Texoil Case

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Texoil Case

Strategy and Goals

After reading the situation that I, as the station manager, was in I developed two motivating factors. First, there was the tangible factor of receiving enough money to realize my dream. Second, there was the motivation to distance myself and my wife from the life that had drained our physical and emotional health. I realized at that moment that these two motivations were not necessarily compatible with each other, and that I was going to be forced to decide the relevant importance of each somewhere in the negotiation.

Before I even started the negotiation I determined that I must receive the money that I needed, which turned out to be a big mistake that tunneled my vision onto the final outcome. I inadvertently then limited myself to two possible outcomes 1) sell for more than $50K; or ) don't sell and wait for another offer. I determined that receiving the money was a more important consideration than the intangible motivation described earlier. Essentially, I decided that my BATNA was to walk away from any deal if I didn't receive at least $50K. It was also made easier by the assumption that I would not conduct future business with the Texoil Company.Do my essay on Texoil Case CHEAP !

Because I felt that time was running against me, and I had few if any alternatives, I believed that I did not have the leverage in this situation. Therefore, I decided that the best strategy was to undertake a collaborative style of negotiating (as described on page of Lewicki). It was my intention to declare understanding for my counterpart's concerns and concede some points to create this collaborative atmosphere. In this atmosphere I would be able to build a win-win relationship. Unfortunately, the way I framed the negotiation and handled the emotional process of negotiating resulted in failure.

Framing the Negotiation

My frame was based on an outcome. As described in Essentials of Negotiation (Lewicki), I had a specific, preferred outcome that I was bent on achieving. I had rationalized the value of the service station given the information we had at our disposal. A new station would cost at least $650K, there were no other owner-operator stations in the area, and the time required to build a new station would take at least 1-18 months and reduce the potential profits that could be made during that time. Therefore, in my mind there was no reason why this station could be worth less than at least $65K. I had effectively eliminated the thought of alternative solutions. This was perhaps the biggest event that determined the outcome of the entire negotiation. I had failed to increase the bargaining mix by limiting the factors of negotiation.

The situation was compounded by the fact that my counterpart came to the table with the exact same frame as I had. The Texoil representative was basing his performance solely on an outcome basis. This essentially made the negotiation a distributive negotiation, in which whatever the other party would gain one party conceded. During the negotiation both of us focused entirely on receiving the set price we had determined before the negotiation began. My original plan of a collaborative negotiation was gone, and we were now searching for a middle ground where both of us could receive our predetermined goals. Since there was no Zone of Agreement, not surprisingly the demands from each party were unattainable and the negotiation ended in a deadlock.

Emotions in the Negotiation

At many times during the negotiation it became a game of who could win a point using facts given or assumed. It became a verbal battle of who could make the most valid points about his stance. At the beginning of the negotiation we were both very cordial and listened to the other intently. As our positions became more solidified, the cordiality quickly disappeared. We both talked at the same time, trying to get the other to listen to our viewpoint. This was the other major factor that doomed our negotiation. We both became emotional about the lack of understanding from the other party and thus eliminated the necessary communication that could have lead to an agreement that could satisfy both parties.

For my part, I abstained from disclosing any information about my personal reasons for selling the station, believing that it might hurt my bargaining position if my counterpart knew all of the specifics. I realize now that in this situation, if alternative solutions were to be found, the other party necessarily has to know what your motivations are, at least in general terms. If I were to do the negotiation again, I would have explained my need for a certain amount of capital upfront, as well as some form of security in two years that could reduce the amount of capital I needed now.

Lessons Learned

The biggest lesson I learned from this exercise was that you have to look past the obvious solutions of problems to see if there are alternative solutions that will meet your objectives. This can be very difficult to accomplish if you don't spend the time to understand your counterpart's own needs and his/her ability to meet your needs. I was continually focusing on the end product cash in my hand to satisfy my requirements. In reality cash was only part of my needs. Security was also a big issue that I was quantifying in cash.

Another of my failings in this exercise was not undergoing the process of looking at solutions from my counterpart's perspective. Nowhere in the process of developing a strategy to achieve my goals, did I look at the other party to see how they could satisfy my requirements (other than money). If I would have broken down the ways to receive compensation for the sale of the service station, alternative solutions may have come to mind.

Counterpart Recommendations

I believe that Jackie Wu did a very good job at the beginning of the negotiation. He listened to my sales pitch without much comment, and asked a few probing questions trying to uncover my motivations and goals. Jackie's ability to listen and process information was a clear sign to me that he was gathering ammunition to use in his arguments. While I think Jackie did a good job overall, there were some things that I noticed could be done for Jackie to become a better negotiator. A few of those things are

1. From the beginning of the negotiation, Jackie gave the feeling of being very inflexible. I believe this can lead the opposing negotiator to be inflexible, or leave them with a feeling that Jackie is not going to reciprocate concessions.

. Jackie needs to develop a core strategy and stick to it. There were times during the negotiation where I felt that Jackie was simply rejecting my position instead of developing his own position.

. Like myself, Jackie didn't look for any alternative solutions that could have satisfied both of our goals.

4. I think Jackie might be more effective if he developed a personal rapport with his counterpart before negotiating. If his strategy was to be "all business", then he did a very good job. Otherwise, he might try to make a connection on a more personal level.

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Camp Butler

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Many people believe that Camp Butler is just another ordinary national cemetery. But actually Camp Butler holds a lot of information behind its gates. Its original purpose was a training ground and a POW camp with a small cemetery for the deceased prisoner and soldiers. And now it has evolved into a symbol and the biggest national cemetery in the State of Illinois.

In 1861, after the Civil War had begun, William T. Sherman was sent to Springfield, Illinois by the United States War Department to select a camping ground for the Union army. Governor Richard Yates, current Governor of Springfield at the time, asked William Butler, State Treasure, with help from Ozias M. Hatch, Secretary of State, to assist Sherman in selecting a camp ground (Huelsman, SJR). Sherman, Butler, and Hatch rode 6 miles NE of Springfield by carriage to an area of 6 acres. Sherman was pleased at what he saw. There was high ground for camping, lower and more lever ground for drilling and training, and a space for a cemetery. Thanking him for his help, Sherman named the area Camp Butler, in honor of William Butler. The camp is located on what is currently Sangamon Ave. and U.S. 6, about six miles northeast of Springfield, close to the Sangamon River and the Wabash Railroad (Teleford, SJR)

Originally, Camp Butler was to be the main center of concentration and training for the Union recruits in Illinois, replacing Camp Yates (Parrotte, SVC). But it seemed that the camp was going to have a much bigger purpose. Governor Yates appointed Captain Thomas G. Pitchers commandant of Camp Butler with the Rank of Colonel (Parrotte, SVC). The first shipment of troops arrived August 5, 1861, including infantry and a troop of cavalry from Mason City; Calvary troops from Madison, Macon, Piatt, and Pike counties; and a battery of artillery, which were all transferred from Camp Yates (Teleford, SJR). The camp began to grow in great numbers at a very rapid pace. By August , the camp already contained 1,500 men and twelve days later contained over 5,000 men (Teleford, SJR). Troops earned $15.00 a month, a bounty of $100.00, and a quarter section of land at the end of the war (Miller, SJR). The first casualty at the camp was a Private Willard of Mason City on August 1. He was diagnosed to have died of lung fever. The camp lacked in both supplies and uniform. Due to the supply shortage, Colonel Pitcher had to put the men through training using stick in stead of muskets (Parrotte, SVC). Time in the camp was brief for an ordinary soldier due to the need of active men (Parrotte, SVC). The average time for a Union soldier was 0 to 40 days (Parrotte, SVC). Pitcher would muster the men into combat ready, and within a few days, the soldier would receive their orders (Parrotte, SVC). In October of 1861, Colonel Pitcher turned over the camp to Lieutenant Charles B. Watson (Parrotte, SVC). In his little time of command, Pitcher trained more than 15,000 men (Parrotte, SVC).

In the middle of December 1861, the United State's War Department disbanded all temporary camp and designated Camp Butler and Camp Douglas the only two rendezvous camps in the state (Teleford, SJR). In 186, Camp Butler was established a National Cemetery due to President Abraham Lincoln's approved Congressional legislation that allowed the president to purchase cemetery grounds to be used for soldiers who died in service of the country on July 17 (Parrotte, SVC). Twelve national cemeteries in all were created by legislation (Teleford, SJR).Order College Papers on Camp Butler

By February 1, 186, almost 80,000 men had passed through Camp Butler (Teleford, SJR). Colonel Patcairn Morrison, sent by the War Department, was now in command of the camp (Parrotte, SVC). On February , the camp was to add to its growing number with prisoner of war. ,000 of the 15,000 Confederate soldiers captured at Fort Donelson by General U. S. Grant arrived at Camp Butler (Teleford, SJR). On March 1, 50 more Confederate prisoners were sent to the camp and on April 14, Morrison task grew more when 1,000 Confederates, captured at the mouth of the Mississippi River, were sent to the camp (Parrotte, SVC). General Grant funneled ,165 prisoners in all to the camp. Many Confederates within the prisoner camps died.

Camp Butler faced a huge sanitation problem. Floor were dirty, slop and filth was thrown indiscriminately around, medicines were deficient, shelter was bad, and the nurse and cook acted insubordinate (Teleford, SJR). In May of 186, a total of 1 prisoners died in the camps. Many diseases began to take its toll on both the Confederate prisoner and the Union soldiers. The smallpox epidemic of 186 was said to be the worst cases of death due to disease. A total of 875 died due to an epidemic died due to an epidemic in the summer of 186.

Colonel Morrison was relieved of his duties in June , 186 and is replacement was Major John G. Fonda (Parrotte, SVC). A huge number of recruits were made and Governor Yates was forced to re-open many of the temporary camps, leaving Camp Butler, still, the main training site (Parrotte, SVC). Camp Butler number 1,000 Union troops and included at least on troop from every county in the State (Teleford, SJR). Major Fonda was appointed the new commander of the 118th Illinois Infantry and Colonel William F. Lynch became the new commander of Camp Butler (Parrotte, SVC). In January of 186, 1,665 Confederates captured at Arkansas Post and Murfreesboro were sent to Camp Butler (Parrotte, SVC). Within the next two months, 500 more prisoners entered the camp (Parrotte, SVC). By spring of 186, the prisoners in the camp numbered around ,60 including prisoner from ten of the eleven Confederate State, excluding Florida (Teleford, SJR).

Disease still reeked havoc in the prisoner camp. Meningitis and Typhoid fever alone claimed the lives of 1 soldiers a month (Lindstrom, SJR). Due to the many soldiers suffering from disease hospitals were enlarged from two wards to seven wards (Teleford, SJR). The original two wards could hold a combine capacity of 60 cots but the expansion of the wards allowed each of the seven wards to hold 60 cots each (Teleford, SJR). Also a large office building was constructed allowing more surgeons and clerks to be hired (Teleford, SJR). In January of 1864, 78 patients were admitted to the general hospital and of the 78, 5 died (Teleford, SJR). The most prevalent diseases were cerebro- spinal meningitis, pneumonia, and typhoid pneumonia (Teleford, SJR). It was said that 0 percent of the fatalities in the camp were caused by either exposure or improper food (Teleford, SJR).

President Lincoln issued many calls for troops. With Illinois having a high quota, Camp Butler housed several thousand troops and recruits throughout the first three months of 1864 (Parrotte, SVC). With the constant calls for troops, Camp Butler was guaranteed to remain active housing troops until 1865. By the fall of 1864, the last Confederate prisoner was shipped out. Camp Butler remained active even though the war was nearing to an end. Recruits still remained, waiting to be sent to their regiments and there was a problem of demobilizing and caring for the sick and wounded as they prepared to return home. Finally, near the end of May, The United State's War Department started to release regiments from active service (Parrotte, SVC). It took several weeks before the recruits were transported to Camp Butler and receive their final pay before being released from the Army (Parrotte, SVC). A majority of the regiments came to the camp in July and August, and by mid- September, most of the troops were heading home (Parrotte, SVC). In early September, Camp Douglas was discontinued as a rendezvous center leaving Camp Butler as the only remaining center for rendezvous (Parrotte, SVC). On January 18, 1866, the last troops received its final pay and left for home (Parrotte, SVC). The next day, Camp Butler was officially closed as a military rendezvous (Parrotte, SVC). Throughout the war, Camp Butler had over 00,000 soldiers pass through.

Many casualties that occurred within Camp Butler are buried within the Camp Butler cemetery. A total of 84 Confederate soldiers, 714 Union soldiers, and 166 soldiers are unknown, due to a fire in the hospital which destroyed records of both Union and Confederate soldiers, are buried within the camp (Lindstrom, SJR). There were more than 84 Confederate deaths in the camp (Lindstrom, SJR). The Confederate graves are white stone that come up to a point (Lindstrom, SJR). The Union graves are white stone and are round at the top (Lindstrom, SJR). The Confederate graves are said to come to a point to prevent the "Yankees" from sitting on their graves (Lindstrom, SJR).

In 14, John Biglow, Ben Watson, and Louis B. Hellmeyer were the administrator involved in expanded Camp Butler from six acres to 40 acres. Camp Butler now holds 656 reburials from WWII, including 17 German prisoner of war and 65 Korean War reburials (Lindstrom, SJR). Camp Butler National Cemetery is reserved for those honorably discharged from active military duty and their dependents (Huelsman, SJR). All of the graves are the same size, shape, and marked with the infantry of which they served in (Huelsman, SJR). There is no charge to be buried in the cemetery and soldiers are not buried by rank (Lindstrom, SJR). A few years after the war ended, enlisted men and their mates are buried is the same grade, one at five feet and one at seven feet (Lindstrom, SJR). Side by side burials were reserved for officers (Lindstrom, SJR). Now anyone that served in the military can be buried side by side.

Many building and architectural structures were created over the past 100 years to beautify the camp. The lodge was constructed in 108 (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). It is a two- story, eight-room brick structure with exposed concrete foundation walls (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). The roof is fiberglass shingles (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). In 16, the rear porch was enclosed to provide an additional room (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). The front porch was removed in 17, and a new concrete porch was constructed (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). This porch was enclosed with brick and glass in 14 (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). The lodge is now used as the cemetery office (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). The design of this lodge was the standard for the national cemeteries in the first decade of this century, when many original Meigs lodges were replaced (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). Because of the time it was built, there are some Arts and Crafts influences (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). The concrete block utility building with a fiberglass shingle roof was constructed in 17 (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). It is located near the northeast corner of the cemetery (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). The rostrum was constructed in 1 (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). The walls are Bedford limestone, and the roof is copper (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet). The design is Classical Revival. A brick public restroom building with a metal standing seam roof was constructed in 18, and is located at the northeast corner of the lodge (C.B.N.C., Pamphlet).

Camp Butler National Cemetery has experienced many difficulties throughout the years. The main problem is the lack of space for burial. Each year, the cemetery is being doubled in burials. With lack of space provided, areas must be cleared and purchase. With the area being consumed so fast, it will not be too long before the cemetery will have to close its gate.

The following verse appeared in the Illinois State Journal Register on October 16, 186. It was to describe war life at Camp Butler

"Camp Butler, what a busy hive

A nest of humans all alive

M of all minds make up the nest

Posted on sciences the best

B here are found that are not wise

Until they are they will not rise

The bulk exceed the rural masses

Let some deny we have all classes

Evil and good, foolish and wise

Rebellion though, they all despise

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Schoenburg

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Schoenburg. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Schoenburg paper right on time.

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Expressionism is a quality of inner experience the emotions of the artists communicated through their art

The Expressionists era was an art movement dominated in Germany that enhanced this idea

In Germany, experienced ecoomic political, and social upheaval after Word War 1

The uprise of Hitlers Nationalist Social Party, debt of World War 1

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lots of artists at that specific time wanted to expose the negative aspects of that

The Late Romantic Era was one in which composers took music and pushed it to its boundaries..they were the rebels sort of speak of the period

This period was also known as Post Wagarian

Arnold Schoenberg was born on Sept 1, 1874 in Vienna Germany

Austro hungarian Composer

was an orthodox jew

He started off playing violin when he was young and soon started composing thereafter

he didnt have any real mentors that trained him excet Zemlinsky who was a teacher and friend for a short while

He said his greatest mentors were Beetoven and Wagner

All music up to the Late Romantic Period of time was all tonal music

A period of Chromatism came into play

By playing tones that arents supposed to be in the key creates a stronger and more effective dissonance

thought that it brought out more mood

Schoenberg along with other composers like him, thought that Tonal music "governed" theyre way of composing so decided to compose and conduct atonal (free tone) music

Schoenberg Developed the 1 tone system

also known as dodecaphony (all twelve notes of the chromatic scale)

which became a leading way in composing this kind of music

Early in Schoenbergs" career he public hated his music and acted to it violently.

Left germany in 1 because of anti semetic laws in Germany

Fled to france and then America

came to Boston and later Died in Los angelos July 1th in 151

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Lolita

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When Vladimir Nabokov finished writing the novel Lolita he knew the explosive subject matter that he was now holding in his hands. After being turned down by publishing houses numerous times to let loose his controversial story to the public, it was finally published by the French in 155. Many critics were shocked and called it pornography while others praised his work. How could a pure thinking author conjugate ideas on issues so dark and depraved? What were his intentions of doing so, and in the end how did it become hailed as one of the greatest novels of all time? It is easy to think one can judge this man by the novel he wrote. Is not the creation, at least in some part, part of the creator? Surely only a twisted mind, a depraved heart could conjure such an explicit narrator, capable of violating young girls, though remaining very humanistic.

Vladimir Nabokov's inspiration for writing Lolita came from hearing about an ape who was taught to draw after being locked in a cage, while given treats to encourage certain behavior. After many months of confinement, the ape finally drew a picture of the bars of his cell. Consequently, this experiment is what Nabokov's narrating character, Humbert, practiced on Lolita.

Humbert constantly used the reward system to bribe Lolita for sexual favors. In other words, like the scientists who had trained the ape's actions to respond to enslavement every time the substance of positivism was given, Humbert did the same to Lolita, forcing her out of her nature from a child to women.

Nabokov and Humbert did have something in common, which was a direct passion. Humbert's passion was the worship and possession of Lolita, but in the pursuit of these passions he also manages to study, capture, and abuse her. This destroys Lolita's innocence. Nabokov, an avid butterfly collector, adored the creatures that he found beautiful, rare, and frail. He then killed, preserved, cataloged and quite literally, pinned them down. Memories and dreams also play a large part in many of Nabokov's writings.

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Nabokov succeeded with Lolita by taking human experiences and passions and using them to create an inhuman character. The story of Lolita, traces a middle-aged professor obsessive sinful involvement with his twelve-year-old stepdaughter Lolita. The book focuses on Humbert's constant manipulation of events to finally being able to have the young girl in his possession. After marrying Lolita's mother, a vulgar woman, the haze women, the big bitch, the old cat, the obnoxious mama, she conveniently dies leaving Lolita as his ward.

This leads to a road trip across America where Humbert seduces Lolita in various hotels becoming both her lover and her father. He was unaware of the fact that a mysterious character was following them, who kept visually appearing in the most unexpected places by the name of Claire Quilty. Meanwhile, Lolita escapes Humbert by running off with the peculiar man, the rival Quilty, leaving him an emotionally broken and unstable man. In the end he eventually stalks down both the now pregnant Lolita and his archival. Realizing Lolita never truly cared for him, he tracks down his alter ego Claire Quilty and murders him for what pain he put him through.

Lolita exemplifies many different types of themes to the reader, such as fate, sex, consummation of desire, and homicide. Some moments of great interest in the novel all indicate the presence of fate and random chance. Horrible deaths seem to occur frequently in Lolita, beginning with Humbert's mother who died at a picnic after being struck by lightning. This was followed by unexpected deaths of Annabelle [his first love], Charlotte Haze [his wife], and Claire Quilty [his nemesis], and finally Lolita at the very end of the book. Who would think that Charlotte Haze would be struck by a car which had swerved to avoid hitting a wild dog, right after she read Humbert's journal and his real opinion of her and her daughter? Humbert sums up by saying the car and the dog and the sun and the shade and the wet and the weak and the strong and the stone all contributed to Charlotte s death.

Sexual Desire plays a large part in the novel. After Humbert loses his first love Annabelle at age fourteen to typhus he longs for the memory of her, particularly the fact that Humbert never completed the sexual act with her. This brings us to the Lolita syndrome. Lolita quickly sparks memories of Annabelle and the feelings he once had for her. Humbert has strong sexual cravings from the moment he lays eyes on Lolita. Humbert disguises himself reading a book or tanning himself while actually watching Lolita s every move. Humbert finds reasons to walk by her room, or to collide into her. In these moments, he said, I had stolen the honey of a spasm without impairing the morals of a minor. When Lolitas mother decides to send her to summer camp, Humbert becomes so frantic, plots form in his mind about ways to rid Charlotte. The second half of Lolita, deals with the consummation of Humbert s sexual desire. Humbert is craving Lolita and even resorts to giving her sleeping pills on their first night alone together at the Enchanters Cottage, so he can have his way with her. "The gentle and dreamy regions through which I crept were the patrimonies of poets-not crimes prowling ground."

The next year they were on a journey together, spending their nights in various hotels having sex. Lolita learns how to play tennis, so they can have other interests in common. Humbert takes her swimming so he can watchfully eye her body, also while buying her clothes and treats but not until she had done her morning duty. The loss of Lolita to the unidentified man revealed later as Claire Quilty, leads to the final desperate act of murder. This is a major theme in the story because by killing Claire Quilty, he is killing his dark side, his alter ego, so that the murder is in effect an attack upon himself.

"Because you took advantage of a sinner, because you took advantage, because you took, because you took advantage of my disadvantage because of all you did, because of all I did not. YOU HAVE TO DIE."

Vladimir Nabokov's writing style was to be excessive with words, because he has a personal love affair with the English language. This excessive trait changed the book Lolita from being viewed as pornography to being viewed as a work of beauty, for there is not one single obscene term in the whole book. Nabokov also had a way of inventing new presentations of a story. For example he foreshadows events and characters. This type of writing lends a lot of interest to the story, especially when Humbert finds out the identity of Claire Quilty at the end of his life, while the book points to his existence at the start of the narration. The writers' use of Humbert as the narrator explaining his passion for Lolita is well served. It tends to soften his ulterior motives due to the sincerity of his desire, also the story is told from his point of view. Nabakov uses a lot of humorous rhymes such as welcome, fellow, to this bordello, puns and play on words like a halter with two little to halt, are examples of this. These traits certainly helped the novel achieve writing standards that were never seen before.

Please note that this sample paper on lolita is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on lolita, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on lolita will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSFOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSFOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSFOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT paper right on time.

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As I'm writing an essay about public-private partnerships for urban development, firstly I would like to define what is public-private partnership. Word " public" refers to people in general, but "private" to certain person or group. Public-private partnership is a kind of cooperation between public and private sector in order to achieve common objectives. Such partnership is needed and is helpful in cases when large-scale project (like redevelopment, renovation, building etc.) should be done, but the government has no enough money to tackle it. The finance then can be attracted, for instance, from private capital or investors.

As a theme for the essay, evaluating potential project, I have chosen comparison between two projects, both involving building a new power station and National library. To explain why I decided a power station as potential project, I offer a small insight into energetics (power industry) of Latvia. At present the company "Latvenergo" is the main producer of electrical energy in Latvia. Power system covers the whole territory of Latvia and makes use of the local power resources hydro energy, peat, imports gas, black oil (mazut), coal and electrical energy. The total length of power transmission lines is 10156 km, including 888 km of cables. The total capacity of power stations is 08.1 MW, hydroelectric stations with 1517.4 MW inducing. From year to year the cooperation develops with the producers of energy from the USA, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Italy and other countries. Nevertheless our own power stations are not able to supply enough electricity to satisfy all the needs of whole country. That's why % of total consumption of electric power must be imported from neighboring countries Russia, Estonia and Lithuania. This doubtlessly may cause unexpected increase in the tariffs for consumers. Within the last - years the demand for electrical energy has stabilized 6,1-6, GWh per year. Additional power station definitely would be very useful. It could help to reduce import and growth of tariffs in future; besides our power industry would be more independent from other countries and their politics.

What refers to National library, I agree, that such building is also needed very much, because education of people is in the first place for the successful development of country. It's not a secret, that attention paid to education in Latvia is rather small. And education is not only public or private universities and schools, but also storages of information, accessible to wide circle of people. Idea of our government to build the Latvian National Library (LNL), so called "Palace of Light", is only supportable and welcome, more due to the fact that other Baltic states (Estonia and Lithuania) already have such up-to-date library, and Latvia also needs an establishment, where everybody can not only find necessary information or book, but also get acquainted with recent information technologies and internet. The only drawback in this case is the high expenditures of the building 87,1 million lats (145 million US$), which cause several problems. The government of the republic of Latvia decided to gain money from public-private partnerships, because cannot afford it from the budget, especially now at conditions of general thrift and economy. It is said that only 5-0 % of required money can be gathered from LNL's support fund in manner of donations and technical support. It means that special target-payment is needed. The bill projects to bring in extra fee for each KWh of electricity consumed to the tune of 0,001 lats during the period of time from January 001 till December 1, 01, although the library is expected to finish by the year 004. It's unnecessary to explain that both deputies and society are against this project and claim to find different sources of financing the building. In my opinion National Library shouldn't be financed by the fee for electricity, because, although everybody take part in paying, not everybody can attend this library or simply doesn't have need to attend it. Actually the library will be most available to inhabitants of Riga and region of Riga, besides elderly people having no children and living in poverty will never agree to pay, especially for that long period of time. It's the same with enterprises consuming much electric power, which is required for their work (for example in metallurgy), because then only one "Liepâjas Metalurgs" will have to pay approximately 00 000 lats to the fund of LNL.

Unable to solve the problem, mayor of Riga decided to ask opinion of people about possible ways of financing the library and selected approximately the most considerable ideas. Apart from lottery, switching the revenue of privatization, increasing the outer debt, initiation of progressive income tax, there is idea to encash small fee for fuelling at petrol stations. This measure could bring in cash revenue of about 60 million lats. It is remarkable, that the sum Ls 87million has been taken from similar project in USA and it is also possible to build cheaper building. Furthermore there are several vague questions. The first is lack of preciseness and definiteness in the project's plan. For example almost nothing has been mentioned about gaining the land for building, although it is private land with 11 owners in apartments, 46 families and 16 houses, from which only belong to state. It's easy to imagine how high prices the owners will request for their property. It is interesting that for the main purpose of the library information systems and computerization there is projected only Ls ,4million, while for "public relations" Ls 1,8 million, for furniture Ls 6,7 million, for interior Ls ,5 million; and what's more surprising nothing has been mentioned about purchasing the books. Help with essay on PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSFOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The second thing deals with problem of possible increasing of expenditures during the building process, usually caused by imprecisely defined tasks and costs. I can say so basing on experience of Great Britain, where in London it took nine years (instead of six projected) to build British Library and costs went up from £00 m to £511million. This proves, that even in spite of centuries old traditions of planning and money spending control, it is almost impossible to avoid failures in so large, technically and administratively complicated project.

As I previously concluded, gathering electricity fee from people for financing the National library is not appropriate for public-private partnerships. To my mind more suitable would be to make public-private partnership, using the same fee for electricity in support of building a new electric power station. As every project, it requires a lot of finance, planning and right politics to succeed.

If we speak about politics, I can say that despite the fact that improvement of Latvian power industry is not only the objective of one enterprise, but also the aim of whole country, special political coalition is advisable. With the help of political coalition the specific project can gain more support from the government in both decision making and financial questions, especially when part of money must be taken from state budget to form start up capital. So if we had political coalition in government it would be easier to persuade others that money should be deflected to the building of power station rather than to different project. Otherwise all wouldn't be very bad anyway, because in accordance with the policy of the government in sector of energetics priority is given to

• Building of new, ecologically acceptable power stations;

• Economy and increasing of energy efficiency;

• Setting up of cogeneration stations;

• Making use of local energy resources.

And what's more, in the State Investment Program (SIP) in year 000 for development of energetics sector there have been scheduled 7 projects with total value of Ls 10,78 million. Although these projects are very small, it shows that the government thinks about power industry, which is in the third place (by investments) in SIP of Latvia after traffic and sphere of environmental protection and regional development. There are also special economical conditions stimulating commercial operation and building of small hydro stations, wind generators and cogeneration stations. Ministry of Economics has given permissions to the building of 8 small hydro electro stations (HES) in year 000. Besides the fund of energy efficiency (founded in 18) accommodates with loans small projects (from Ls 5 000 till Ls 00 000). As you can see, power industry takes rather high place (16% of total investments) in the investment program, as it should be, because it also plays great role in economy of Latvia. Apart from all this there is one more thing why our government could accept the project. It is general pride and possible shame in case of beating a retreat. International institutions should be told about the decision of government to construct the new power station and then it will be more likely, that the project will be implemented, because otherwise "Latvia will be shown in negative light" in the eyes of international institutions.

The next thing that everybody must take into account, when planning his project, is finance. And it is perhaps the most difficult and most common problem for any project implementation, especially in Latvia, where integration of state budget is not easy. As the very first action we must realize and calculate how much money we are going to need for all processes connected with the project. It's no doubt, that the sum of money required depends on the dimensions and power of the station. As I have mentioned before, consumption of electrical energy in Latvia is approximately 6, GWh per year. I reckon, that by building a station of 450 MW, import of electric energy would be possible to decrease to the half, but in years with greater amount of rainfall - eliminate at all, because existing hydroelectric stations would compensate the deficit. If we build thermoelectric power station, expenses can bulk up to nearly Ls 100million. Neither state nor some private company has so much money to afford it. It is possible to make public-private partnership and involve special target payment to support building of a new power station. The payment could consist of additional fee for consumed electricity as it was projected for the National library. At least in this case people will understand for what they are paying the more electricity they consume, the more they pay in fee. But to start the project, start up capital is needed for land acquisition, clearance and initial infrastructure at least 8% of total value. There are several sources of getting the capital. One of them is profit of "Latvenergo", which draws up Ls48million of total Ls160million revenue from distributing electric energy. The second source is national taxes, but seeing difficult situation in budget, I wouldn't rely much to that, because even Ls5million is huge sum of money. Good idea would be to attract foreign investors. We have to do everything to make them interested in this project, to persuade invest money and what's more important prove (if it is possible) that their investments are not under a risk and are guaranteed by something. We shouldn't also forget, that expenses can increase by 5-7% a year. Even taking into account inflation (which is under 4% a year) we must expect -% growth of expenditures every year. Our country can't complain about lack of interested investors, because in 18 there were made Ls700 million total investments from Denmark, USA, Russia and other countries. But unfortunately there are several obstructing considerations slowing their expansion 1) inconsequence in interpretation of law and normative acts; ) very weak possibilities for investors to seek for defense in case of conflicts with state establishments (missing of ombudsmen); ) lack of advisory board of foreign investors and government, ensuring feed-back; 4) long process of provision of visas, residence and work permissions; 5) roughness of immigration institutions and concision of validity of work permission; 6) missing of independent institution, which could review disputes of tax calculation; 7) long procedure of getting building permission or buying land. Mostly due to the last problem investors sometimes are unwilling to involve in building projects. As it can be seen, we have lot of things to do in this sector. Another way is to get finance from E.B.R.D. (European Bank of Reconstruction and Development) or PHARE program, which grants different development projects.

Before to wade in the project, thorough planning is needed, which should be done in one step with other analysis. It includes choosing the type of building and the area for its locality, considering potential ecological problems and fitting into view, public benefits or disadvantages, creating implementation agency with good consultants and other executives like architects, engineers, designers, builders, managers, lawyers. It would also be a wise decision to place the station on the state land, because then it wouldn't be necessary to buy or rent the land. The type (thermal power station) I didn't choose by accident, but by planning. As you can see from figure 1, there are two thermoelectric stations (TES-1 and TES-) and one hydroelectric station (HES) in the surroundings of Riga. Since there are difficulties with finding suitable place for powerful HES (to be more precise there isn't place at all), thermoelectric station, to my mind, is more appropriate even in spite of consumption of power resources and relatively high polluting of air, because it is much easier to construct and building costs are lower. What refers to alternative power stations like wind power stations, they can't provide permanent electricity supply in periods of lull (they may cause serious oscillations of voltage till ±11%), besides they provide small power per station and need large and windy area for a number of stations. I think the best of all would be to build cogeneration station, where in the same equipment heat energy and electric energy is produced while using only one type of fuel (mazut, gas etc.). The base of the station is diesel engine, which turns a generator. Heat is produced by cooling exhaust gases from the engine in utilization tank. It reduces costs of every separate energy production and less fumes the environment. Possible location of cogeneration station I tried to illustrate in figure 1. Location is away from the city center, infrastructure is rather good and doesn't require large investment. Besides power transmission line is nearly, what will decrease the costs of hooking up the substation to the power system. Great advantage, in my opinion, is that the land belongs to municipality.

In conclusion I can say that the power station, which project I tried to evaluate, itself will not give any benefit to public, except work-places for people, but certainly will benefit economy of Latvia with produced electricity. So I think public-private partnership in this object is possible and realizable.

Andris Lâcars, How to improve attraction of investments, Neatkarîgâ RÎTA AVÎZE (Independent morning newspaper), Friday, January , 1.

Complete business& residential telephone directory. 000/001, p 15.

David L. A. Gordon, Implementing public-private partnerships for urban redevelopment. Queen's University.

Helga Balode, Shadowy corridors of Light palace. Power of money in struggle for National library. Independent morning newspaper, Thursday, June 8, 000.

Laima Lupiíe, �ina Belova, Þanete Mickçvièa, Ilze Mackçvica, Lita Z�kere, Andris Akmentiòð. (1), Get acquainted with Latvia. Riga Vantçra.

Main encyclopedia editorial office, Encyclopedia Riga, (188) p 610.

Ministry of Economics of the republic of Latvia. (000), Report on development of national economy of Latvia, June. Riga Latvijas Karte.

Official TeleMedia Yellow Pages. 001, p 68.

Rolands Pçtersons, Wind power stations are not gainful to consumers, Independent morning newspaper, Monday, June 5, 000.

Rolands Pçtersons, Alternative electro stations. Independent morning newspaper, Friday, September 15, 000.

Sandra Dieziòa, The government will decide about palace of Light. Society doesn't believe to the clearance of LNL project, Independent morning newspaper, Wednesday, June 7, 000.

Sandra Dieziòa, Ideas about palace of Light introduced in government. Independent morning newspaper, Saturday, July , 000.]

Topographical atlas of Riga. (16), Riga Saknes, p 5-6.

Vladimirs Makarovs, Wind power stations for and against, Independent morning newspaper, Monday, June 5, 000.

Please note that this sample paper on PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSFOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSFOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSFOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Art

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Joaquin Alberto Vargas y Chavez was born February 186 in Arequipa, Peru, a mountain city about 500 miles southeast of Lima. His father Max, was a successful photographer, with studios in Arequipa and La Paz, Bolivia, and the young Alberto spent countless hours watching him work. Alberto learned a lot from his father later in the years he was assisting his father. Alberto had a little brother named Max Jr. Vargas was employed by Greenwich Village Follies, which, this company employed Vargas's Future wife, Anna Mai Clift. Vargas's best friend and biographer was Reid Austin.

Alberto had traveled all around the world ever since he was a little kid. His father had him travel by himself when he was young. When Alberto was 14, his parents decided that him and his brother Max Jr. should both go to Europe in 111. Their initial stop was Paris, this is were Alberto was exposed to the truth about art. Vargas was enrolled in the prestigious Julien Studios in Geneva; his brother went to another school in the same city to study banking and finance. Vargas was on his way home, and him and his brother met at Big Apple to make there fight home. But Vargas had changed his mind and wanted to travel to New York. This is were he met his future wife, He has also found some work there. In 14,Vargas's Fortunes began to increase. That year he started to get more attention and more offers. Among his job, a commission from the Fox Film Corporation wanted him to paint 1 stars portraits. He had eight weeks to finish those 1 portraits and he did finish it, so he was able to work in the studio's art department for a few months after that. He painted the little inocent Shirley Temple. In 15, Vargas was moved over to Warner Brothers, and every major studio in Hollywood. Vargas joined a unionization walkout, this action cost him his reputation in Hollywood.

Please note that this sample paper on art is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on art, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on art will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Successful new product research - iPod

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Project# 1 Successful New Product Research - iPod

In today's computer market, although many people know or have heard about Apple Computer or Mac, but only a small portion of the population actually own one. According to Gartner Dataquest and IDC, Apple remained standing at around . percent of the worldwide market, while NPD Techworld showed that Apples U.S. consumer market share stayed between and 4 percent. In order to reach a wider market, Apple repeatedly tried entering into different markets, first with the Newton handheld and then with the Pippin game console, which both of them failed in the early 10s. Recently Apple tried expanding their market again by entering into the digital music industry. In October 001, Apple introduced its first portable digital music player, the iPod, to the world.

I would certainly consider the iPod as being a successful new product. Ever since it was introduced to the general public, it has saved Apple while Mac sales have remained flat. According to a March survey by NDP Group, the iPod has jumped to the top of the chart since it's release in October 001, owning 7 percent of the digital market share while compared with 10 percent for the top competitor SonicBlue Rio. Although the iPod has such a great market share, Apple so far has largely sold the iPod to Mac users, which represents only a tiny portion of the market.

In order for us to understand what makes this product being so successful, let me first share with you some of the background of the iPod and what was Apple's strategy against this product.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on successful new product research - iPod

Now in its third generation, the iPod had changed its target market and improved in many different ways. When it was first introduced in 001, the iPod was a breakthrough MP music player that are able to hold up to 1,000 CD-quality songs into an ultra portable, 6.5 ounce design that is about the size of a pack of cards that can easily fit in your pocket.

The iPod has a simple white front silver back design with a 160-by-18 pixel high-resolution display, with a white LED backlight to give clear visibility in daylight as well as low-light conditions. Beneath the display is a unique scroll-wheel dial surrounded by four buttons menu, play, next and previous, with a select button in the middle of the scroll-wheel. This design makes it possible to hold and operate the iPod with just one hand and able to find your music in seconds.

The iPod is a portable music player that store music on its super-slim 5 GB hard drive and incorporates megabytes of flash memory to act as a 0-minutes buffer for shock protection for nonstop playback when running, biking or other activities. In additional, the iPod's built-in 14 FireWire port allow users to download an entire CD into the little machine under 10 seconds and 1,000 songs in less than 10 minutes that is 0 times faster than USB-based players, which is used in almost all other competitor brands. Moreover, the iPod's high-capacity hard drive doubles as a portable FireWire hard drive for storing any digital files.

The iPod's rechargeable lithium polymer battery allows it to play up to 10 hours of continuous music, and recharges automatically whenever iPod is connected to a Mac, using power supplied over the six-wired version of FireWire cable, which USB cables are not capable of. Each iPod also comes with a compact, FireWire-based power adapter for traveling.

The iPod also is capable of playing back a wide variety of popular music formats including AAC (16 to 0 Kbps), MP ( to 0 Kbps), MP VBR (variable bit rate), AIFF and WAV. For CD-quality sound, iPod is equipped with a high-output 60-mW amplifier that delivers 0 to 0,000 Hz frequency responses for deep bass and crystal-clear highs and its factory earbud-style headphones are built with neodymium magnets for enhanced frequency response and high-fidelity sound.

The iPod also features with Auto-Sync, which makes it easy to get the entire music collection into the machine and update automatically whenever the iPod is connected to the Mac computer. Simply connecting the iPod to the Mac with the FireWire cable and all of the iTunes, software that is included with the iPod, songs and playlists are automatically downloaded into iPod at high speed.

The iPod would be selling at a relatively high price comparing to other competitive brand for its 5 Gigabytes models at $ and is for Mac only and therefore not Windows compatible. In additional, you must have a Mac that is equipped with the FireWire connector in order to plug in your iPod, which is the recent Gs or newer models.

A year after the release of the Mac only iPod, Apple introduced the nd Generation of the iPod that consists of several minor changes. Finally a year later, Apple introduced an iPod for Windows-based PCs, but which is not interchangeable between the two versions, i.e., the Mac version will only work on Macs and the Windows version will only work on a PC. Anyway, the Windows version had the same design as the Mac version and also work as well as the Mac ones.

Apple had also adjusted the price for the 5 gigabytes model to $ and two other new models, 10 gigabytes and 0 gigabytes, which runs up to $4 but also ship with carrying cases that include belt clips for easy carrying and a wired remote control for easy controlling. Apple also replaced the new 10 and 0 gigabytes models' scroll-wheel dial into a touch-sensitive dial, therefore nothing moves and makes navigating all the easier. The only different was the iTune software that was used to synchronize with the iPod in the Mac version was not available on the PCs. Instead, Apple used a third-party software, the MusicMatch 7.1, in replace of its iTune software for the PC model iPods.

In this update, Apple enabled the iPod to play "Audiobooks" from Audible Inc., which any models could easily fit in a full book. The player will also be able to pinpoint at the spot where the book was last turned off, and able to playback at the same spot when the book starts to play again.

Finally the rd generation iPod is being released in June 00. In this generation, Apple had redesigned its look by making it even slimmer and adding great new features that would make it worthy to consider an upgrade for old iPod users. There are three models for this generation 10, 0 and 40 gigabytes, which runs from $ to $4 and includes the same but upgraded software as the previous generation and a dock for the two larger models.

The new iPods are about half as thick as the older ones and also lighter. For the two models that come with a dock, instead of connecting via a FireWire cable to charge the battery and download music, the new iPod slides easily into the dock and connected through it to the computer or a power source.

The new iPod has an all-touch interface for enhanced durability and sensitivity with new backlight controls. Many new features are also added to the new iPod, for example, an alarm clock with new external sound that allows the iPod to sound even if not connected to a stereo or headphones, new games, calendar, contacts, text notes and many more which makes it much more useful like a PDA. It also gives the user a choice of connecting the iPod through FireWire, USB .0 or even USB 1.1, although data transfer speeds are extremely slow comparing to the two other choices.

After introducing the features and benefits of the iPod, many would be very curious why Apple did not even consider Windows users, which owns 0% or the computer market share, in the beginning when they design their iPods. And this all leads to the marketing strategy and target market of the iPod.

First of all, the design of the iPod just would not work well on Windows PCs for a couple of reasons. One is that the iPod depends on Apple's iTunes software, which runs only on Mac and if needed to be Windows compatible, it would take months of work by a committee from Microsoft, Intel and the major PC makers just to agree on a common specification. In fact, Apple is the only computer company that makes both hardware and software and likes to introduce products that works as elegantly as iPod.

Secondly, the iPod is able to transfer music at lightning speed and recharge the gadget all through the IEEE-14, six-wired FireWire which Apple designed, and also is a standard features on all Apples computers that are sold after the introduction of Mac's Gs in 1. And Apple has been shipping millions of Macs since then which are FireWire-equipped and setting up the stage for the iPod. In contrast, neither the FireWire nor USB .0 is being a standard for the Windows PCs. Windows PCs manufacturers such as Dell, HP, Compaq and SONY had only standardized most of their PCs with USB 1.1 and not until recently a few of them had started to implement the FireWire technology. Even so, for example SONY is only using a four-wired version of FireWire instead of the Six-wired FireWire, which does not carry current and therefore not capable of charging the iPod through the connection.

In additional, on October 001 Microsoft also officially released Windows XP and the major drawback is that Microsoft was trying to force Windows users to adopt the Windows Media Player (WMP) and wanted to stop users from using the preferred format for music piracy, MPs. In a nutshell, the Apple iPod was a powerful MP player and embracing the popular MP format while Microsoft wants to take it away.

I believe Apple's another strategy is to sell solutions. iTunes, iMovie, iDVD, the iPod, and other solutions that assists Mac users and simplify the process in creating digital medias which are gaining their popularity, are only available on Mac machines. Apple wants to differentiate itself from its competitor and create competitive advantage. And through the nice cool looking, easy to use, fast, smartly designed iPod, Apple is trying to draw more attention to Apple's product and to take a deeper look and consideration in owning a great product, Apple's computer and gain market share from the Windows PC users.

After the first launch of the iPod, and successfully selling the product and gaining attention, they then start redesigning the iPod and start attacking the rest of the computer market by coming up with a Windows version iPod. They also used an off the shelf third party software to synchronize with the iPod on the Windows PC so Apple could even reduce their cost and time of redesigning their iTune software for Windows.

Apple also had taken a different approach in designing its iPod. Apple usually designs its entire products, but for iPod, Apple took an outsourcing approach and designing through third party and buying off the shelf products for the iPod's components. For example, Apple took and outside-in approach in designing the iPod by specified how they wanted the iPod to look like and what they want for the components, and the ultimate circuit design was still Apple's. Then Apple relied on a platform and reference design created by PortalPlayer, a third party, which had developed a base platform for a variety of audio system, including portable digital music devices, general audio systems and streaming audio receivers. Apple also had 4 other partners for iPod that Apple highly relied on design ideas. It used Sony's lithium polymer battery, Wolfson's Codec and digital-to-analog converter, a flash memory chip from Sharp, a Texas Instruments 14 FireWire interface controller, Toshiba for the ultra slim hard drives and power management from Linear Technology.

This design approach is able to reduce Apples risk since it is using a platform, in which systems are designed and chip designs are verified, and also offers fewer worries to a company that is in a rush to market since there were already many portable digital players before iPod. Apple was also able to avoid the technical challenges of integrating DRAM and logic processes through the design chain approach. In addition, custom work can offer cost reductions in large volume.

Apple was also able to capture what consumer needed through since Napster's success. Consumer had clearly indicated that they want simple online access to a wide range of music at a real low cost and like the ability to download it from the Internet and carry it around on digital devices. Recent incident in the music industry also gave a hint to Apple and show what should be done. Major record companies are joining together to try suing several hundreds of college students and kids whose computers have allegedly distributed illegal music for damages in millions. This incident happened at a right time for Apple while they recently successfully launched its iPod and with the iTunes software on Mac computers, Apple are able to open a new Mac users only Music store online, which would soon also be accessible by Windows users, allowing consumers to download music online legally at a low price of cents a song. Apple is also using this incident to promote their products and services. Apple is able to provide a complete chain of services that attract many consumers by showing them how easy it would be to download through the Web Site into the iTunes and automatically sync into their iPod in lightning and bring it around and listen to music anytime they want anywhere they are. Apple is selling a complete package of music entertainment at high quality, low price and simple.

According to Wired News, the iPod was able to successfully target the young people and became one of the coolest companies in America during the summer. Young users also named the iPod as one of the top "cool new gadget". They also were the most likely to name the iMac and iPod as "extremely" well designed products, and Apple's new advertising had contributed to that image.

In additional, there were many success factors of the iPod, which leads to the success of this new product. Although iPod was not the first portable music player introduced to the market, only Apple is able to do it the right way. They are just able to combine hi-tech and simplicity. The significant increase in the number of portable music player and sales clearly indicates the need of this type of products and the iPod is just that and matches what people wants.

The iPod's ability to deliver a meaningful and perceivable benefit and are different in some meaningful way from substitutes are clearly the most significantly impact on the success of this new product. Its lightning fast downloading rate, cool looking design, highly portability, large capacity and ease of use is clearly the benefits that the iPod is able to provide to all consumers and also are things that none of its competitors are able to provide. At 6 ounces, the iPod is by no means the lightest nor the smallest portable music player, but the lighter ones use flash memory storage, and can only hold a maximum of an hour or two of music, while the iPod could hold 65 hours of CD-quality audio at 5 gigabytes. On the other hand, it is not the only hard drive based portable music player and lack certain features that other provides, but they either weigh more than twice as much as the iPod, or they're way too big to fit in a pocket. Putting the weight and size aside, the iPod is the only one that uses FireWire while other are only using USB 1.1 which by far much slower then the iPod and filling up a hard drive of that size would take hours, while the iPod will only take a few minutes and can even double as a storage device, which is also a has a fairly high demand by the consumers. The iPod can also to certain extent act as a PDA, which is another high demanding product.

Combining all the above factors and benefits, even though at a relatively higher price, the iPod is still being able to attract a majority of customers and gaining a significant high market share with the high sale volume simply illustrates that the iPod has been a very successful new product, and the iPod definitely had opened a lot of eyes and minds to the idea that technology needs to be not just functional but also pretty, cool and easy to use, and had set a standard of how future product should be designed.

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