HCI FOR KIDS

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Introduction

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Children today are much more exposed to technology. Kids learn math & history, play games, chat with friends and even download encyclopedia from the world-wide-web. Almost all activities they indulged in, can all be supported by technologies. Thanks to great researchers who contributed time, effort and knowledge in constructing and designing effective system for young target audience. Technology advancement has changed the way children live and learn.

Dealing with children is not an easy task. Kids especially very young ones have difficulty verbalizing their thoughts. It adds challenges to designers in creating an effective, usable, purposed-served system. However, methodologies and framework for understanding the various roles of children can have in the design process, and how these roles can impact technologies are created.Cheap Custom Essays on HCI FOR KIDS

Designer have to always bear in mind that young people are not just short adults but an entirely different user population with their own culture, norms, and complexities (Berman, 177). Their own set of thinking, psychological reaction patterns and intellectual abilities differs from adults. It is common for designer to speak to parents and teacher asking what their kids or student wants instead of asking the kids directly. Adults may think that their kids need something but to a kid, that is not a need. There are advantages to solicit information from children because they can be extremely honest in feedbacks concerning technology.

With the emergence of children as an important new consumer group of technology (Heller, 18), it is critical to support children in ways that are useful, effective, and meaningful for their needs. Allison Druin believe that understanding the role children play in technology design process would lead to the answer. The better designers recognize user, the better the design of such system to serve needs.

This research paper analyzes methodologies in working with children & investigates similarity and difference between children and adults. By understanding this framework in regards to the child's role, it is easier to development practices that can have lasting effects for the future. Usability tools are use to examine HCI for kids.

Methodology in working with children

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Methodologies has been developed to observes and understand users. Individual differences, age & intellectual capabilities should be taken into account during the design. Designer and researchers came out with successful techniques to tackle problem in developing HCI for kids. Context below explain practical techniques that has been carried out in countries like Europe and United States.

Based upon reviews of literature and some exploratory studies done by Druin, there are different ways to collect data from children.

1) Contextual Inquiry techniques (CI)

) Technology Immersion (TI)

) Participatory Design techniques (PD)

Contextual inquiry technique (Bey er & Holtzblatt, 17; Holtzblatt & Jones, 1; Holtzblatt & Jones, 15; Holtzblatt & Beyer, 17) calls for researchers to collect data through observation. Children below 5 year-old have difficulties expressing themselves & verbalizing their thoughts. Therefore, designers of kid's system decided to carry out a series of observation in order to understand and capture kid's activities.

Participants would be 1 child, 1 interactor and note takers. Interactor usually initiate discussion and asked questions such as " what is this?, why do u like that? ". Interactor never took notes because child may feel uncomfortable and it is very distracting. It makes child feels like school. Interactor should act as a friend instead of steering the entire observation. Both interactor and note takers should dress in casual, informal clothes to keep away the "authority impression". Video is never used because research shows that kids tend to pretend & perform, not being themselves when confronted with camera. Note takers divide their job into categories, one will be taking down child's action (what the kid does) and the other will note down child's speech (what the kid says).

Results that were captured in quick notes will be converted into diagrams task & bubble diagrams. After a digestion period of one day to a maximum of one week, research team regrouped to chart or diagrams the experience. Later, spreadsheet or cell-based diagram in which the information is broken up into six columns Time, Quotes, Activities, Activity Pattern, Roles, and Design Ideas (Druin, et al., 17) is created.

Second methodology to be used with children is technology immersion (Boltman, et al., 18; Druin, et al., 16), an extension of CI. Druin quoted that observation on children's activities alone is not sufficient because many times children have minimal contact with technology in their homes or public area. Therefore it is recommended and wise to place children in a technology-rich environment during the observation period.

Here in a observation centre, child is provided with a technology-rich environment where they will become the decision makers. A room filled with all sort of printers, digital cameras, Macs, PCs, software(s) games and Internet access allow children to explore which is their liking or dislike. Technology Immersion is a combination of technology, time, and freedom of choice that offers researchers more opportunity to understand what children do and want with technology. The example of an on going TI experience is at CHIkids. This club supports up to 100 kids range from age -1 year-old. Children will have chance to explore technologies provided. Adults and teenagers participated and join some of their activities to act as a "facilitators", they approach children to work with them.

Participatory design technique (Bjerknes, Ehn, & Kyng, 187; Muller, 11; Muller, Wildman, & White, 14), stresses on creating opportunity to incorporate kids ideas into their design. Kids are given chance to work with researchers in developing low-tech prototype using paper, glue, string, crayon and etc. Working together with them allows designers to hear kids' idea & being able to produce what children wants in the future. Both children & adult work as design partners. At the same time, children who are not well -skilled in the development process can be inspired and empowered by their collaboration with adults to generate new ideas.

Simple guidelines for designing Children's HCI

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A Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget shows that children are lack of knowledge and experienced. Kids see the world in a dissimilar point of view which adults have doubts on what they are thinking. He divided children development into a series of stages

Sensory-motor (birth to year-old) dependent on senses.

· Software for children this young is difficult to design. Less interaction expected from babies. Input channel should be easy. Child cannot read, will need presence of an adults.

Pre-operational (-7 year-old)

· Memory can only store one thing at a time. Sequential actions confused child.

Concrete operational (7-11 year-old)

· Kids have gone to school. Knowledge and experienced gain could help in building technology. Most suitable age to work with researcher and help designer in developing prototype.

Formal operational (11 yr old and above)

· Children after this age is hard to teach because their mindset is has been molded by parents, teacher and friends.

Context below indicates CSF of a system.

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Ø Usability of System

In order to achieve Maximum performance & effective interaction, there are needs for researcher to identify their target user. In this case, working with children age 7-10 is an ideal, and treating kids as design partners allow designer to uncover the critical success factor of a successful system.

Ø Keep operation single step. Do not merge task.

Children may easily get confused with sequential operation. They tend to loose interest in a task very quickly. There is no "pause" for kids. Children usually stop playing with a system and continue when they feels like it. Avoid multi -treading task, children have short term memories.

Ø Use different sound & sight effects as feedback.

Children are sensitive towards responses; unexpected sound and action will catch kid's attention. It encourages kids to stay longer with the system, prevent them from getting bored.

Ø Use appropriate font size, color and layout.

Kids tend to collect memory easily with the presence of color. Researcher believes that the younger the target audience, the larger the font size should be. Layout of the system should be simple, complicated design does not appeal to kids because they may not find familiarity (past knowledge to support them) like adults do.

Ø Do not use metaphor that is used by common system.

HCI for kids requires different set of metaphor. Children do not have as much experienced as adults do. Lack-age of experience in outside world does not make them understand representative icons. Example, a kid may not know what is a picture of diskette has to do with this game.

Ø Avoid complicated input channels

Kids cannot use "drag & drop" function effectively. Their small hand has problems holding the mouse tightly to drag figures. Point-and-click will be more efficient.

Ø Perform user testing

Always carried out user testing stage before launching the system. Get target users to play with the system and comment on experiences. Comment and feedback shall be stated down. Consider revising and do final construction to enhance the system.

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THe Cadence of Silk

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"The Cadence of Silk"

"The Cadence of Silk" is a narrative that is written in plain language about the game of basketball. Instead of focusing on the basic aspects of the game it elaborates on the more complex and poetic aspects that make the game intriguing. This poem is about the reasons people watch basketball but especially those that are not so obvious.

"The Cadence of Silk" reveals why people are attracted to the game of basketball. This is shown right from the beginning of the poem,

I loved watching the Sonics play basketball; something about that array of trained and energetic bodies set in motion to attack a more sluggish, less physically intelligent opponent appealed to me.

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These lines show that the Sonics were so much better than their opponents that they tended to come off quite "sluggish" and overmatched. Also the Sonics "attacked" their opponents thereby, treating the competition without mercy. This is interesting because by the Sonics dominating their competition, they gained fans.

After the domination of the Sonics was the uprising of the Los Angeles Lakers. Their style and demeanor on the court made them a public favorite. "Their players the league's quickest, most intelligent, and my opinion the most cool". The choice to the word cool in italics indicates that these Lakers were popular with the fans. Their excited style of play is also mentioned. "Few bruisers, they are sleek as arctic seals". These two metaphors are excellent ways of portraying the players and their style of play. "Few bruisers" means they don't play rough. Instead, "they are sleek as arctic seals" meaning their play is slick and smooth like that of the smooth skin of a seal. These descriptions convey the Lakers and their appeal effectively.

The game of basketball is interesting not only by the teams but the set offenses and plays they run to score points. These aspects of the game are conveyed quite a few times throughout this poem. "He dodges through the key, away from the ball, rubbing his man on the screen, setting his shot". This illustrates how the players get open to take their shots. Thus explaining a play that most people don't realize is occurring in order for points to be scored.

In many of these plays, a certain appreciation can be found in the motions of the players. The off guard breaking free before the rebound, "releasing" as is said in the

parlance of the game, getting the center's down court pass and streaking to the basket for a scoop shot lay-up off the glass, all in rhythm, all in perfect declensions of action, smooth and strenuous as Gorgiasian rhetoric.

The word "releasing" is used to describe the speed at which this player sprints to get open down the court. Then when it refers to the Gorgiasian rhetoric to portray just how strenuous it can be to make a basket. The Gorgiasian was the art of persuading people that nothing exists.

Besides the excitement of the teams, the strategy of the plays, and artistic movements of the players is the emotion of a completed basket. The last few lines of the poem deliver the emotion and sounds of a basket being made.

As he jumps, popcorn-like, in the corner, while the ball, launched,

slung dexterously with a slight backspin, slashes through the basket's

silk net a small sonorous splash of completion.

The motion of the ball is described by "slight backspin" of the ball when shot by a player. The last two lines refer to the title of the poem, "The Cadence of Silk." The "sonorous splash of completion" is the impressive sound of the ball going through the net. The cadence of silk actually means the sound of the net and these lines reflect what emotion is caused when the ball goes through the net.

"The Cadence of Silk" has an alliteration of constantans that pervade through out the whole poem. As I read through the lines in this poem I find many "s" sounds in each one. This adds a little rhythm yet more of a music. The tone of enjambment is very intense. The exhilaration of the phrases makes you want to jump out of you chair and play basketball.

The image of what the author is trying to make you see is very clear. You can almost feel the excitement of the fans and the anxious basketball players eager to win the game. Reading this poem makes you curl your toes and bite your nails to hear the out come of the slam-dunk about to happen.

Many people watch the game of basketball for the similar reasons of pure excitement and entertainment. It is actually these things that attract them to the game. The competition of the teams, the fluid movements of the plays and the players who run so well and the overwhelming sound of the ball as it passes through the net all provide the excitement of the game of basketball.

Please note that this sample paper on THe Cadence of Silk is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on THe Cadence of Silk, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on THe Cadence of Silk will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The idea in Toni Cade Bambara's"The Lesson"is that in our society ( America ) An unequal economic system is favor over a true democratic system

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The Lessonis that in our society ( America )

An unequal economic system is favor over a true democratic system

The Lessonis a story by Toni Cade Barbara about a young African American Girl

living in the slums of New York City. Sylvia, the main character of the story and

Miss Moore the school teacher are the instruments that Bambara uses to convey her message about the unfairness of the economic system in New York. Miss Moore takes Sylvia and class mates to F. A. O. Schwarz toy stores on Fifth Avenue, in the hope that they might learn how undemocratic the economic system really is. In the middle of the story Sylvia unconsciously begins to understand what it means to be poor in a capitalist society, and on the last page of the story there is a good indication that Sylvia benefits from her experience at the toy store.

At the toy store, Miss Moore uses high price toys to illustrate her idea of the immorality of the economic system to the students. She instructs the students to contemplate the cost of a microscope priced at $00, a paperweight at $480, and

a sailboat at $1000, so that they might better understand their position. Questions were raised when the students saw the prices and realized that only the privileged groups could afford to shop at Schwarz. There they realized the injustice of the economic system and were affected by the fact that the money spent on a single toy at Schwarz could feed a poor family for days.

By Miss Moores illustration the students came to the conclusion that the economic system is not so democratic after all. To the characters of the story, a democratic economic system meant an equal opportunity to pursue happiness and an equal opportunity for economic integration.

Sylvias learning experience left her confused and unhappy.

She wondered who were these people that could spend so much money on performing clown toys and sailboats. What type of work did they do, how did they lived, and why

she was part of that system? At this point in the story she remembers Miss Moores encouraging words

Where we are is who we are, Miss Moore always pointin out. but it dont necessarily have to be that way, she always adds then wait for somebody to say that poor people have to wake up demand their share of the pie and dont none of us know what kind of pie she was talking about on the first damm place.

Miss Moores message to Sylvia and to the students was that no matter how bad

circumstances are they shouldnt let themselves be discouraged in persuading their goals

for equality. Sylvia did not fully understand Miss Moore until her experience at the toy store.

The last page indicates that Sylvia will in time digests Miss Moores teachings

and put it to good practice. At the end of the story, Barbara portrays Sylvia to be a strong-minded individual that will stop at nothing to succeed. The first passage of the story indicates that Sylvia did manage to escape poverty. For example, Barbara writes,

Back in the days when everyone was old and stupid or young and foolish and me and sugar were just right.

The passage is written in the past tense and that would indicate her awareness. Sylvia maintained how foolish and ignorant she was in her youth, but it also shows that she learned a great deal from Miss Moore.

In The Lesson Barbara uses a first person narrator which greatly adds to the story.

The use of characters that have insight and knowledge of poverty helps the reader

sympathize with the characters and appreciate the theme of the story more. The setting of a poor and rich environment further adds to the idea of the story. Barbara effectively expresses her political ideas with the use of literature.

Please note that this sample paper on The idea in Toni Cade Bambara's"The Lesson"is that in our society ( America ) An unequal economic system is favor over a true democratic system is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The idea in Toni Cade Bambara's"The Lesson"is that in our society ( America ) An unequal economic system is favor over a true democratic system, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The idea in Toni Cade Bambara's"The Lesson"is that in our society ( America ) An unequal economic system is favor over a true democratic system will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Values and Desires of Advertisers

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The nature in which advertisers "[…] substitute desirable images for concrete needs […]" (Maasik and Solomon, 1) is explored by the authors Diane Barthel, Gloria Steinem, John Calfee, and Patricia Williams. These authors concentrate on the following facets physical appearance, self-esteem, advertising as an "information tool" (Calfee, 181), and social relationships. In examining their perspectives, the reader "[…] can discover the values and desires that advertisers seek to exploit" (Maasik and Solomon, 1).

Diane Barthel begins her essay, A Gentleman and a Consumer, by evaluating society's expectation of how a man's appearance is supposed to be "[…] to be well groomed and neatly tailored. What they were not supposed to do was to be overly concerned with their appearance, much less vain about their beauty" (14). Through advertising the consumer is given a lesson on how to be a man. Men are "to be independent, to savor freedom, live a life of adventure, keep one's cool, and stay one step ahead of the competition" (158). This is in sharp contrast to what it is to be a woman. A woman "is to be dependant" (158). Her appearance is defined by "passivity, complacency, and narcissism" (151). In the same way that women are chosen, because they are beautiful and beauty is desirable, men choose products because they conform to the definition of masculinity. Advertisements connote to men that "[W]ith the right products a man can have it all, with no strings attached […]" (158).

Sex, Lies, and Advertising depicts the relationship between ads and the "complementary copy (that is, articles related to and supportive of advertised products)" (16) that floods women's magazines. These magazines "are usually placed beyond the realm of serious consideration" for journalistic purposes (Steinem, 164). The same ads that run in "news-worthy" publications are not run in women's magazines. The simple reason being, women are considered inferior when it comes to technical terminology. It does not matter that women are the main consumers for their families and make most of the decisions. Nor does it matter that women feel more valued when they see these ads geared towards them. Women are considered unintelligent if the subject veers off of

"food/fashion/beauty" (164). Advertisers suppress women's self-esteem by reflecting not what women want, but what they think women should have (161).

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In How Advertising Informs to Our Benefit, John Calfee states "A great truth about advertising is that it is a tool for communicating information and shaping markets" (181). He further explores the collaboration between advertisers and outside agencies. If advertisers did not use "pervasive phenomenon- the use of advertising to provide essential … information with the benefits extending beyond the interests of the advertisers themselves", consumers would otherwise be in the dark (185). The information that is supplied in ads forces consumers to ask questions. These ads become more effective if the consumer knows that the seller welcomes comparisons. In a sense, the advertisers are saying, "If you can find a better [product], buy it" (187).

Advertising can also affect social relationships. In her essay, The Fiction of Truth in Advertising, Patricia Williams examines how advertising exploits some consumers. To make a profit off of someone else's plight is unethical. It serves only to "[steal] the images of those who had nothing and styled it as a commodity to be sold to those who have much" (1). This concept of advertising has left nothing sacred. There is no where for those who have nothing to go to escape. They must see their problems making money for others. Society does not feel obligated to help those who are less fortunate. It is a case of alienating those who do not conform to the ideas of society. However, advertisers see no problem with making money off of this dilemma. "Freedom becomes contractual and therefore obligated; freedom is framed by obligation; and obligation is paired not with duty but with debt" (1).

Ads, like any semiotic analysis, substitute signs for things (Maasik and Solomon, 1). These signs are equal to the values and desires that the sellers consider necessary. Since "the American dream celebrates democratic equality and encourages [society] to…be better than anyone else" (Maasik and Solomon, 15), the values and desires of the sellers will always represent more; more than we need to be a "real" man or woman, more than we can afford, or more than we can tolerate.

Works Cited

Works Cited

Barthel, Diane. "A Gentleman and a Consumer." Signs of Life in the USA. rd ed. Eds. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford, 000. 14-15.

Calfee, John E. "How Advertising Informs to Our Benefit." Signs of Life in the USA. rd ed. Eds. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford, 000. 180-188.

Maasik, Sonia and Jack Solomon. "The Signs of Advertising." Signs of Life in theUSA.rd ed. Boston Bedford, 000. 117-18.

Steinem, Gloria. "Sex, Lies, and Advertising." Signs of Life in the USA. rd ed. Eds. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford, 000. 160-180.

Williams, Patricia. "The Fiction of Truth in Advertising." Signs of Life in the USA. rd ed. Eds. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford, 000. 188-14.

Please note that this sample paper on Values and Desires of Advertisers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Values and Desires of Advertisers, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Values and Desires of Advertisers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Transformational Leadership

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Transformational leaders have a clear collective vision and most importantly they manage to communicate it effectively to all employees. By acting as role models, they inspire employees to put the good of the whole organization above self-interest. These leaders also stimulate the workforce to be more innovative, and they themselves take personal risks and are not afraid to use unconventional (but always ethical) methods in order to achieve the collective vision.

This form of leadership goes beyond traditional forms of transactional leadership that emphasized corrective action, mutual exchanges and rewards only when performance expectations were met. Transactional leadership relies mainly on centralized control were managers controlled most activities, telling each person what, when and how to do each task Transformational leaders, on the other hand, trust their subordinates and leave them space to breathe and grow. It is a more developmental and constructive form of leadership for both individual employees and the organisation as a whole.

COMPONENTS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Transformational leadership contains four components

1. Charisma or idealized influence

. Inspirational motivation

. Intellectual stimulation

4. Individual consideration

In addition transformational leaders transform or change their followers in three important ways that together lead to those same followers trusting their leader, performing behaviours that contribute to the achievement or organisational goals, and being motivated to perform at high levels and standards

1. Transformational leaders increase subordinates awareness of the importance of their tasks and the importance of performing them well.

. Transformational leaders make subordinates aware of their needs for personal growth, development and accomplishment.

. Transformational leaders motivate their subordinates to work for the good of the organisation rather than exclusively for their own personal gain or benefit.

Transformational leaders can also be considered as charismatic leaders, where they have a vision of how good things could be in an organisation that contrasts with how things currently are. The clearly communicate this vision to their followers and, through their own excitement and enthusiasm, induce their followers to enthusiastically support his vision. They tend to have high levels of self-confidence and self-esteem, which further encourage their followers to respect and admire them.

Such leaders influence their followers by intellectually stimulating them to become aware of problems in their groups and organisation and view their problems from a new perspective, one consistent with the leader's vision. A transformational leader causes followers to view problems differently and feel some degree of responsibility for helping to solve them.

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Numerous studies have shown that transformational leadership

• significantly increases organisational performance;

• is positively linked with long term market share and customer satisfaction;

• generates higher commitment to the organisation from their employees;

• increases employee trust in management and organisational citizenship behaviours (i.e., extra-role work-related behaviours such as conscientiousness, altruism and sportsmanship that are discretionary, not related to the formal reward system of the organization);

• enhances employee satisfaction with both their job and the leader; and

• reduces employee stress and increases wellbeing.

When things go wrong in an organisation, blame is most often laid at the leaders door. In addition to being held responsible for the success or failure of whole organisation, leaders are also held responsible for the performance of the individuals and groups within an organisation. Similarly the high sales performance of another group may be attributed to the exceptional leadership provided by the groups manager. The common belief that leaders 'make a difference' and can have a major impact on individuals, groups and whole organisations has promoted organisational behaviour researchers to devote considerable effort to understanding leadership.

Researchers have focused primarily on two leadership issues

1. Why some members of an organisation become leaders while others do not and

. Why some leaders are more effective or successful than others.

In general, research confirms the popular belief that leadership is indeed an important ingredient of individual, group and organisational effectiveness. Good leaders incite individuals, groups and whole organisations to perform at a high level and achieve their goals. Conversely, a lack of effective leadership is often a contributing factor to dull performance.

Please note that this sample paper on Transformational Leadership is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Transformational Leadership, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Transformational Leadership will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sonnet 73 by William Shakespeare

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Shakespeare's Sonnet 7 Critical essay

Shakespeare's 'Sonnet 7' is a poem that display's the inevitability of death, which is a universal theme. It is about Shakespeare coming to terms that he is going to die and the different seasons of the year compare to the stages of the his life; Spring is when he is born and winter is his death. We start off during autumn, where he is gradually deteriorating, until we get into winter where he dies. A question that will be continually addressed is how Shakespeare portrays a universal theme and how his style effectively contributes to the main ideas of the poem. The poem's structure is set in three quatrains and a rhyming couplet to conclude. It has a typical a, b, a, b rhyme scheme.

Sonnet 7 is a sonnet that is full of effective imagery. The effectiveness of the sonnet is heightened by its common images, such as fall, sunset, night and fire that are comprehensible to anybody who reads it. In the first quatrain Shakespeare alludes to his condition through nature and seasons. He describes himself as a tree and his circumstance, as autumn. This imagery is like the cycle of a tree throughout the four seasons. The speaker is like a tree in that his hair is turning color and falling out with age, his body has grown frail and weakened and his winter is coming soon. For the speaker, however, he will not be revived again next spring.

The most interesting part of the first quatrain is the second line when yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang because the normal advancing of fall is thrown off balance. The normal progression is the leaves turning color then falling off. However not all trees turn color at the same time and not all leaves fall simultaneously. Shakespeare mixes up the order of the trees maturation to force people to look at nature and how it can change. The imagery of the first quatrain gives a feeling of changing of color, a long wait and coldness.Buy cheap Sonnet 73 by William Shakespeare term paper

The second quatrain sees the speaker referring to another common yet effective concept. A sunset and twilight are used to describe his feelings and thoughts of the approaching end to his life. The speaker sees his life as the remaining sunlight that is rapidly being over taken by the darkness. In darkness, which is a connotation of death, is when people sleep and to the speaker, sleep is deaths second self. Black night, which connotates death is at the speaker's heels as the light is being devoured. He says, what you see in him is the twilight after sunset. The sunlight is a great thing much like the Shakespeare in his younger, healthier days. Now, however, the sunlight is almost gone, but you can still see a hint of it before the darkness catches up. This quatrain sends feelings of darkening, but also of warmth because of the imagery of the sunset. Also, its span of time has diminished from a season to a single night.

In the third quatrain, the trends of darkening, warming and length of time decrease. Shakespeare compares himself to a fire that is burnt down to embers. He says "That on the ashes of his youth doth lie" when he uses ashes it connotates cremation and there is no return from it. He can not live like he did in his youth and the same things can not sustain him. He speaks of the flame being smothered by what first nourished it. This sounds like, what made him strong killed him in the end. In this last quatrain, all the images had changed from how they started. At the beginning of the sonnet there were the yellow colorful leaves on the trees. Into the second quatrain darkness starts to invade the light and by the end of line twelve the last glowing ashes in the fire had gone out. Length of time was another changing factor. A season became a night, and a night became a few minutes. The only thing that stayed the same was the message. Shakespeare is preparing the listener and himself for his impending death.

The rhyming couplet of the sonnet, are very important. The speaker realises that his love sees all these diminishing characteristics and that he is not what he once was, but loves him in spite of, if not for, all these qualities. The last line presents a twist. Shakespeare says which thou must leave ere long. All this time it is assumed that Shakespeare is the one who is leaving but he states at the end that it is the other person instead. The speaker is praising the other for their perception and their ability to love unconditionally and was describing both of their states throughout the sonnet.

In Shakespeare's sonnet 7, the familiar, common concepts used by Shakespeare, are very effective in terms of the imagery they create. The sonnet about how someone beholds another and their perception is perhaps one of the best. The descriptions of darkening and warmth are universal images that are associated with a person facing death. Shakespeares use of words and images creates a very effective and enjoyable sonnet.

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What it means to be gay

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Introduction

Gay, fag, queer. When many people hear these words, they think of them negatively. They believe that being gay is taboo, a sin, a mistake. Our sex-crazed society is to blame for this. Boys are supposed to have sex with girls and girls are supposed to have sex with boys, at least thats what most people swear by. Boys having sex with boys and girls having sex with girls is considered by many people to be nasty and sinister.

It is estimated that approximately 10% of the American population is gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. It is widely believed that sexual orientation is pre-determined at birth and it cannot be changed. God makes some people gay and some people straight. Consider it balance; not of good and evil, but of straight and gay. Gays have always had a hard time being accepted in society. They have faced constant physical and verbal abuse and an alarming suicide rate. In fact, 46% of gay teens attempt suicide.

This e-book contains facts about gayness, advice for gay teens, and many resources that can be found online.Do my essay on What it means to be gay CHEAP !

Discovery

Its not about if youre gay, its about when you discover it.

Discovering that youre gay can be a very difficult experience. Typically, gay teens go through denial for periods over 6 months. They try to convince themselves that theyre straight and normal. Unfortunately for some, all the convincing in the world cannot change sexual orientation.

After the initial period of denial, depression often comes in to play. In most situations, gays act gay and their classmates abuse them because of it. That leads us to the next section.

Homophobia

Kids today are raised in a very homophobic society. Because of this, they feel they need condemn gayness to fit in with the crowd. People who act gay in school are considered outcasts and horny freaks.

Gays are abused in many different ways. One of the most common ways is verbal harassment. In verbal harassment, gay teens are imitated and mocked. Your presumed lifestyle is ruthlessly insulted. People come to the conclusion that you are gay even when you have not confessed it to anyone.

Physical harassment is the most dangerous of its kind. Heterosexuals are often driven to hurt homosexuals out of hate and ignorance. Physical harassment can range from a punch to a beating. Often, gay bashings (no matter how severe) are brought on by groups of people who equally hate gays. They do unimaginable things to prove their points and to make gays feel as miserable as possible.

Verbal abuse and physical abuse are demons that attack in similar ways. Verbal abuse can drive gay teens to bring harm upon themselves and physical abuse can have the same effect. If you allow homophobes to affect the way you feel about yourself, theyve won. There are two ways to fight against them and they must be used in conjunction to work. One way is to feel strong inside yourself. The other way is to get involved in the gay community and to communicate with other gay people (see the Resources section for information about how to do this online). The thing you shouldnt do is fight back physically or verbally. If you do this, the homophobes feel that they have won because they have gotten you angry; in a sense, they have achieved their goal.

Sexual Feelings

A large part of being gay is having sexual feelings towards people of the same sex. These feelings are sources of confusion for many gay teens. Gay males are consistently turned on (usually to the point of getting an erection) by other guys and are not turned on by girls. Its important to know that a short boner when seeing another guy with a boner doesnt really mean youre gay, in fact, it is sometimes a natural reaction. If youre gay male, you will have these feelings for long periods of time, and again, girls will not turn you on. The same philosophy applies for gay females. Lesbians will have sexual feelings and desires for other girls and not have a lot of sexual desires for guys.

Bisexuality can be very complicated. Bisexuals have feelings for people of their own sex as well as for people of the other sex. The feelings may vary. Some bisexuals have more sexual feelings for one sex than for the other sex.

No matter what kind of sexual feelings you have, it is important not to be scared off by them. Sex is part of every person whether theyre gay, bi or straight. Its also important to remember that you were born the way you are but sexual feelings can always shift later in life.

Gay Culture

Unlike anti-gay activists want you to believe, there is no definite gay culture, just like there is no definite straight culture. Gays are individuals with different attitudes and different levels of sexuality. There are sexually active gays and sexually conservative gays.

Anti-gay activists also want you to believe that being gay is all about sex. Its not. Being gay is about having the ability to love people of the same gender. Expressing that love can involve sex.

Gays are gaining an increasing amount of importance in society. They are slowly gaining respect from the general public. We are an established community with an extremely wide variety of members. Being part of this community is very important if youre gay. It makes you feel like youre not alone and youre not a deviant. For a list of online resources, see the Resources section below.

By Edgar Walker III

Please note that this sample paper on What it means to be gay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on What it means to be gay, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on What it means to be gay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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