command staff, and Community Police Advisory Councils. Although Parks created an illusion that he was the master of all facts concerning the Los Angeles Police Department, he underestimated the investigative process of the media and ultimately the public with his outdated methods of argumentative style of his rhetoric. It became apparent that the most critical point in Chief Parks' effort to keep his job was revealed when the race card was played, and a portion of his presentation to the Police Commission was rejected as being a false employee evaluation. It is an interesting revelation that the process to evaluate the merits of renewing Chief Parks' contract ultimately rested on the racial make-up of the Police Commission; the alienation of the Black community and the dysfunctional political process. It was further stirred by Mayor James Hahn's decision to voice his opinion prior to the renewal process.

The Daily News recently noted, "With the appointment of Bernard C. Parks as Chief of Police in August 17, the department was quickly restructured to focus on its primary mission to reduce crime and the fear of crime with emphasis on command accountability and community partnerships. Other notable changes were quickly implemented to address the many reforms mandated by the Christopher Commission, and called for by civilian oversight groups…" (Cook, Allen, and Selleck). In light of the rhetoric on both sides of the issue, Chief Parks was unable to effectively communicate facts, which supported his success in the aforementioned mission. In fact, his detractors, which included the Los Angeles Police Protective League (LAPPL) and the Mayor presented effective arguments and conflicting facts in their professional media rhetoric that disputed and obscured Chief Parks' merit by using rhetoric to test his ideas. Thus, the LAPPL spent more then a million dollars in advertisements, which noted the increase in crime, fear in the community, failure in the mandated Christopher Commission reforms and demonstrated arrogance toward the Community Police Advisory Boards.

Chief Parks actually ineffectively used rhetoric to assist advocacy of his ideas by using the church clergy, Black Power based groups, and politicians in attempting to influence the Police Commission and the political leaders of Los Angeles. Unfortunately, his unpolished and awkward speaking style did not advance his ideas to his audience and in fact the media frenzy, which rested on every word, magnified the formal context of his rhetoric, which was lacking.

Rhetoric has a direct relationship to power. Granted, Chief Parks has major accomplishments reflected in his 7 years with the department and he actually established an undisputed power base with people representing communities from all of the 465 square miles of Los Angeles. However, regardless of his intentions or "symbolic expressions" in appealing to the greater community in this process, he fell short because he lacked power in his rhetoric. Simultaneously, his renowned character trait of ignoring the advise of others, may have likely limited his "psychological power" in influencing the significant players in the renewal process because it had severe consequences. The contrasting rhetoric of the LAPPL also highlighted the Chief's uncaring attitude about his rank and file officers who had publicly voted "no-confidence" and as a matter of fact, approximately 100 officers resigned during his tenure.

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Friedrich Nietzsche once noted, "What, then, is truth? A mobile army of metaphors (a comparison of things not apparently similar), metonyms (the substitution of a part for the whole), and anthropomorphisms (an interpretation of what is not human or personal in terms of human or personal characteristics)-in short, a sum of human relations, which have been enhanced, transposed, and embellished poetically and rhetorically, and which after long use seem firm…"(Nietzsche 1). Rhetoric does discover facts and it is recognized that Chief Parks had a reputation of high integrity prior to this process. However, his rhetoric was very predictable to his adversaries that emphasized the comparison between his words and his actions during his interview with the Police Commission in which he apparently used an employee evaluation, which had been substituted and not properly processed through the Police Commission. This incident ultimately revealed a contradiction to the Chief's rhetoric and a major flaw in his personal character. Regardless of his claim that there had been a misunderstanding between the Chief and the former President of the Police Commission, the public revelation of this fact ensured a timely end to an otherwise uncompromising career. "Some theorists contend that rhetoric actually creates truth. As we explore the history of rhetoric, we will uncover various answers to these questions" (Herrick 4). Because of the significance of the position of the Chief of Police and former civil service protection for this position, it is believed that some past chiefs were able to be less then truthful during their public appearances. However, the city charter change in 1 established a five-year-term limit for the Chief of Police position and a five year renewal with the approval of the Police Commission, which made the position more political, and the renewal process more challenging. Therefore, the scrutiny of Chief Parks' rhetoric created challenges to his "truth" because of the investigative ability of the media and others to closely examine his misleading messages.

The renewal process for Chief Parks greatly highlighted the disparity and views about what constituted justice and equality in Los Angeles, and the fact that rhetoric shapes knowledge. The Black community mobilized its resources, church clergy, and political leadership and was very aggressive in their use of the media in presenting their facts and social issues in supporting Chief Parks. Unfortunately, some of the messages alienated other members of the greater Los Angeles community because there was a tendency by certain individuals to threaten violence to a city, which was still in a healing process from the 1 civil unrest. It is also recognized that all Black citizens cannot be simplistically lumped into a common thread. There were those community leaders that were trying to build understanding and consensus with their rhetoric while establishing knowledge about Chief Parks' accomplishments. Regardless of Chief Parks' knowledge and experience, the renewal process was completed, and the decision of the Police Commission denied his renewal. The reality is that only three City Council members wanted a public review to assert its authority over the Police Commission, 11 voted to support the Police Commission decision and one (Council Member Galanter) was absent.

It is a fact that rhetoric builds community, even in a city as complex and culturally diverse as Los Angeles. Although there are competing communities within the city, it is recognized that there are certain common goals and values that people place on public safety. As the Chief of Police, Chief Parks is the top law enforcement official in our city and therefore; he must be able to convey his message beyond the cultural and religious boundaries of its citizenship and effectively deploy his resources to provide public safety and education to its members. As noted, Chief Parks fell short in this process during his evaluation by the Police Commission because he demonstrated unsuccessful rhetorical interactions with those that judged him and the greater community itself.

In closing, on April , 00, Chief Bernard C. Parks announced his intention to retire from the Los Angeles Police Department, and actually used rhetoric to impart his interests as a future candidate of the City Council. During this entire process, some members of the community wondered why the Chief fought so hard to retain his position. However, it is believed the six functions of rhetoric greatly helped in the analysis of his motivations and limitations of his "truth" in this process.

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Primary and Secondary Marketing Research

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Primary and Secondary Marketing Research

The five-step scientific marketing research process includes defining the problem, analyzing the situation, getting problem-specific data, interpreting the data, and finally solving the problem (Perreault, 1).

The first step is to define the problem. Once the problem is identified and defined, the next step is to analyze the situation. Part of this situation analysis involves gathering data. There are two kinds of marketing research data, primary and secondary. The situation analysis involves gathering secondary data, which is data that has already been gathered and published by a third party. Much of this data could be available internally within the data stores of the business, or it is available from outside sources such as government agencies, libraries, trade associations, or private research companies. One of the first places one should try and find secondary data from is over the Internet. Using the Internet is probably one of the least expensive ways of obtaining data, but it can also be the most time consuming.

My company, Escada, Inc. uses secondary data from both internal and external sources. We run reports each month that capture sales by region, by product, by customer, etc. We store these reports in order to have them available for future research. For instance, if we decided that we wanted to introduce a new product line within our line card, we could research our already available secondary data in order to understand what territories this product type best sells in. If our internal data does not tell enough of a story, we can look to outside sources for the secondary data. In our case, we might look at one of the IT industry information services such as IDC or Gartner. If I were planning to launch Centrino notebooks into Latin America and the Caribbean, I would need to gather data about the wireless infrastructure in the region prior to doing so. Yes Centrino notebooks have other features such as longer battery life, but the key selling point is the ability to use your notebook anywhere and be able to log on to the Internet without connecting a wire to it. Our marketing efforts would benefit highly if I could get statistics on the number of notebook users in the region, the number of wireless phone users, the growth of the wireless phone infrastructure, etc. Most importantly, I could gather data on which countries in the region are ahead of the others as far as wireless technology. Some of this data might be available through free channels such as the US government, trade organizations, etc. I have always found that the most accurate data comes from the sources that charge for the service.

Once I have gathered the secondary data and have finished my situation analysis, I should be able to start pinpointing areas where I need further detailed data. This leads to the next step, gathering problem specific data. This is where we gather our second type of data, which is actually called primary data. Primary data research is actually going a step further to find out what the customer feels about the product or service that you are trying to market. "There are two basic methods for obtaining information about customers questioning and observing" (Perreault, 1, p). The questions can be qualitative or quantitative in nature. Qualitative questions seek open-ended responses and are more geared towards getting the customers feelings or opinions. Quantitative research looks for structured responses that can be measured, such as yes or no responses or a., b., c., type answers. In the case of our Centrino notebooks, I would lean towards using more quantitative research in order to find out what processor speeds, hard drive sizes, memory sizes the customers preferred. I might do this by doing a survey questionnaire by phone or over the Internet. I would most likely try enticing them with eligibility for a prize if they participated in the questionnaire.

In the computer distribution business it is important to understand what type of products our customers will purchase. Having the wrong product in stock can become very costly. Predicting what they will purchase in order to have it available when they are ready to place their orders is the key to being successful. Using marketing research and gathering the proper data will help Escada to make the right decisions in the future.

References

Perreault, W. D., Jr. & McCarthy, E. J. (1). Basic marketing A global-managerial approach (1th ed.) [University of Phoenix Special Edition Series]. Burr Ridge, IL Irwin/McGraw-Hill.

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Into the wild life.

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The Youth of Francis

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Giovanni Bernardone was born around September 118 to Giovanna (Pica) and Pietro di Bernardone. When little Giovanni was born, his father, a very successful cloth merchant, was on a business trip to Champagne, France, to buy fine French cloth. In his absence, his mother had him baptized him John. When his father arrived home, he was outraged to find his son named John, and had it changed to Francesco, or Frenchman.

When Francis was about 10, his wealthy parents sent him to Saint Georges, a school near the city walls of Assisi. The school belonged to the Church of Saint George, and was taught by canons. It was here young Francis

heard the story of Saint George and the dragon. Then, Franciss heart was set on becoming a Knight. What young boy can resist the story of a brave knight fighting evil dragons in order to save the beautiful princess?

Francis turned 14, and then his wild parties began. He and his other young friends would eat and drink themselves sick, at Franciss treat of course. After that, all through the night the large party would dance through the town, Francis leading them and singing his heart out the whole way. Didn't it disturb the townspeople? Yes, but when they saw it was Francis, everyone would smile and shake their heads. No could not love this charming boy with his looks, generosity, and splendid voice.Order Custom Essay on The Youth of Francis

Of course, all this merry-making cost money. And who was the ever-ready provider? Why, Pietro Bernardone, of course. He and his family were very wealthy, and he kept his boys pockets well lined. He also made sure Francis wore nothing but the best. He being a clothier, his son wore nothing but the finest fabrics in the newest styles. But still, he would sometimes cringe at the way Francis ridiculously spent money. Or when he gave it away. Francis was very generous, and would give to every beggar. When he had no more, he would give the fine clothes off his back.

This pleased his mother, but when would the spending stop?

As Francis became older, the dream of knighthood never left him. In January 100 war broke out with Perugia.

For two years, this was nothing more than skirmishes, a game of cat and mouse between the two cities. It wasnt until December 1, 10, that a true battle was fought. The armies of Assisi were assembled. And where was our young knight? With the knights and nobility. He had been splendidly outfitted by his father, who was anxious to see him with the nobles.

With the army, he charged into the fighting plain, along the banks of the Tiber. It was a fruitless massacre. Perugia's armies slaughtered Assisi's men. Only knights were taken prisoner, because owning a horse meant one could pay a ransom, horses being a sign of wealth. Assisi's nobles were put into dark Peruvian dungeons, to be left there for years.

Being stuck in a dungeon was not good for Francis, who contracted tuberculosis. He was released early by a charitable organization who cared for sick prisoners. His father paid a ransom, and Francis went home. He was about 1 when he was taken prisoner. He was now .

Francis's Calling

Francis was having troubles at home. After returning defeated, his father was very disappointed. And upset at the money he spent on fine clothes for Francis. When he was recovering from his illness, he was very quiet and spent much time reflecting and praying. He no longer sang. And Assisi was having a hard time recovering from the war.

But after while, things again began to lighten up. Once again, the dream of knighthood was stirred in Francis. It was the time of the Crusades, the Holy Wars. And Francis was drawn to go. This time he would come back victorious. His father spent the equivalent of a large farm fro the armor and horse of Francis. And so Francis went off once again.

While on his way to Spoleto, Francis fell ill, and lodged with his squire in an inn. In the silence of the night, a voice called him. The voice asked Francis what he was going to do. When Francis explained, the voice said "Who can give you more, the master of the servant?"

Answered Francis "The master"

And the voice said "Then why do you abandon the master for the servant and the prince for the vassal?"

Francis asked "What do you wish me to do, Lord?"

"Return to the land you were born in and you will be told what to do."

Francis stayed in Spoleto when he caught a case of quartan auge. When he was well again, he started on the road home. While passing through Foligno he stopped. He could not wear his armor home. What a pathetic sight And knight in unblemished armor. Francis sold his horse and armor and bought himself some simple clothes. He came home, and the arguments with his father began. His father had spent so much money--the sum of a large farm!--and what did Francis have to show for it? Nothing!

One day, after returning home, Francis changed. He suddenly was converted. He gave alms to every beggar. Should he run out of money, he would give the poor his cap, his tunic, his belt. He once discreetly made a gift of his lovely shirt to a poor wretch. He started to wear simple clothes. He was full of love for God. His mother was so proud. This generous Christian boy was hers son. But his father...

One day, while in this spiritual drunkenness, Francis was walking in the countryside. He ventured out as far as San Damiano, a small church, crumbling with age. Inside the church was a large crucifix, beautifully painted with the image of Christ. Francis fell on his knees before the cross. And then, the crucifix spoke. It said "Francis, repair my house".

About this time, Francis made a pilgrimage to Rome. Upon arriving, he immediately went to the Church of Saint Peter. As he stood on the steps of the great church, he noticed all the beggars on the steps, pulling at the clothes and crying in the ears of all who entered. Francis thought "Here in Rome, where so many men are rich, wise, and holy, is there no one who would take acre of these miserable creatures?" And, acting on a moments impulse, he exchanged clothes with a beggar and for the rest of the day begged on the steps of Saint Peter's. This one day of begging helped him understand the poor. And the more he understood, the more he could help.

Soon Francis's father was enraged at the way his son ways acting. He beat him, and locked him up. So finally, Francis, in front of the bishop, took off all his clothes and laid them and his money at the feet of his father, and said "I used to say, 'my father, Peitro di Bernardone', but now I shall only say 'Our Father, who art in heaven' "Bernardone greedily gathered up the clothes without a second look. Francis was no longer his son. And the bishop came and covered the young man with his cloak. Then the bishop gave Francis an old gardener's cloak. Francis had never been happier.

Now, Francis still had to rebuild the church of San Damiano. He danced and sang of the love of God in the streets, asking not for money, but for stones and mortar. And people gave them to him. So, with his own hands, he rebuilt the Church of San Damiano.

Francis cared for the sick and the poor. He was never ashamed to touch anyone, and even kissed the hands of a leper. Soon, others would join Francis in his life of poverty.

Many young men, inspired by Francis, also wished to change their lives. Francis told them to give all they had to the poor. The first two were Bernardo di Quintavalle and Peitro dei Cattani, and they lived with Francis in huts of branches and mud by Portiuncula. Soon, many others joined the group and they moved to a small, rotten shed in a place called Rivo Torto. They led a hard life. Sometimes, there would be nothing to eat and the could would freeze them. Later they went to Rome for the Pope's blessing. At first he declined, but a vision was shown to him in a dream. Francis was saving the church.

The Works of Saint Francis

Saint Francis, leader of the Friars Minor, was known for his love of the poor and destitute. There are many accounts of works he has done concerning lepers, poor, sick, and old. Near the convent where Saint Francis lived was a hospital for leprosy and other ailments, where many of the Brothers worked. As it was, in this hospital was a leper who was impatient, rude, and blasphemed God and The Virgin Mary, to the extent it disturbed the brethren. They presented the case to Saint Francis, who visited the leper. Upon entering, he said "May God give you peace, my beloved brother!" to which the leper replied, "What peace can I look for from God, who has taken from me every blessing and made me this disgusting object?" Francis answered, "My son, be patient; the infirmities of the body are given by God in this world for salvation in the next. There is great merit in them when patiently endured." Said the foul creature "How can I patiently bear the pain that afflicts me night and d!

ay? For not only am I afflicted by my infirmity, but the friars the hast sent to care for me do serve to make it only worse, for they do not serve me as they ought." St. Francis then said, "My son, I myself will serve thee, seeing as thou art not satisfied with the others." Came the answer, "What can thou do more than they have done?" "Whatever thou wishest I shall do for thee" "I want then, that you wash me all over; for I am so disgusting that I cannot bear myself." Said the leper. Francis heated some water, and then adding odiferous herbs, undressed him and began to wash him with his own hands, and then by some miracle, when the holy hands of Francis touched the body, the leprosy disappeared, the flesh was healed! And as the body of the leper healed, so did his soul. Seeing his leprosy vanish, the man felt great repentance for his sins, and began to weep bitterly. Feeling himself so healed in body and soul, he cried out "Unhappy me! I am worthy of Hell for the wickedness I!

have done against the brethren, and my blasphemy of the Lord!" He prayed for days, and he soon died at peace with God.

St. Francis has also been known for his love of animals. Many stories are told of Saint Francis with birds, fish, and beasts. One of the best known stories may be that of the Wolf at Gubbio.

There was a time when Saint Francis lived in a town called Gubbio. One day a large and dangerous wolf appeared in the neighborhood, a wolf so large and fierce it had no problem killing a sheep or a man. The people of Gubbio lived in fear of the wolf and would not even venture out of the city walls. Upon hearing of this, Saint Francis opened the gates of the city and began to approach the wolf. At seeing saint Francis the wolf lunged at the man, but quickly made the sign of the cross and called out "Come hither, Brother wolf; I command thee not to harm me." And as meekly as a lamb the wolf lay down at Francis's feet. "Brother wolf" began Francis, "Brother wolf, thou hast done much evil in this land destroying and killing the creatures of God without permission, yea, not only animals, but men, too, created in the likeness of God, for which thou art worthy of being hanged like a murderer. All men cry out against thee; dogs pursue thee ; all the inhabitants of this city are thy!

enemies. But I will make peace between them and thee, O brother wolf, If thou would give me a promise not to offend them any more." The wolf, as best could, made it clear he agreed with everything Saint Francis said. Saint Francis said again "If thou dost make peace, I promise thee the inhabitants of the city will feed thee every day for as long as thou shalt live among them, thou shalt no longer suffer hunger, as hunger has caused all this. But if I obtain such things, you must promise on thy side to never again harm men or sheep or any animal; dost thou promise?" Again, the wolf made signs he consented. Saint Francis then said "Brother wolf, give me a sign of thy pledge." And then the wolf put his paw into Francis's hand. "Come now, before the people and show them you are no longer a threat." So the wolf and Francis went back to the town and again performed this miracle to show all the peace of the wolf, and the people gladly accepted to feed him. So for many days, the wolf!

went meekly from house to house and the people feed him. And when he died after years, the people grieved his death, for his humble presence had always remind them of Saint Francis.

These two examples are nothing but a taste of the works of saint Francis. The saint has done much more, along with the Friars Minor, and would later pray so hard he received visions, and ultimately, the holy stigmata.

About the Diorama The Christmas at Greccio

The Christmas at Greccio, the Living Nativity, was brought about by Saint Francis, in an attempt to make people remember the meaning of Christmas. In front of the Church of Greccio, a real stable was set up and real animals brought to the scene; a real child was placed in the manger. Midnight Mass was said for the people in the little stable. And once again, recreated, the people saw where the Christ Child had been born. Some say this was the inspiration for the crèche, or nativity scene many people now have in their homes at Christmas.

Conclusion

The Francis Timeline

118 Birth of Francis

106 The cross speaks to Francis at San Damiano

10 Pope Innocent II give oral approval of the Rule

14 Francis receives the Stigmata

16 Francis dies

18 Francis is proclaimed a Saint

10 The body of Saint Francis is taken to the Basilica of San Francisco

1818 The body of Saint Francis is recovered during excavations in Basilia

18 Pope Pius XII proclaims Saint Francis Patron of Italy

180 Pope John Paul II proclaims Saint Francis Patron of Ecology

The feast day of Saint Francis is October 4.

I had a lot of fun doing this report and learned a lot about my conformation namesake, Saint Francis of Assisi.

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Health & safety

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In 170, The U.S. Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act (amended in 10), which consolidated a myriad of state and federal rules and laws addressing worker health and safety into one major legislative act. That law created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which is housed in the Department of Labor and headed by an assistant secretary for Safety and Health. Prior to the passage of this legislation, the rules regarding the safety and health of American workers varied considerably from state to state and across the diversity of agricultural and industrial workplace settings. OSHAs mission was to bring some regularity to safety and health standards, and thereby to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect the health of all 100 million American workers. OSHAs task is to work with the 61/ million employers affected by the legislation and with counterpart agencies (there are currently 5) at the state level. OSHA receives scientific and technical assistance from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), one of the institutes of the NIH.

In its first 5 years, OSHA claims some credit for the following workplace safety and health improvements Workplace deaths have been reduced by 50 percent; OSHAs cotton dust standard has virtually reduced brown lung disease in the textile industry; deaths from construction trench cave-ins have declined by 5 percent; and OSHAs lead standard has reduced blood poisoning in battery plant and smelter workers by 67 percent. In industries where OSHA inspections have been focused, there has been an average reduction of injury and illness of percent; where OSHA has been less vigilant, injury and illness has remained at similar levels or has increased. In spite of these improvements, problems remain. About 6,000 American workers die annually from workplace injuries; an estimated 50,000 die from illnesses caused by workplace chemical exposures; and 6 million suffer nonfatal workplace injuries each year.

OSHA undertakes two tasks. It sets regulations deemed necessary for employee safety and health�e.g., machine parts must be guarded, stairways must have handrails, employees must not be exposed to harmful levels of toxic chemicals�and then inspects workplaces to determine compliance. Not surprisingly, the agency has been most successful in setting standards where the causes and effects of injury or illness are easily established and for which there are clear and practicable remedies. Where causes are more ambiguous, where effects show up only decades later, and where there is disagreement among scientists about safety thresholds (as is this case with many chemical exposures), OSHA has encountered stiff resistance from employers and costly legal challenges. Enforcement at millions of workplace settings has been compromised by a relatively small staff of inspectors (,100) attached to 00 offices across the country.

The work of the agency has also been hampered by the public view that OSHAs rules too often are unnecessarily complex and unreasonable when applied uniformly to the variety of workplace settings. In some quarters, OSHA is viewed as an agency that has lost sight of its primary goal of protecting workers and is instead hopelessly snarled in red tape and excessive paperwork. In an era of weaker labor unions and with government and business elites focused on downsizing as a means to enhance American global competitiveness, OSHA has had to rethink its strategies for better compliance. In an effort to encourage employers to develop their own strong and effective health and safety programs, OSHA offers them two options for meeting their obligations under the law partnership or the usual means of enforcement. Partnership rewards employers who establish their own comprehensive health and safety programs with the promise of onsite inspections, penalty reductions, and highest priority for assistance when needed. Firms that do not opt for partnership and set up their own programs will face strong and traditional enforcement procedures. An experiment with this approach has been initiated in Maine, where 00 firms with the highest incidence of injuries were offered the choice of partnership or consensual enforcement mechanisms. All but two chose partnership, and the success to date has encouraged OSHA to develop ways to nationalize the Maine 00 concept. OSHA has also initiated a process to streamline and rationalize current regulations so that they are up-to-date and sensible for todays workplace environment. Moreover, efforts are underway to reduce paperwork requirements in order to focus on safety and health results, not red tape. Time will tell whether these changes improve the publics confidence in OSHAs ability to protect worker safety and health.�T.I.Cheap Custom Essays on Health & safety

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The Morality Of Us Bombing Of Hiroshima

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THE ATOMIC BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI WAS IT NECESSARY? Christopher Philippi HS-10 May , 1 On August 6 and , 145, the only atomic bombs ever used in warfare were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The mass destruction and numerous deaths caused by those bombs ultimately put an end to World War II. Was this the only way to end the war, however? Could this killing of innocent Japanese citizens had been avoided and the war still ended quickly. This paper will go into this controversial topic. First, a summary of the events leading up to the bombing and the events that followed With the end of the European war, the Allies focused their efforts on Japan. Though they were losing miserably, the Japanese continued to fight back. The Potsdam Proclamation was issued to the Japanese. It made no mention of Japan's central surrender condition, the status of the Emperor. In Japan, the Emperor was viewed as a god. Therefore, Japan rejected the Potsdam Proclamation. The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Russia declared war against Japan. Japan, because of its military, still refused to surrender. The Japanese government voted against surrender. Japanese believe in "death before dishonor." Japanese peace advocates feared for the safety of the Emperor. They begged him to break with tradition and make government policy by calling for peace now. As a result of the Emperor's call to surrender, the entire Japanese cabinet, including the military, agreed to surrender. The cabinet saw that this would allow the Emperor to be retained. The Japanese would have fought to the death if they did not feel the Emperor would have been spared. They may have been fighting a losing battle, but they saw unconditional surrender as a threat to the Emperor. President Truman had been advised of the importance of the Emperor to the Japanese. Japan was seeking Russia's help to end the war in July 145. The U.S. was aware of this at the time through intercepted Japanese cables. But, the U.S. did not keep up with this change in Japan's position. Instead the U.S. chose military methods of ending the war rather than diplomatic methods. The desire for revenge helped make military methods more attractive. After the creation of the atomic bomb was complete and before it was dropped there was uncertainty to whether or not it should be used. Many scientists argued that it should not be used. Truman had a difficult decision to make. He had much advice given to him towards making a decision. Leo Szilard's first version of his petition was more strongly worded than the final version. Regardless, on July , 145, he presented to President Truman his reasoning for not using the atomic bomb on Japanese cities. It was signed by 58 other scientists. Rejecting the pretense that the targets would be military, the petition called atomic bombs a ruthless annihilation of cities. The bombing of cities had been condemned by the American public only a few years earlier when done by the Germans to England. Previously it had been feared that the U.S. might be attacked by atomic bombs. The only defense then would be a counterattack by the same means. However, with that danger gone such an attack on Japan would be unjustified (Alperovitz 1.) A memorandum by Ralph A. Bard, Undersecretary of the Navy, to Secretary of War Stimson on June 7, 145 stated that before the bomb is ever used Japan should be given a few days notice. This position was based on the humanitarian feelings of our nation. In addition, Bard sensed Japan was searching for an opportunity to surrender. Bard proposed a meeting with the other superpowers, including Japan, before ever using the bomb. On July 16, 145, the atomic bomb was tested over the New Mexico desert. The Trinity Test was a spectacular success. A 6 kilogram sphere of plutonium, compressed to supercriticality by explosive lenses, exploded with a force equal to approximately 0 thousand tons on TNT. The report was done by Col. Stafford Warren, Chief of the Manhattan Project's Medical Section. It showed that the potential for radioactive fallout from the test was an important concern. Fallout from the test exposed a family living 0 miles from Ground Zero to dangerous 4 levels of radiation. The radiation monitors were so concerned they asked permission to talk to the family "to see how they feel (Schull 70)." Dead jackrabbits were found more than 800 yards from zero. A farm house three miles away had doors torn loose and suffered other extensive damage. The light intensity was sufficient at nine miles to have caused temporary blindness. Several observers at 0 miles were bothered by a large blind spot for 15 minutes after the blast. It was determined that exposure to this light from 5 miles away would cause severe damage to the eyes. Thus causing damage sufficient to put the enemy out of action for several days if not permanently. This is if they survived, of course (Schull 77.) The next day Leo Szilard and 6 co-signers at the Manhattan Project Metallurgical Laboratory petitioned President Truman to not use the atomic bomb on Japan. This version of the petition is updated from the first one and comes at an appropriate time following the test on the day before. It said if Japan still refused surrender after a warning of the power of this bomb, then and only then, may it be morally permissible to resort to its use. However, the development of atomic power will provide the nations with new means of destruction. The atomic bombs of today are only a step towards the destructive and scary future. If the U.S. uses this weapon, we will always have to be cautious in the future of other countries using it on us. In response to "Wouldn't the Japanese use it on us?" Possibly. But, Japan has had poison gas at its 5 disposal thoughout the war and has not once used it on American troops. The U.S. must concern itself with the views of other countries in this matter. If we were to violate our moral obligation our country would be weakened in the eyes of others. It would then be more difficult for us to live up to our responsibility of bringing the unloosened forces of destruction under control (Fasching 0.) Regardless of the warnings and advice President Truman still gave the official bombing order, July 5, 145. Truman told his diary that day that he ordered the bomb used. Emphasis had been added to highlight Truman's apparent belief that he had ordered the bomb dropped on a "purely military" target, so that "military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children (Alperovitz 6.) The written order for the use of the atomic bomb against Japanese cities was drafted by General Groves. President Truman and Secretary of War Stimson approved the order at Potsdam. Regardless of what Truman wrote in his diary that day the order made no mention of targeting military objectives or sparing civilians. The cities themselves were the targets. The order was also open-ended. Additional bombs could be dropped as soon as made ready by the project Staff (Schull 7.) Although he never publicly admitted it, President Truman had second thoughts about using atomic bombs on cities. On August 10, 145, having received reports and photographs of the effects of the bombs, Truman 6 ordered a halt to further atomic bombings (Fasching 0.) Is this not evidence that Truman made a mistake in his decision? I do not think this makes Truman a bad guy, though. I believe he truly believed dropping atomic bombs on Japan would save American lives by ending the war sooner. Truman was rushed into the president job, filling in for the late Roosevelt. I do not believe he was prepared for this kind of decision-making. These excuses for Truman do not, however, excuse what the United States did to Japanese civilians. Japan was losing the war miserably anyway. The only thing stringing the Japanese along was their pride and concern for their god, the Emperor. The only reason we would not allow them to surrender was because it wasn't unconditional. However, in the end it was the Emperor that led Japan into surrender and was allowed to remain. So basically it was all pointless. We could have allowed Japan to surrender earlier, keep their emperor, and avoid killing those innocent people. If the U.S. was not successful in making Japan surrender even with allowing the retention of the Emperor there was always the threat of Russian invasion. Then if neither of these alternatives worked, then resort to using the atomic bomb. But at least exhaust all other alternatives first, right? If feeling sorry for the enemy's civilians is not in your taste, think about who else suffered from these bombings. Up to two dozen American prisoners of war were killed by the Hiroshima bomb. The Nagasaki bomb killed Dutch POW's and maybe some Americans as well. Over 1,000 7 Japanese-Americans who were sent to Hiroshima when the war broke out were killed also. The statistics go on and on. It was not just the Japanese that were affected by this catastrophe. Tell the history books to print this version of the story! Alperovitz, Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture Of an American Myth. Alfred A. Knopf New York, 15. Fasching, Darrel J. The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima Apocalypse or Utopia?. State University of New York Press Albany, 1. Schull, William J. Effects of Atomic Radiation A Half-Century of Studies From Hiroshima and Nagasaki. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 15.

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Australian dollar boom

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What are the factors which have caused the relative strengthening of the Aussie Dollar?

The Australian dollar gains its highest level in more than five years. In April 001, the Aussie dollar began the climb from a low of US Dollars 0.47. In July this year, it peaked at US Dollars 0.687. This climb that the Aussie dollar is in is happening due to many factors, some of these factors are internal that happened due internal causes such as

• Government policies.

• Strong Housing cycle.Cheap University Papers on Australian dollar boom

Or due to external factors which are factors that are caused by policies of countries that are directly related to the Australian economy or global or regional markets

• Government policies

The RBA "Reserve Bank Board" major responsibilities are to determine the banks monetary and banking policies. However, since banks are considered a key player in money exchange within the economy that is due to the facts that majority of businesses and people deposit at banks and so with those deposits, the banks overall behavior can influence the quantity of deposits in the economy and there for the money supply. So the RBA major job is to determine monetary policy for the banks and the overall banking sector.

What monetary policy means is the management by the central bank of liquidity conditions in the economy. That is the price and availability of funding for the economy's expenditure. The objectives of monetary policies are to contribute stability of the currency, the maintenance of full employment, and the economic prosperity and welfare of the people of Australia. (J.Gans, S.King, R.Stonecash & G.Mankiw, 000)

The long-run objective of monetary policy is to influence the rate of growth in the economy and the level of prices. When the overall economic growth is too fast, this put pressure on prices so the RBA will implement a tightening of monetary policy to slow the economy. But when the economy is experiencing slow growth, the RBA will implement expansionary monetary policy.

However, the RBA influence the liquidity or the amount of cash in the economy by buying and selling government securities. If the RBA decides to change the amount of cash in the economy, it can either purchase government securities from financial institutions or sell them to financial institutions in the nation's bond market.

Such policies like monetary policy the RBA conducts within the economy, this is considered an important cause to the strength of the overall dollar power within the economy and overseas markets. When the RBA control the liquidity of money within the economy, that for sure would increase the credibility of the overall Australian market and so that would attract overseas investments that is due to the stability within the economy and the country currency.

Fiscal policy is the use of government taxing and spending powers to affect the behavior of the economy. The economys total output, income and employment levels are directly related to total private and public spending or aggregate demand. Private pending consists of purchases of goods and services by consumers, by businesses for investment, and net exports (exports minus imports). For their part, governments raise revenues from taxes such as the income tax, sales taxes and payroll taxes, and from other sources to spend on such things as health care, education, pensions, social assistance, and defense (P.Grdy, 18)

So when any government implements such policy like the fiscal policy, the overall market will keep on being managed to maintain stability.

• Strong Housing cycle

Australia's continuing growth is considered a good sign of overall growth within the Australian economy. A strong housing cycle which is caused by the Australian government first home owners' scheme whereby first home owners were awarded grants between AUD 7,000 -14,000 to purchase homes.

The current explosive expansion of house building and buying is happening because of the fact that any person can borrow as much as he like provided that he can afford to pay the interest rates. However, over the last decade, the ratio of household debt to household annual disposable income has gone from 56 per cent to 15 per cent.

What did most to faster the remarkably extended boom in lending for housing and house prices was the return to low inflation. This permitted Australians households roughly to double their borrowing without mortgage payments getting more burdensome.

For decades Australians had wanted to borrow more for housing, but couldn't do so because of the limits on bank lending and because nominal interest rates were too high. And so with such a boom in borrowing or lending money from banks and financial institutions, the building industry will boom too and exporters for products that are needed will benefit and most important this will reflect how the over all domestic growth within the economy is high and so that would attract overseas investments and so that would help to give the dollar a push.

• External factors

One aspect of Australia's recent economic performance that has received favorable comment is the behavior of the exchange rate. When the American crisis erupted, the exchange rate fell so that at its low it had fallen by a very significant amount. Unlike a number of countries in the region, interest rates were not raised to defend the exchange rate.

The Australian dollar is strengthening against most currencies, but the most watched currency is the US dollar. The Australian dollar hasnt been so much out performing; rather the US dollar has been under performing, which is consistent with the US domestic economy.

The Australian economy has outperformed the US economy, but with the Australian economy being so small, there are other factors at play.

The major factor is the yield differential between the two countries. Australia's official interest rate is 4.75 per cent, whereas in the US it is 1 per cent. That is a .5 per cent interest rate difference, which creates demand for the Australian dollar.

The fact the Australian Reserve Bank did not cut interest rates increased the demand for Australian dollars. Investors are choosing to invest in Australian fixed income securities as they are giving a higher return than their US counterpart. Also Australia offers economic and political stability, which should support the Australian dollar at this level.

We have tended to exaggerate the size of the fall in the Australian dollar by looking only at the Australian dollar/US dollar rate. At least half of the story was that the US dollar strength rather than Australian dollar weakness.

What has been the impact on the Australian economy and which industry sector have been affected most and why?

A) Australias economic performance is expected to keep as one of the strongest economies of the developed world in 00 and 004.

Despite a very weak and uncertain international economy, the Australian economy is expected to grow by a per cent in 00.With such high expectations compared to other advanced economies such as the US the European Union and Japan, the over all performance of the economy would appear in a good form. First quarter figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics shows how the Australian economy performed well during the first quarter of this year despite the weak economic conditions worldwide.

Figures show that the economy expanded by 0.7 per cent compared to 0.4 per cent in 4th quarter of 00. However, annual growth slowed to . per cent from .0 per cent

Australian GDP grew by up to .0 per cent over the year 00. However when comparing GDP between Australia and the US would show how the Australian economy is as strong as the US whose GDP is currently at . per cent. . ( Thecourrer-mail, 00 )

However, there are many factors that affect the overall GDP result. In Australia, the net exports have affected the over all economic growth within the country that is exporters have suffered from a weak world economy and the rise of the Australian dollar exchange rate. Meanwhile Australian imports have grown quickly due to the strong domestic economy

The Australian economy has attracted a fair bit of favorable attention because it has performed so well during the global financial crises. This is because the good performance of the Australian economy is not just a recent event, but something that has been unfolding over the past decade.

B) -1- Companies and businesses that are highly dependable on their exports are most affected. The cheap Australian dollar has been an important contributor to most of Australians exporters. The value of exports rose 1% in 000-01, to 15.4billion. Exports of primary products rose %, exports for manufactures rose 16% and exports for services rose 16%. (J.Kavanagh, 00)

With such high currency of the Aussie dollar, exporters expect less income and local companies expects higher competition from importers.

Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Commodities account for 57% of the value of total exports, so that a downturn in world commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in international markets continues to be severe. And so local manufacturers that exports their good are expected to gain less market share overseas due to the high exchange rate of the Australian dollar and so that will for sure affect the way these companies explore the international markets which would be different than when the dollar was week.

The effect of big exporters is hard to assess. Big exporters are operating on long term contracts and use currency hedging would be highly affected with any fluctuation of the dollar currency so their earnings. With the higher value of Australias dollar, exporters will suffer more because major commodities prices are set in US dollars.

-- A strong Australian dollar is considered a real threat for the overall tourism industry. While many industries will be affected adversely by the strong Aussie dollar others will gain more profits from such high dollar like companies that export their products overseas.

Tourism plays a key role in the Australian economy, employing six percent of Australia's workforce and accounting for $1 billion or 4.5 percent of Australia's gross domestic product (GDP) in 001-0.

In 00, the number of international visitors to Australia totaled 4.8 million, representing a 0. percent decrease compared to 001. (Buyusa, 00)

For people coming to Australia a weak Australian dollar presents a real opportunity for the overall truism industry that is international visitors can get better value fro their dollar. But with such strong dollar with a high exchange rate, international visitors are less likely to come to Australia due to the low value there local currency can be changed with the Aussie dollar.

In 00, international travel to Australia is forecast to fall by 5. percent to approximately 4.6 million visitors, the lowest since 1. A number of factors have caused the decrease in international travel demand to Australia, including the terrorism events of September 11, high aussie dollar, the October 00 terrorist bombing in Bali ,the Iraq war and SARS.( Buyusa, 00)

What effects has a strengthening dollar had on the ways in which public companies market their products overseas?

For an exporter a weak dollar means that the price of the Australian products is more competitive. On the other side a strong dollar means that the exports became more expensive and thus impact on a country's competitiveness and profitability. Exporters in different industry sectors have been impacted by the recent strengthening of the Australian dollar. Parker (00) says that "whatever the cause (of the strengthening of the dollar), the currency's relative strength is bad news for exporters. Anecdotal evidence, however, indicates that few exporters depended on weak dollar for a profit margin; it was seen as bonus rather than a prerequisite. Nevertheless, exporters will begin to suffer if the climb continues." Australia Industry Group (00) adds that "for over one in three exporters (6%) the dollar appreciation has contributed to a lowering of competitiveness. As a consequence, many of these firms have suffered deterioration in export volumes, with 7% of exporters experiencing a decline. The fall reflects on the combined impact of weaker global demand and appreciating currency". This has forced many of the companies to change the way they market the products overseas in the way they promote their products, price, and have even expanded the places they sell. We are going to look at comments made by different market leaders in different industries regarding their marketing strategies.

AAP wrote in their finance news (00) that out of "0 companies, including 560 exporters, surveyed about the impact on them by the Australian dollars gains against its United States counterpart. Companies most at risk of losing exports - and suffering lower profits as a consequence - were those exporting food, beverages and basic metals The report added that some of the exporters more prone to negative effects of the rising dollar were looking to source more of their supplies from overseas in order to maintain their profits".

Sustainable farming economic news (00), says that during May, the only thing preventing a much larger fall in the Westpac-NFF rural commodity index was a 1% increase in wheat prices, NFF Economics Committee chair Charles Burke said. The index fell by 0.4 % during May, as the strengthening Australian dollar continued to put prices under pressure. The higher dollar offset a large increase in wheat prices. Meanwhile, all other prices in the index (cotton, sugar, canola, beef and wool) fell in value. Mr Burke said the large increases in the Australian dollar over the past months had hit farmers hard. The Australian dollar has increased by 7 % since September 001, unwinding the benefit of the low dollar for farm incomes, he said.

Wool prices"have fallen marginally due to the decreased demand from the Chinese and European buyers, the rising AUD and the increased supply (with more than 75,000 bales being offered for sale nationally) were identified as the reasons for the general slide in prices… The decline in sales has forced the government to open up to more trading contracts with different countries example Uruguay, Chinese food group." (Ernst & Young Food &Agribusiness 00),

In the wine industry reduction in the price of the wine overseas has became a current trend to help the companies stay competitive at an international level "Australian vintners are selling more wine overseas but making less money from it, according to new figures from the Australian Wine & Brandy Corporation" (Gettler, 00). Australian wine producers are stepping up their marketing push in North America and Europe in a race to reach $ billion in exports by December......The Australian Wine Export Council said growth in Britain was slowing and the focus was shifting toward the US (France-Presse, 00)

The chief economist at the Australian Trade Commission, Tim Harcourt, suggests a higher-value dollar should not deter exporters from pursing offshore sales, at least in the medium term..."Exporting is a difficult process that relies on patience, trust, commitment and the building of relationships with suppliers and customers in overseas countries, Australia's export success can't depend on exchange rates alone" " he said (Global supermarket, 00).

Phil Rosser, senior manager of Trade Development at Sydney Ports believes the growing imbalance between imports and exports will turn out to be more significant for Australia. "The economy is strong so we're drawing in imports like crazy and exports have dropped off," he said. "This is more than just the effects of the drought. Some export lines have fallen because there has been a drop in demand from overseas, like cotton. Cotton plantings were being reduced even before the drought set in because there was a lack of demand." It's a welcome move away from simply exporting commodities and concentrating, instead, on processing food products and value-adding, from everything I've seen, that trend is holding up" he said (Global supermarket, 00).

Australian exporters could survive the higher exchange rate if they pursued quality and productivity, an economist said. Tim Harcourt, the chief economist with AusTrade, said the higher Australian dollar was certainly making life difficult for many exporters. While it is tough for some at the moment, Australian exporters have shown their resilience through thick and through thin, he said." And their capacity to build export markets, nurture relationships and find new ways of creating value and improving productivity will continue even if it means living with a higher dollar. But he said there were opportunities, particularly in countries with young populations such as China and Indonesia, for Australian exporters. Customer service standards, product quality, brand building, marketing, management ability, levels of education and training and the capacity to build long-term relationships with overseas clients, customers and business partners are all factors that have helped Australian businesses to achieve export success on a sustainable basis, he said. "All of these factors require long-term commitment, whatever exchange rate fluctuations maybe occurring in the financial markets in any given day (Aus trade, 00).

In South Korea recently, after a visit to Japan, Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA) managing director Mark Spurr said ongoing promotions in both countries had been critical to positioning Australia as a supplier of quality beef. Over the past 1 months in Japan a major MLA promotion program (funded with support from the Australian Government, processors and industry) has involved more than 4,000 in-store demonstrations, trade seminars, retail promotions and consumer awareness campaigns. He said the strength of consumer demand in Japan was evident in the stronger export prices for our beef to Japan. In Korea, the Hoju Chungjungwoo brand launched last year promoting the clean, natural and safe attributes of Australian beef already enjoys 0 percent brand awareness (Global Supermarket, 00).

From all the above comments we see that exporters are doing their best not to be dragged out of market by the exchange rates movements. Emphasis is being paid to the products being distributed and the customers (building relationships).

What strategies are required during times of adverse currency movement to cushion volume/profit volatility?

Currency risks can affect the growth and profitability of a company. If a company is exporting as seen above the strengthening of a currency can mean low competitiveness, low profits and negative growth. If a company is exporting a weak currency means the same implications as above. It is therefore important to manage or cushion the risk associated with currency movements. This can be done though the use of several strategies which we shall discuss in depth. During this discussion we are going to assume the position of an Australian agricultural company that specialises in both imports and exports of agricultural commodities and equipments.

Strategies used

Forward rate agreement This is a contract to buy or sell currency at an agreed upon exchange rate at a specific date in the future. This allows the exporter or importer to contract with another party to assume the risk of adverse currency movements (Price, 000). This is done by a financial institution mostly banks. The company gets contracted by an overseas market to export a certain bales of wool to a Chinese market at a set later date; the amount contracted may be in a Chinese currency. In this case the company can sell this currency at the present time to a bank or financial institution. These two negotiate a price and come to a standardized agreement. The negotiated amount maybe AUD million. If the exchange rate has moved against the exporting company between the date of contract and the settlement date the company is thereby protected. On the other hand the company foregoes the potential windfall of favourable exchange rate movement (Price, 00). This kind of strategy protects the growth of the company by preventing the large gap between huge profits and huge loss at different times due to currency movements. The company is assured of what to expect in the future and can be able to make other growth decisions or facts basing on this.

Exchange-Based futures In this strategy the company can "eliminate exchange risk ("hedge") by using a futures contract to offset the risk involved in receiving foreign currency as payment for an overseas sale" (Price, 00). Currency futures contracts are used primarily as price-setting mechanisms rather than for the physical exchange of currencies. The contract is cash settled; that is, following the final trading session (on the last business day of the month prior to the futures contract month), one last mark-to-market and cash adjustment takes place (Kawaller, 00).By taking this short position the exporter will make a profit if the value of the currency falls, which will offset the currency related loss of the product sale (price, 00). An example of this can be illustrated in the import of agricultural equipments, our company makes a contract with Japan and the contracted amount (in Japanese Yen) is to be paid in a 0 day period, the rate specified is the exchange rate at the day that the contract is made. If we pay before the end of the 0 day period, we can buy the Yen in that day exchange rate to pay the amount it would cost in Japanese Yen. If the Aus dollar is higher we make profit if it is low, we might as well wait for the payment date.

Future hedging between companies In this kind of hedging unlike the one mentioned above does not involve a financial institution. It is a contracted agreement between two trading partners. During the wheat of season our company might decide to enter into a contract promising to sell a certain amount of wheat for a certain price in Aus dollar to Saudi Arabia. At that particular time none of the parties know the exchange rate but a decision is reached when the two partners negotiate and reach an agreed rate. At the time the actual exchange occurs if the Aus dollar is high we make a loss if it is high we profit. This way we protect ourselves from unexpected huge losses.

Options Financial Insurance Foreign Currency Options can provide a fixed exchange rate for a future date if rates move adversely, but also provide the added flexibility of being able to use the prevailing spot rate if rates have moved favourably. If you buy a foreign currency option, you get the right to choose, on an agreed future date, whether you want to exercise the option and transact at the option's exchange rate or not. If the spot rate is more favourable than the option's exchange rate, then you will choose to transact at the spot rate. However, if the spot rate is less favourable you will use the option. (ANZ, 00). This can be illustrated in a case where our company decides to sell dairy products to Japan at 5million Yen on a 60 days terms. If the value of the Aus dollar rises in this period, the value of sales falls and therefore our company makes a profit, if the value of the dollar falls, our company has the financial insurance (option).

One strategy that can be used to protest against surging in growth due to adverse currency movements is when a country decided to open up companies in other country to serve the domestic market it important to invest with the countries currency rather than your own. For example for every country that our company has opened up a dairy produce outlet all the products are sold in the local currency. This way each country is given its own growth standards.

In an exports level however it is advisable to use one currency to make sales. Example use of the Aus dollar regardless of the country of buyer. This buffers the risks associated with dealing with too many currency exchange rates.

Reference

• J.Gans, S.King, R.Stonecash, N.Mankiw.(000) Principles of Economics. Harcourt Australia NSW (000).

• Patrik Grady(17), Fiscal Policy Relevancy. The 18 Canadian Encyclopedia.

• Thecourier-mail (no date), Shoppers push up economy The courier-mail news [online] Availabe

http//thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,56,654010%55E170,00.html (August 00)

• John Kavanagh (unknown date), Dollar Good for some. [online] Availabe http//brw.com.au/Stories/00061/1557.aspx

• Buyusa.com(no date), Economic Trends and Outlook for Australia [online] Availabe http//www.buyusa.gov/australia/en/economy.html#_section8

• AAP (May, 00), $A a danger for exporters AAP News. [online] Available http//www.optus.net/news/story/aap/00050/07/business/dollar-companies-fed.inp

(August 00).

• ANZ (no-date). International trade Forward Exchange Contracts. Retrieved on Retrieved 1st August 00

Available http//www.anz.com/business/international_trade/INT_forwexcontracts.asp

• Ai Group (May 00), Big Issues call for Big Ideas The Implications of the rising Australia Dollar. Australian Industrial Group. Available www.aigroup.asn.au/.../publications/reports/general_reports/ publications_report_nat_aust_dollar_pu_05080.pdf

• Aus trade (September, 00) News Exporters can survive higher dollar. Available http//www.ferret.com.au/articles/d/0c0180d.asp

• Price, J (no-date). Managing Currency Rate Movement Weighing the Options. Stock market Software and Education [online]. Available http//www.sherlockinvesting.com/articles/currency.htm

• Farming economic news (June, 00). Dollar strength cost $bn Farming economic news. Available http//www.ipmworld.com.au/articles.php?rc=8

• France-Presse, A (August, 00). News Interactive Wine exports soar. The New Courier mail. Retrieved 8th August 00. Availablehttp//www.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,4057,68600%55E41,00.html

• Gettler (June, 00). Sydney Morning Herald Strong dollar erodes wine export profits. Available http//www.smh.com.au/articles/00/07/10/105778118.html

• Global Supermarket (June, 00).Logistics Dollar and sense. Global Supermarket. Available http//www.globalsupermarket.com.au/logistics.html

• Global Supermarket, (June, 00),. Marketing Beef promotions drive sales. Retrieved on th August 00

Available http//www.globalsupermarket.com.au/marketing.html

• Parker, D (00), Business travel High-voltage dollar a buyer bonanza. The Australian. Available http//www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,6548466%55E557,00.html

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