Description of a NASCAR body.

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Description of a NASCAR Body

This description is intended for a general audience who may not be familiar with the different parts of a NASCAR body.

Figure 1

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General Description

The NASCAR body is the outer shell of the car, which is visible. Looking directly at the car, one would see the body and the parts the make it up. NASCAR bodies are based on American-made (Chevrolet, Dodge, Ford, and Pontiac), full-size passenger cars and have a look somewhat like the cars we drive on the streets. There is a "three year rule," this means that no car body can be more than three model years old. The body is designed with main ideas in mind safety, aerodynamics, and fairness in competition.

Once the entire body has been put together it must be a certain length, height, and width. The body and the majority of its parts are put together with sheet metal and certain types of plastic. No fiberglass, aluminum, or exotic material such as titanium is allowed.

The main parts of the body are the air dam/valance, grill opening, windshield, roof rails, roof flaps, and the spoiler (see fig. 1).

Main Parts

Figure

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The first part going from front to rear would be the air dam or valance (see fig. ). The names are interchangeable. This panel extends below the vehicles front grill opening and front bumper. The valance, affects the amount of front downforce the vehicle creates. Downforce is an aerodynamic force that presses the cars tightly to the surface of the racetrack. Lowering the valance creates more front downforce. Lengths may vary depending on the downforce needed and must not exceed past a certain length set by NASCAR.

The second part on the front of the car is the grill opening (see fig. ). The grill openings main purpose is to get cool air into the engine. Grill size will vary depending upon the size of the track. For example, a larger opening is needed for shorter tracks due to the increased use of brakes. More air must be allowed to flow through the grill to keep the car cool or overheating will occur.

The windshield would be the next part (see fig. ). The windshield is made up of a polycarbonate material that is also used in fighter planes; this material will not shatter. The windshield is at a minimum of one-quarter-inch thickness. The polycarbonate material, referred to as Lexan, is supported by framework within the car. This keeps debris from flying through the windshield if a car was to wreck or a piece would fall off of a car.

Figure

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The next part, moving to the top of the car, would be the roof rails (see fig. ). Roof rails are thin vertical strips of sheet metal that run the length of the top of the car and are about 1 inch high. They are made to disrupt streamlined air flowing over the car during the race. This helps reduce the possibility of leaving the ground if the car wrecked.

A key safety feature on the body is the roof flaps (see fig. ). Each car has two flaps, 0 inches wide and 8 inches tall. The left flap on the car sits at a 0-degree angle to the car and the right one sits at 45-degrees. Hinged at the forward edges, the flaps are held flat against the roof under normal conditions by the airflow over the car. As the car begins to spin away from its original motion it is traveling; the difference in air pressure will lift a flap up and disrupt the airflow over the car so it does not become airborne.

The spoiler is another key part to the car's body (see fig. ). It is a metal strip that helps control airflow, downforce (the pressure of the air on a car as it races), and drag (a resisting force in a cars air stream). It runs length-wise across the trunk of a car. Ford races with spoilers' 6-inches tall and 57-inches wide, Chevrolet and Dodge spoilers are 6 ¼-inches tall and 57-inches wide with Pontiac at 6 ½- inches tall and 57-inches wide.

Concluding Discussion

In NASCAR the driver's safety is the prominent issue. The safety features on the cars are put there to keep risks low as possible for the driver. At speeds near 00 mph the car can be put into vulnerable positions. The front valance, roof rails and flaps, and the spoiler are used to keep the car on the ground. Creating downforce and disrupting the flow of air across the top of the car are two very important features of the car's body concerning safety. Once safety has been addressed the next important feature is aerodynamics. The shape of the body is created by templates which help with this factor. A NASCAR's body is almost perfectly streamlined.

The drawbacks of the NASCAR body are based mainly around the different types of tracks they run at. You must consider that the same car could not possibly race at all the different tracks in the circuit. The larger speedways of .5 miles require a completely different body setup than a shorter 1 mile track. The body is very tedious to put together. All the pieces must be within a certain dimensional limit or the car will not be allowed to race until corrected. The process of creating the body for a NASCAR racecar is incredibly time consuming. It takes the owner's shop 10 working days to make and install the body for just one car.

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Information Technology; Data Security

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the practice of information security has become much more complicated and the need for qualified information security professionals has become critical. During this time, the International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium (ISC) has made significant progress in testing and certifying information security practitioners as Certified Information System Security Professionals (CISSPs). Currently, almost 1000 practitioners have achieved certification and several hundred sit for the examination annually.

Data secutiry

The purpose of this document is to illustrate the importance of "data security on the web in workplaces". It outlines the essential security measures implemented by workplaces to prevent hackers from the outside world (WWW) to gain unauthorised access to sensitive data and other resources and tampering with it. In preventing from such attacks in the workplace, which can cost a company dearly, this document analysis the network infrastructure design and software that can enhance workplace data security. It discusses such things as FTPS (secure file transfer protocol), HTTPS/SSL (secure hyper text transfer protocol/Secure Socket Layer), PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), firewalls, EFS (encryption file system) and VPN (virtual private networks).Cheap University Papers on Information Technology; Data Security

Workplaces around the world lack data security in terms of transactions over the web/Internet, which is why organisations are now taking greater security measures to ensure hackers do not gain unauthorised access to sensitive data. Researcher found that the ...highest percentage of companies that had been attacked by hackers in 001 (44 percent) were in the enterprise space, which In-Stat/MDR defines as companies with more than 1,000 employees [Tom Smith - Internetweek.com, 04 April 00]. With such a high percentage, businesses are deploying as a standard to make transactions and data transfers more secure by implementing FTPS and HTTPS as appose to FTP and HTTP.

Many organisations dealing with clients/customers transfer data of some sort from one another over networks. The mediums of such transfers are through e-mails which is unsecure and limited by size, ISDN file transfer (FTP) which is not secure for transferring sensitive data, or by copying data to CD and sending it, which is costly and time consuming. Due to new ...strict regulations and changes in privacy policies in the finance sector...workplaces are required to encrypt sensitive data transfers [Samuel Byrne - AFR, 1 April 00]. This statement has drawn concern in workplaces to get their act together and transfer data more securely using FTPS and HTTPS.

FTPS is a process that provides secure encrypted file transfers between local and remote computers that allows bi-directional transfer of binary (images) and ASCII (data) files between computers. Software packages such as McAfree E-business Encryption ...simplifies protecting files, file transfers, and application data while improving security [McAfree, 00] at the same time protects data when using FTPS. This automates securing transactions and data files for transfer to only authorised users. Such a solution protects clients/customer and business data from malicious or unintentional misuse in particular to external parties over the web.

Since there are so many Internet users on the WWW, how do businesses differentiate from authenticated users to those who are not? With the growth in business use of the Internet, network security is rapidly becoming crucial to the development of the WWW. Many Internet sites now use the HTTPS protocol (also known as Secure Socket Layer - SSL) for handling secure transactions and this is becoming increasingly common for accessing bank account balances and similar confidential data. This allows businesses to control who can access certain information by issuing certificates to authorised users, which is what SSL relies on.

"SSL security protocols are used widely by Internet browsers and servers for authentication, message integrity, and confidentiality" [Microsoft Windows 000 Server Resource Kit. Microsoft Press, 1]. Workplaces can configure SSL security features to verify the integrity of data, verify the identity of users, and encrypt network transmissions. This reduces the risk of security breaches by unauthorised people over the Internet. That's why customer based businesses that make transactions or transfer personal data over the web are required to use HTTPS as the standard mean of communication.

A lot of business networks consist of both intranet and extranets, all of which are susceptible to access by unauthorized hackers who may maliciously view or alter digital information data assets. Although its evolution has been slow, another solution for workplaces at high risk of potential hackers is to implement PKI Public Key Infrastructure. PKI is a system that makes use of "...digital certificates, certification authorities, and other registration authorities that verify and authenticate the validity of each party involved in an electronic transaction" [Exam Cram Network Design - Kim Simmons, Jarret W. Buse & Todd B. Halpin - 000]. For the effectiveness of PKI, user authentication or identification must be coupled with the encryption and data transmission processes to be certain that confidential data is delivered only to authorised parties. A well organised PKI can help secure data and distribute and manage identification credentials across a network security architecture in the workplace. Standards for PKI are still evolving, even though they are being widely implemented as a necessary element of electronic commerce [Microsoft Windows 000 Server Resource Kit. Microsoft Press, 1].

The need for PKI is beginning to show and many of the major software vendors are starting to support PKI. "Companies in the financial services, health-care and government sectors -under pressure to meet stricter privacy and data security regulations - are also beginning to adopt PKI's" [Kelly Jackson Higgins - Internetweek.com, 1 November 001]. Because of this factor, greater data security measures in particular over the web are an essential part of preventing unauthorised access to networks.

A recent study from Dataquest says that while only percent of 86 IT managers surveyed had PKI products installed, 6 percent said they are now evaluating PKI products [Kelly Jackson Higgins - Internetweek.com, 1 November 001]. Hence increasing businesses moving forward are looking towards PKI as a solution.

Due to hackers all over the world the deployment of security solutions has never been greater. "The Internet connects 00 million computer users in a maze of networks and connections. But the Internet also exposes us to the threat of fraud and to an invasion of privacy" [Paula Hawkins, Channel 4 UK, January 00]. To screen such a wide are network of potential hackers, companies are implementing more secure firewalls, such as SPINACH (Secure Public Internet Access Handler), making it a lot harder for hackers to break into. In practice workplaces only want authorised individuals to access certain networks to transfer data; SPINACH provides such a security measure as describe by researched at Standford University. The SPINACH system has two major functions it controls the passage of network communications between public ports and the rest of the building network, and it provides a mechanism for unknown users to prove themselves as authorized so that they can have full network access. [Elliot Poger & Mary G. Baker - Stanford University, December 17].

A "firewall" (aka - prisonwalls), such as the SPINACH security system, usually composes of a combination of hardware and software, intended to protect a network against external threats coming from another network, including the Internet. It prevents an organisations networked computers from communicating directly with computers that are external to the network, and vice versa. It also audits network activity, recording the volume of traffic and information about unauthorized attempts to gain access. "There are two basic types of network security, transit security and traffic regulation, which when combined can help guarantee that the right information is securely delivered to the right place" [Darren Bolding September 15]. One of the prominent features of firewalls is the IP filters, which directs the destination of an IP packet (data information) to the intend. Each IP packet is checked against the IP filter on the firewall, and if a match is found, the properties of the associated security policy are used to send the communication. Filters need to be configured for both incoming and outgoing traffic to ensure that only authorised people can access data information.

Many workplaces use virtual private network (VPN), which is an extension of the private network that encompasses encapsulated, encrypted, and authenticated links across shared or public networks. It mimics the properties of a private network, allowing data to be transferred between two computers across the Internet securely which is why many companies have a VPN setup as security measure standard. The two main advantages of VPNs are that they ...allow private address space, and they allow the packet level encryption/translation to be done on dedicated systems, decreasing the load placed on production machines [Microsoft Windows 000 Server Resource Kit. Microsoft Press, 1]. Because of the packet level encryption, encrypting traffic as a security measure, it makes it more efficient for workplaces to gain network access and transfer data from one point to another.

Security breaches by unauthorised people over networks are not a question of if; they are a matter of when. This brings about growing concerns especially to America as they were outraged to hear that they were under attack from the Chinese military. A ISR - Internet Security Review article commented The officials assessment came after a Los Angeles Times report Thursday that said U.S. intelligence officials believe the Chinese military is working to launch widespread attacks on American and Taiwanese computer networks, including Internet-linked military systems considered vulnerable to sabotage [Internet Security Review - International Magazine on Safety, Security, and Protection of Data Communications on the Internet, 5 April 00]. As a possible data security measure of such an attack, the use an encryption file system (EFS) to protect data will make it difficult for hackers to break encryption/algorithm codes. EFS is an extension to the NTFS file system that provides strong data protection and encryption for files and folders. The encryption technology is based on use of public keys and runs as an integrated system service, making it easy to manage, difficult to attack, and transparent to the user [Exam Cram Network Design - Kim Simmons, Jarret W. Buse & Todd B. Halpin - 000]. This is particularly useful for securing data on computers that may be vulnerable to theft or hackers, such as mobile computers.

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Compare and contrast about dr. martin luther kings letter from birmingham jail and the movie "keep your eyes on the prize"

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Dr. Martin Luther King's letter from Birmingham Jail is a very controversial and disputable letter. He is trying to show the reader how bad African American people were oppressed in the civil rights movement in a more critical way of thinking. Where in the movie "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize". They show the civil rights movement in a more realistic and physical way. What he is also trying to show the reader is that discrimination and racism is a problem in society and it must be fixed. Martin Luther King's views about the racism in the local areas of the south were more dedicated to help racism decline, but his views when he gets to the north become more excessive and demanding. His views from my standpoint are right and wrong, if you promote these non-violent demonstrations and rallies why are they turning into riots and looting of the streets. Dr. King's views are also right by him wanting to bring peace and brother unity between white and black races throughout the nation.

Throughout the civil rights movement Martin Luther King shows his determination and drive by overcoming unbeatable odds. For example, When Dr. King was put in jail in spring of 16, for no legitimate reason. He wrote a letter to the Clergymen of Birmingham about the strong racism and segregation that was present in that community. Also in writing this letter Dr. King states that there are four steps to take in a non-violent campaign. Dr. King has done and completed all of these steps, but yet injustice still remains in that town.

In the movie "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" it shows how the civil rights movement really was. The movement was very violent and there were riots and fights in the streets daily. Racism in the movie is shown in a more physical aspect, but in the letter from Birmingham Jail racism is shown in more of a mental and political aspect. "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize", is a movie that mainly concentrates on Dr. Martin Luther King's presence in Chicago and Detroit. These two cities are known for there strong racial and very segregated backgrounds.

Chicago is well populated area where over one-forth of the city was African American. The streets of Chicago were the battlegrounds of all the racial and violent actions. Police Officers soon did not have enough resources to control all of the crowds, so they eventually had to bring in the National Guard to assists in restoring order. This was ordered by Mayor Richard Jay Daley, who was one of the most powerful men in America at that time. Chicago is known for the start of the "Freedom Movement", of which the primary goal is to give African Americans the equal right to purchase a home wherever they want and to get out of the slums and the ghetto. Daley was against the "Civil Rights Movement" and the "Freedom Movement", but he did not show it publicly because he would lose supported voters from the people of Chicago.Custom Essays on compare and contrast about dr. martin luther kings letter from birmingham jail and the movie "keep your eyes on the prize"

The city of Cicero played an important role in the future of the civil rights movement due to its all white economy. Cicero was a place where about fifteen thousand African Americans worked but they did not live or own a home there. Most of the Cicero community was all white and very against the civil rights movement. Reverend Jesse Jackson was a leader in the freedom movement and wanted to have a non-violent march through the city. At this time Dr. King had come to agreements with the city of Chicago about the need for racial segregation to decline, so in return Dr. King was told to stop the march through Cicero. Jesse Jackson was told of the news to call off the march, but he and some thousand people still marched through the city on that day. They soon became the targets of objects thrown by the onlookers on the side of the road, and this time the marchers threw the objects back.

The movement now shifted to Detroit, where a few African Americans achieved some political power but not much. Detroit was particularly prone to having many residents who were African American and either unemployed or underemployed. Detroit's police force was mainly all white and was known for incidents of police brutality in the streets. On July , 167, police officers staged a raid on a party held at an illegal after hour's club. The raid quickly turned into a confrontation between white police officers and African American residents. Over the next several days rioting broke out and looting began to occur. After five days, forty-three people had been killed and hundreds of others were injured. The Detroit riots were a major eye opener for many of the people of Detroit and its political figures.

I think the main point in the movie "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" is that the civil rights movement was not just about rallies and demonstrations, it was about freedom and the equal opportunity for all African Americans. The people of those cities showed that they wanted that freedom more than anything, by standing up for themselves when they were put in unbeatable situations. In the letter from Birmingham jail Dr. King is showing how bad the nation was becoming and how most political figures were allowing it to happen. He wanted the people who read the letter to realize the importance of rejecting segregation and racism because it is taking over the country and if it is not stopped soon we will be a divided country just because of race and color.

Please note that this sample paper on compare and contrast about dr. martin luther kings letter from birmingham jail and the movie "keep your eyes on the prize" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on compare and contrast about dr. martin luther kings letter from birmingham jail and the movie "keep your eyes on the prize", we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on compare and contrast about dr. martin luther kings letter from birmingham jail and the movie "keep your eyes on the prize" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Today (washington DC)

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Today was a great day. We visited Washington DC. It was such a great site. We saw the Lincoln memorial and the white house. I even met the president. He is the main guy of the exective branch. The other branches are the exective, judicial, and the legislature. The legislature makes sure the laws that are passed good or bad. The judicial makes sure people have due process. We also saw the Smithsonian institute what a great museum. I saw dinosaurs and mammels and everthing. It is the biggest museum of the United States. I also saw where they make money. That was cool. All those bills. Someday I will have that much money. I know I will. Well that was the day cant you see that it was a great day. I think so. well I hope you can see it someday because you will enjoy it. I know I did. by bye bye byePolitic- artful, ingenious, shrewd

a. people who are creative

Politics- policies, goals, affairs of the Gov.

Political Science- study of the process, principles and structure of governmentCustom writing service can write essays on Today (washington DC)

Different theories why Gov forms

1. Social Contract (social power)

a. With out any type of government certain rights exist

i. Kill

ii. Steal

iii. Deceive

b. If there is an element of fear will give up the right for a higher cause

(gov. controls it)

i. give up the right to kill, deceive, and steal

ii. if ensured that they won't be killed, deceived, stealed from

c. No fear won't give up rights

i. Ex. League of Nations- Org. of states

1. didn't work WWII

ii. U.N. works because fear of nuclear war

. Natural theory- sociological reason

a. Association- family, clan, community,

More mature, want more

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To Kill a Mocking Bird (heroes)

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"Any definition of a hero must be broad for there are many types of heroes "

Discuss the above statement with close reference to "To Kill A Mocking Bird"

Published in 160, this book deals with the attitude to race and class in America's "Deep South" in the 10's. Atticus Finch, A defence Lawyer challenges the conscience of the town in a quest for justice. As the protagonist, does Atticus qualify as a hero? There is evidence to suggest that Atticus is a hero in this story yet there is also evidence to show that he is not. First of all though, it is important to define what a hero is.

A hero can be seen in many different ways and in many different contexts. The definition of a hero therefore, does need to be broad. In society, a hero is often defined by his attitudes, behaviour and actions. While we talk about "Everyday heroes", generally heroes are viewed as extraordinary and different to normal people. They go beyond what is required, they will put their life on the line, they are brave and courageous and they also are ruled by their principles. They are driven to do what is "right" and "honourable" and never quit. Their attitudes may bring them into conflict with others but usually the heroes' actions reflect society's morals or ethics, and thus, the hero is held in high regard above others in society. In fact, the hero may be attempting to change society's views by his own actions. Literary heroes can be different from real heroes. Sometimes people call the main character of a book the hero, even if they are not actually heroes and events are simply influenced by luck or chance. This does not mean that the hero is perfect. He or she may have faults but they overcome them for the sake of the story. Sometimes it is hard to pinpoint what is heroic about the character. It may be that they just keep on trying and don't give up. In the book "To Kill a Mocking Bird", the main candidate for "Hero" is Atticus Finch. Scout and Jem may have good intentions but don't actually do anything heroic. It is Atticus who takes on the case for Tom Robinson and tries to fight the prejudices in the small country town of Maycomb in order to stand up for what he believes is right. Do Atticus' beliefs and actions however, show him to be a "hero"? Write your To Kill a Mocking Bird (heroes) research paper

It can be argued that Atticus Finch is a hero. Even though he is a respected man in the town, he risks his social status in order to defend his mockingbird (Tom Robinson). Atticus is concerned that Justice is served and that Tom is given a proper defence despite what colour, race or class he is. Even though he is convicted, Atticus still believes that an appeal would have been successful. Atticus intended to keep on trying. Atticus also tries to change the views of society towards coloured people by using logic and evidence along with common knowledge of the behaviours of the Ewell family (the history of family beatings) to make his case. Atticus attempts to educate Scout and Jem to act without prejudice. Atticus' views and actions bring him into direct conflict with the common attitudes of the South in this period. Atticus can be seen as heroic because even other defence lawyers may have not taken the case on and persevered. Atticus possibly could have risked his life especially if he had won the case. He is already branded as a "Nigger Lover" in the book before the case even begins. Had Tom Robinson been acquitted, some people may have taken violent revenge on both of them. Mr Ewell tries to attack Scout and Jem even when Tom has been convicted and killed. In these examples above, Atticus can be labelled as brave, courageous and honourable. He stands apart from the rest of the men in town because he is motivated by his principles and not his emotions or prejudices. He remains calm and focused, as a hero should. In heroic style he reminds the town to be just by using a wonderful set of 'bird' metaphors "Shot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird". He shows stamina in is struggle for justice even though he fails in the end.

A different interpretation of Atticus' character and actions is that he is not a hero. Some of his beliefs and actions may be heroic, but does this make him a true hero? Is he just a literary hero by virtue of being the main character to attempt to do good? Is Atticus simply a good man trying to do the right thing? There is no doubt that Atticus' beliefs and actions are based on good. He acts from a sense of fairness and what he believes is right. Is this enough to make him a hero?

It is Atticus' job as a defence lawyer to defend Tom Robinson. He doesn't really have a choice. It is his job to defend his client properly. Is he only doing his job? Also, as a lawyer, Atticus has a duty to find out the truth and ensure that justice is served. Perhaps it can be argued that Atticus' occupation and training have motivated his actions. Atticus admits to his children that he is teaching them to do the right thing. Is he more concerned about teaching his children than about Tom's welfare?

Is the character of Atticus mainly a tool used by the author to bring out the themes of the book? Perhaps his character is there to highlight the different views adopted by American society in the 10's. Does there have to be a hero? Maybe the themes and the ideas that the reader gets from the story are the most important. After all, in the end Atticus is unsuccessful and Tom is killed before he can have his appeal. The attitudes of the towns' people seem unchanged. Perhaps Atticus' children may be the only ones affected.

In conclusion, Atticus is a good man and a good lawyer who tries to ensure that justice prevails. Atticus shows the reader many heroic qualities in his beliefs, attitudes and actions. He fights for what he thinks is right, he doesn't give up and he tries to change the views of the people of Maycomb. It is not so easy to label him as a "Hero". The question remains whether Atticus is just a good person trying to do what is right even if he has to go against most of the town. Certainly he took some risks but in the end he fails and little is changed. While his attempts may be heroic, Atticus is not necessarily a hero.

Please note that this sample paper on To Kill a Mocking Bird (heroes) is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on To Kill a Mocking Bird (heroes), we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on To Kill a Mocking Bird (heroes) will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Tales from the Boom-Boom Room: Women vs. Wall Street

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Tales from the Boom-Boom Room Women vs. Wall Street

By Susan Antilla

Published by Bloomberg, 00

In the early 180s, a growing number of women began to enter the securities industry. Unfortunately, they found a very hostile working environment. One of the biggest securities firms, Smith Barney, had a network of retail brokerage companies through Shearson/American Express. Pam Martens worked in its very successful Garden City, Long Island branch. The branch manager, Nick Cuneo, created a fun atmosphere for the men in the office, who turned the office basement into the party-filled "boom-boom room." Male brokers continually subjected women to verbal harassment and inappropriate touching. Women struggled to be hired, and then found that the men in charge of their careers practiced all sorts of sexual harassment and intimidation, from jokes to displays of sexual intimidation, physical contact, and threats of rape.

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This book discusses how sexual harassment shaped life inside Wall Street firms and how one whistle-blowing woman courageously fought back.

About the author Susan Antilla, a Bloomberg News columnist, once worked at the New York Times where she launched a weekly investing column and an complaint investigation column called "Between Main & Wall." She was the bureau chief of the Money section of USA Today and financial bureau chief for the Baltimore Sun. She was a finalist twice for a Gerald Loeb Award for Distinguished Business and Financial Journalism.

By the time Pam Martens first joined the Garden City office, it had already developed a culture as a party center for hard-driving, competitive brokers. The branch was located in an attractive upscale New York City suburb, but women in the office were treated with no respect by male co-workers who routinely called them vulgar names. The men even discussed their sexual exploits in front of their few female colleagues.

The year 18 brought about the greatest bull market in American history. The Garden City Office, one of the highest output offices in the system, was enjoying the perks that the prosperous market brought. The head of the office, branch manager Nicholas F. Cuneo, reflected the old style approach to sales. He was loud, direct, demanding, and crude in the office, and the men he managed mimicked that tone that he set. He and the other men were not happy when women started working in the office. During one interview with a woman applicant, he had the audacity to tell her that she will not be paid as much as the men in the office.

Cuneo's hard working, hard partying office performed well ranked among the top ten percent of the company's branches in profitability. He encouraged a fun atmosphere, where drinking was common at the office and at the local saloon. After the branch moved to a more sophisticated new site, a former furniture store, the brokers set up a party room in the basement where the furnace was located. The "boom-boom room" was adjacent to the conference room where brokers were praised or scorned at mandatory weekly meetings. The office emphasized making the highest commissions possible, with little concern about customers. The brokers often engaged in questionable practices, such as pushing debatable stocks and exaggerating or concealing the performance of mutual funds. Punishment for such actions was rare. At the time, illegal practices, such as insider trading, were common. The public was mostly unaware of boiler room tactics, such as cold call scripts filled with exaggerations.

Throughout the security industry, and at Shearson/American Express, in particular, women were treated poorly, as Pam Martens found when she joined the office in 185. At 5, she sought a job where she could make good money to support her young son, Sean. But when she started in the brokerage's training program, she earned $1,000 a year while male trainees were paid $0,000.

Over the next decade, Martens did the best she could to survive and do well in spite of the difficult environment. She endured continual harassment, mistreatment of customers, and fights between competing brokers. She frequently heard the salesman around the corner from her scream at paying customers. The salesmen often shouted and pounded their fists as they argued about who got what account. Marten's first assignment was to work in the basement bullpen making cold calls for the more experienced upstairs staff. Meanwhile, veteran brokers were stocking the boom-boom room with party supplies. She worked with eight male brokers, and at first with two other women, and later, with three.

However, these women encountered harassing incidents over and over. For example, one broker ranted about not only women, but also blacks and Jews. When Martens graduated from the bullpen to her own private office, she kept her door closed, but the outrageous behavior around her continued. Once, the men held a belching contest. Another time, they wrote disparaging comments on the board about the sexual practices of one of the female workers. Cuneo tried to reduce Pam's earnings after she started doing very well. He attempted to limit her to a $40,000 a year salary after she earned $80,000 in commissions, though she refused. He also transferred some of her accounts to other brokers. Still, she managed to survive and prosper.

The event that triggered Martens to become a Whistle-blower happened in 14. Cuneo announced that he expected sales assistants to volunteer personal time each month at the Hospice of Long Island, his favorite charity. Employee Roberta Thorman complained that this was unfair. Martens began to see the office's other wrongs against women in this context. Martens launched a "mass awakening" of women in the industry by meeting with Thorman and contacting some of the women who had worked in Garden City. Common patterns of mistreatment emerged. She began to believe it would be necessary to sue Smith Barney, particularly since standard complaints to the manager and the human resource department proved ineffective. Accordingly, in October 14, she wrote a six-page letter to Smith Barney's new president James Dimon. Her letter detailed a series of complaints. She described the bad treatment several women had experienced and suggested that someone was covering up for Cuneo. As Dimon considered what to do, Cuneo struck back with a counteroffensive. Three brokers said that if she did not retract her letter, they would dig up dirt about her. She refused to back down and, as Dimon investigated, he began to realize that more and more of her allegations were true. He was under pressure to bury the charges, even when Martens herself reported that Cuneo made rape and death threats against her if his career was threatened. Eventually Martens realized that she had to sue her employer.

Martens hired Judith Vladeck, a 70-year old employment attorney, known for successfully suing big companies and earning settlements in exchange for her clients remaining silent about past ordeals. Vladeck suggested launching a class-action suit against Smith Barney, because that was the only way to get around the mandatory arbitration. Wall street employees had to sign away their rights to taking complaints to court in order to obtain jobs. Vladeck started by filing forms with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), a required prelude to a civil rights suit. She asked Martens and two other Smith Barney employees, Judy Mione and Lorraine Parker, to look for more plaintiffs among current and former employees. Within days of the EEOC filing, Mione and Martens both began to suffer retaliation. Checks were missing from three of Marten's client accounts; other brokers recruited her clients. Eventually, Martens was fired for refusing to attend a mandatory branch meeting. She replied that she could no longer attend branch meetings due to the "constant abuse, ridicule and harassment" at the all male sessions. She was given an hour to pack her desk and leave. After being turned down by Merrill Lynch and Dean Witter, she was hired by A.G. Edwards.

Vladeck proceeded slowly and cautiously, accumulating research, but Martens became impatient and hired different lawyers, Linda D. Friedman and Mary Stowell at Leng Stowell Friedman and Verson. Friedman and Stowell had represented women in very much the same situation against the Olde Discount Company. Friedman and Stowell agreed that a class action suit was the only way to be seen in court. When the new team filed fresh EEOC charges, they added retaliation and defamation to Marten's grievances, since she had been fired. Her May 16 filing became the lead claim that other female Smith Barney employees could join.

The complaint was filed against Jamie Dimon and Nick Cuneo, plus the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), the forums where most Wall Street employment cases were arbitrated. Suing them highlighted the unfairness of mandatory arbitration.

The case against Smith Barney and the other defendants soon became a major news story. It exposed the pervasive harassment against women throughout the securities industry. Women from Goldman Sachs, Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch began calling Martens to describe the discrimination and harassment at their firms. A group of female Merrill Lynch employees sued their company. Though Smith Barney and the securities industry tried to fight back, the news media displayed their discriminatory practices. In 17, Barbara Walters and Hugh Downs did a 0/0 interview featuring stories of lewd comments, unwanted sexual advances and a boss who stripped in front of other people. The National Organization for Women (NOW) gave its "Women of Courage" award to the Smith Barney plaintiffs.

Martens dropped out of the suit and fired her lawyers. She challenged Friedman and Stowell's negotiated settlement, because it omitted key principles that she felt very adamant about, such as an end to mandatory arbitration. She objected to the fact that the settlement provided no lump sum or fund for women, just an internal $15 million for a diversity program at Smith Barney. Martens felt the settlement was selling out. A few other women joined her, including Judy Mione, who hired Gary Phelen at Garrison, Phelan, Levin-Epstein, Chimes and Richardson to represent them. After many hearings, the first Martens suit, now without Martens, got certified as a class action by the judge, even though Martens objected. Additional class members were invited to file individual grievances. Meanwhile, Smith Barney made changes itself, such as firing some offenders, advancing women to new positions and starting diversity programs.

Martens and Mione failed in their separate civil law suit. The judge ruled that because they were no longer part of the original case, they had "lost their opportunity to pursue their individual claims." Phelan appealed, but Martens received no settlement. The only thing she got out of the whole ordeal was perhaps the satisfaction of knowing that her case helped open the door about Wall Street's treatment of female employees.

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Asian Animation

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Cartoons were always enjoyment for people and there are many different

types of cartoons and animations. Asian animation has developed way

differently than western countries. Anime, Japanese animation, is very popular

in Japan, and now it has gained a followings in America and is beginning to hit

the mainstream. But the Americas lack of understanding about other country

led to very bad stereotypes and wrong impressions about Asian animation.

Those stereotypes come when they do not know well about Asian animations.

Also, other Asian Animations are improving and become better and better

everyday.

They are not that many nations producing as good quality animation as

Japanese. But there still are few Asian countries making many animations and

they all have their own styles. Japan is a leading Asian animation country and

making best animations in the world. Japanese animation is called 'Anime?and

present days the Anime is very popular in whole world. Anime has started very

long ago, first Japanese animation was produced during 117 and Osamu

Tezuka, a qualified doctor, created the first anime in Japan in 151. "Tetsuwan

Atom? or "Astro Boy?as it was known elsewhere, marked the advent of Anime.

Even though it is not as good quality and advanced as Anime, Korean

animation is second greatest Asian animation producing country. First Korean

animation started 156. Korea first official contacted with Japanese anime in

late 170's to early 180's by anime called "Great Mazinga.?This started the

anime boom in Korea and it influenced Korean animations. Korean animation

and Japanese anime is very close each other. Korean animation learned

technologies and styles from Japanese anime. Other Asian countries are not

really onto animation. Hong Kong or Taiwan has their great looking comic

books, but they do not have their animation. There are great difference between

the western animations and Asian animation. For example, Disney is most

famous western animation in the world, and Anime is most well known Asian

animation.

Major difference is the unique Japanese anime style and technique,

which is distinctive and fairly easy to recognize. Asian animations

contain greater details, for example, they contain shade on face,

shining hair and eyes under light, and fashionable clothes with

wrinkles. They also have many different styles of drawings, edge like

faces or smooth faces (Poitras 1)

Anime, or Japanese animation, is a style of animation most recognizable

by characters with large eyes and beautifully detailed backgrounds

(Merill 56). Once people watch anime, they will find besides spectacular

animation, anime has complex characters and deep stories, many of

which teach morals and values. Anime is a highly-used medium in

Japan. It appears in the movies and on TV. In fact, nearly one-half of all

tickets sold in Japan are for anime.

Some famous anime directors are Hayao Miyazaki, Reiji Matsumoto, Mamoru Oshii, Osamu Tezuka, Tatsuo Yoshita, and Katsuhiro Otomo. Hayao Miyazaki directs "lavishly illustrated, sincere, family-oriented, deeply resonate stories for children?(The Anime Filmmakers) such as "Kiki's Delivery Service"and "Laputa Castle in the Sky? He also directed "Mononoke Hime? a "creative and technical tour-de-force?(The Anime Filmmakers), which is the most popular film in Japanese history. He is the king of Anime. Reiji Matsumoto created Space Cruiser Yamato or Star Blazers as it was known here. Mamoru Oshii directed "Ghost in the Shell? "the current standard for high-tech anime filmmaking?(The Anime Filmmakers) Osamu Tezuka created "Tetsuwan Atom? known in America "Astro Boy.?Tezuka is also responsible for the 'large eye'look?(The Anime Filmmakers) found in anime, his anime is the first anime to produced in Japan. Tezuka is the father of anime. Tomino, Yoshiyuki created "Mobile Suite Gundam? the best and most famous mechanic anime in history, this anime is mother of mechanic anime. Katsuhiro Otomo directed "Akira? the first blockbuster anime film in America, it was cutting edge in both countries and it began the "adult anime revolution?-"violent imagery, complex stories, and controversial subjects (The Anime Filmmakers)?

There are three mediums for anime TV series, movies, and OVA, which stands for Original Video Anime. TV series are shown on TV, movies in the theatres, and OVAs go directly to video (Clements 4, 56). Some popular television and OVA series in Japan as well as America are Tenchi Muyo!, Sailor Moon, Dragon Ball Z, The Slayers, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Urusei Yatsura, Mach Go Go Go, Space Battleship Yamato, Ranma 1/, Ah! My Goddess, Pok?on, Gatchaman, Transformers, Yu Yu Hakusho, Voltron, and Birdy the Mighty.

Some popular movies are Tenchi the Movie 1 and , Ninja Scroll, Ghost in the Shell, Akira, Urusei Yatsura , Project A-ko, Mononoke Hime, Galaxy Express , Be Forever Yamato, Laputa Castle in the Sky, My Neighbor Totoro, Kiki's Delivery Service, and Grave of the Fireflies. When anime is translated into English, it can be found in two forms, dubbed, where voice actors put the words spoken into English, or subtitled, where the original dialogue is kept and the English equivalent is shown across the bottom of the screen (Kirkindall 0). Subtitled seems to keep more to what is actually being said, but some of the puns can be hard to understand while dubbed can make the dialogue make sense and sound funnier (Kirkindall 0). In the end, it's really just a matter of preference.

Korea, as mentioned, is second best Asian animation country in Asia. Korean animations are largely influenced by Japanese anime after import of Anime in the country. Korea produces lots of animations every year. They have TV series, OVA, and movie, but Korean animation never success. Korean animations have pretty nice qualities and looks but because of people's stereotype, Korean animation is really hard to success. Indeed, Korean animations are not as good and fun as anime, but people think Korean animations are worse than Japanese and boring. With this stereotype, every time people watch Korean animation the automatically think it's boring. This is brought the dullness of Korean animation (KOSCAS C). Korea and China both likes animations very much. But China doesn't have animation technology and supports to produce their own animations. Korea is keep learning from Anime and keep improving, and they are also keeping their own styles at same time.

What makes anime so cool? It's really hard to describe, but yet thousands of people all across the World, who can't describe it themselves, attend cons and are members of clubs. No one can really say what it could be-- the amazing detail, fantastic stories, the complex plots, or the unforgettable characters...It can be any of these. The growing popularity of anime in America has resulted in a large number of anime clubs being founded on college campuses and increasingly at high schools. Many clubs watch and discuss anime, produce newsletters or fanzines, have tape libraries for members, and organize special events. Some amateur clubs draw and study the anime and even produce them. "Anime has changed not in the past five years, but the past one year.?"Anime used to be cultish, you had to know someone, study Japanese, belong to a fan club.?(Trish Ledoux, The Anime Filmmakers) Now that otaku are being found all over the nation, more and more anime cons are taking place in America. "What better way to spend a beautiful summer weekend than by spending it indoors with a few thousand fellow freaks??(Pachi Pachi #1) "Otherwise normal people transform into robots, heroes, and strange creatures; people get your inside jokes, and most importantly, being a geek finally pays off.?(Pachi Pachi #1) Cons are great places to go to to meet and talk to distributors, dealers, production companies, voice actors, animators, translators, and other anime fans. "Cons are all about parties, obscure anime in the late night video rooms, finding a favorite anime, the cosplay, cool music videos, meeting the guests of honor, and singing karaoke.?(Pachi Pachi #) These fans are making anime little more than just animation.

Why do we watch anime? We've been asking ourselves that for ten years and it seems an indefinable thing. I think perhaps it's a visual sense. The Japanese go out of their way to make it look cool, appealing, and flashy. That about sums it up, why all anime fans gravitate towards this style of animation rather than Bugs Bunny or something more "American?-beautiful animation with a great story and cast of characters. "Stories deal with thought-provoking themes, present complex characters that change as the stories progress. In comparison with American animation, anime has a story and you can never be sure what the ending will be. It's not unusual for a major character to die, lose the one they love to another, or fail at what they're trying to do. In comparison with American animation, which are almost always 'Good vs. Bad?or have happy endings, anime deeply explores the moral and spiritual ambiguities of life and culture in a world pushed over the edge by rampaging technological progress. Characters are more complex, villains can be understandable and change their ways, heroes can show bad traits and even commit horrid acts.

Anime is "often overemphasized for gratuitous violence and sex (The Anime Filmmakers)?sometimes just to sell it. This is terrible because, for the most part, these rumors are untrue and once they get around to a certain person, anime becomes edited, censored, or classified as "adults-only?material, regardless of content. A big issue when it comes to censorship is violence. Much of the translated anime is action-oriented, mostly sci-fi and fantasy. Usually violence isn't any worse than what can be seen in TV or in movies, but it can be carried to extremes. When it is carried to extremes, all too many times anime is given a stereotype as "super-violent Japanese porn cartoons?which isn't remotely true, especially seeing as how ?0% of anime is aimed at children.?(The Anime Filmmakers) Also, because of the "cartoons are for kids?mentality, just a small amount of violence sets people off when what they need to understand is that violence happens. "Events have consequences. That's why violence is in the movies. People get shot, and when they do, they fall down and stay dead. This is something you don't see in American cartoons. Sexual content is usually only hinted at and rarely explicit. "One thing to remember is the American press often makes statements about sex in anime that are untrue.?Some people think anime is bad and evil due to what the media says, even if they have never seen it themselves, and what happens is censoring and makes getting anime to be brought over to America that much harder.

Asian Animations have bright future ahead of them. Korea is going to get better and increase it success rate. Japanese anime will be more popular and famous and they will going to keep the fans. Animation is controlling kids to adults. It's power is great, can even control the kids in whole world, like not a fan. If everyone respects more for animation and knows more about them is very useful for the fans. Hope, in future there would be no stereotype, and know more about animation. Asian animations are not worse than any other drawing and will conquer the economy of animations. I am not sure if I pasted the correct one or the ruff draft one... and I got too lazy and stopped correcting the lines... so its pretty massed up... but I think it was pretty good essay~ if it is the correct one.

Please note that this sample paper on Asian Animation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Asian Animation, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Asian Animation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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