PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSFOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT

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As I'm writing an essay about public-private partnerships for urban development, firstly I would like to define what is public-private partnership. Word " public" refers to people in general, but "private" to certain person or group. Public-private partnership is a kind of cooperation between public and private sector in order to achieve common objectives. Such partnership is needed and is helpful in cases when large-scale project (like redevelopment, renovation, building etc.) should be done, but the government has no enough money to tackle it. The finance then can be attracted, for instance, from private capital or investors.

As a theme for the essay, evaluating potential project, I have chosen comparison between two projects, both involving building a new power station and National library. To explain why I decided a power station as potential project, I offer a small insight into energetics (power industry) of Latvia. At present the company "Latvenergo" is the main producer of electrical energy in Latvia. Power system covers the whole territory of Latvia and makes use of the local power resources hydro energy, peat, imports gas, black oil (mazut), coal and electrical energy. The total length of power transmission lines is 10156 km, including 888 km of cables. The total capacity of power stations is 08.1 MW, hydroelectric stations with 1517.4 MW inducing. From year to year the cooperation develops with the producers of energy from the USA, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Italy and other countries. Nevertheless our own power stations are not able to supply enough electricity to satisfy all the needs of whole country. That's why % of total consumption of electric power must be imported from neighboring countries Russia, Estonia and Lithuania. This doubtlessly may cause unexpected increase in the tariffs for consumers. Within the last - years the demand for electrical energy has stabilized 6,1-6, GWh per year. Additional power station definitely would be very useful. It could help to reduce import and growth of tariffs in future; besides our power industry would be more independent from other countries and their politics.

What refers to National library, I agree, that such building is also needed very much, because education of people is in the first place for the successful development of country. It's not a secret, that attention paid to education in Latvia is rather small. And education is not only public or private universities and schools, but also storages of information, accessible to wide circle of people. Idea of our government to build the Latvian National Library (LNL), so called "Palace of Light", is only supportable and welcome, more due to the fact that other Baltic states (Estonia and Lithuania) already have such up-to-date library, and Latvia also needs an establishment, where everybody can not only find necessary information or book, but also get acquainted with recent information technologies and internet. The only drawback in this case is the high expenditures of the building 87,1 million lats (145 million US$), which cause several problems. The government of the republic of Latvia decided to gain money from public-private partnerships, because cannot afford it from the budget, especially now at conditions of general thrift and economy. It is said that only 5-0 % of required money can be gathered from LNL's support fund in manner of donations and technical support. It means that special target-payment is needed. The bill projects to bring in extra fee for each KWh of electricity consumed to the tune of 0,001 lats during the period of time from January 001 till December 1, 01, although the library is expected to finish by the year 004. It's unnecessary to explain that both deputies and society are against this project and claim to find different sources of financing the building. In my opinion National Library shouldn't be financed by the fee for electricity, because, although everybody take part in paying, not everybody can attend this library or simply doesn't have need to attend it. Actually the library will be most available to inhabitants of Riga and region of Riga, besides elderly people having no children and living in poverty will never agree to pay, especially for that long period of time. It's the same with enterprises consuming much electric power, which is required for their work (for example in metallurgy), because then only one "Liepâjas Metalurgs" will have to pay approximately 00 000 lats to the fund of LNL.

Unable to solve the problem, mayor of Riga decided to ask opinion of people about possible ways of financing the library and selected approximately the most considerable ideas. Apart from lottery, switching the revenue of privatization, increasing the outer debt, initiation of progressive income tax, there is idea to encash small fee for fuelling at petrol stations. This measure could bring in cash revenue of about 60 million lats. It is remarkable, that the sum Ls 87million has been taken from similar project in USA and it is also possible to build cheaper building. Furthermore there are several vague questions. The first is lack of preciseness and definiteness in the project's plan. For example almost nothing has been mentioned about gaining the land for building, although it is private land with 11 owners in apartments, 46 families and 16 houses, from which only belong to state. It's easy to imagine how high prices the owners will request for their property. It is interesting that for the main purpose of the library information systems and computerization there is projected only Ls ,4million, while for "public relations" Ls 1,8 million, for furniture Ls 6,7 million, for interior Ls ,5 million; and what's more surprising nothing has been mentioned about purchasing the books. Help with essay on PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSFOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The second thing deals with problem of possible increasing of expenditures during the building process, usually caused by imprecisely defined tasks and costs. I can say so basing on experience of Great Britain, where in London it took nine years (instead of six projected) to build British Library and costs went up from £00 m to £511million. This proves, that even in spite of centuries old traditions of planning and money spending control, it is almost impossible to avoid failures in so large, technically and administratively complicated project.

As I previously concluded, gathering electricity fee from people for financing the National library is not appropriate for public-private partnerships. To my mind more suitable would be to make public-private partnership, using the same fee for electricity in support of building a new electric power station. As every project, it requires a lot of finance, planning and right politics to succeed.

If we speak about politics, I can say that despite the fact that improvement of Latvian power industry is not only the objective of one enterprise, but also the aim of whole country, special political coalition is advisable. With the help of political coalition the specific project can gain more support from the government in both decision making and financial questions, especially when part of money must be taken from state budget to form start up capital. So if we had political coalition in government it would be easier to persuade others that money should be deflected to the building of power station rather than to different project. Otherwise all wouldn't be very bad anyway, because in accordance with the policy of the government in sector of energetics priority is given to

• Building of new, ecologically acceptable power stations;

• Economy and increasing of energy efficiency;

• Setting up of cogeneration stations;

• Making use of local energy resources.

And what's more, in the State Investment Program (SIP) in year 000 for development of energetics sector there have been scheduled 7 projects with total value of Ls 10,78 million. Although these projects are very small, it shows that the government thinks about power industry, which is in the third place (by investments) in SIP of Latvia after traffic and sphere of environmental protection and regional development. There are also special economical conditions stimulating commercial operation and building of small hydro stations, wind generators and cogeneration stations. Ministry of Economics has given permissions to the building of 8 small hydro electro stations (HES) in year 000. Besides the fund of energy efficiency (founded in 18) accommodates with loans small projects (from Ls 5 000 till Ls 00 000). As you can see, power industry takes rather high place (16% of total investments) in the investment program, as it should be, because it also plays great role in economy of Latvia. Apart from all this there is one more thing why our government could accept the project. It is general pride and possible shame in case of beating a retreat. International institutions should be told about the decision of government to construct the new power station and then it will be more likely, that the project will be implemented, because otherwise "Latvia will be shown in negative light" in the eyes of international institutions.

The next thing that everybody must take into account, when planning his project, is finance. And it is perhaps the most difficult and most common problem for any project implementation, especially in Latvia, where integration of state budget is not easy. As the very first action we must realize and calculate how much money we are going to need for all processes connected with the project. It's no doubt, that the sum of money required depends on the dimensions and power of the station. As I have mentioned before, consumption of electrical energy in Latvia is approximately 6, GWh per year. I reckon, that by building a station of 450 MW, import of electric energy would be possible to decrease to the half, but in years with greater amount of rainfall - eliminate at all, because existing hydroelectric stations would compensate the deficit. If we build thermoelectric power station, expenses can bulk up to nearly Ls 100million. Neither state nor some private company has so much money to afford it. It is possible to make public-private partnership and involve special target payment to support building of a new power station. The payment could consist of additional fee for consumed electricity as it was projected for the National library. At least in this case people will understand for what they are paying the more electricity they consume, the more they pay in fee. But to start the project, start up capital is needed for land acquisition, clearance and initial infrastructure at least 8% of total value. There are several sources of getting the capital. One of them is profit of "Latvenergo", which draws up Ls48million of total Ls160million revenue from distributing electric energy. The second source is national taxes, but seeing difficult situation in budget, I wouldn't rely much to that, because even Ls5million is huge sum of money. Good idea would be to attract foreign investors. We have to do everything to make them interested in this project, to persuade invest money and what's more important prove (if it is possible) that their investments are not under a risk and are guaranteed by something. We shouldn't also forget, that expenses can increase by 5-7% a year. Even taking into account inflation (which is under 4% a year) we must expect -% growth of expenditures every year. Our country can't complain about lack of interested investors, because in 18 there were made Ls700 million total investments from Denmark, USA, Russia and other countries. But unfortunately there are several obstructing considerations slowing their expansion 1) inconsequence in interpretation of law and normative acts; ) very weak possibilities for investors to seek for defense in case of conflicts with state establishments (missing of ombudsmen); ) lack of advisory board of foreign investors and government, ensuring feed-back; 4) long process of provision of visas, residence and work permissions; 5) roughness of immigration institutions and concision of validity of work permission; 6) missing of independent institution, which could review disputes of tax calculation; 7) long procedure of getting building permission or buying land. Mostly due to the last problem investors sometimes are unwilling to involve in building projects. As it can be seen, we have lot of things to do in this sector. Another way is to get finance from E.B.R.D. (European Bank of Reconstruction and Development) or PHARE program, which grants different development projects.

Before to wade in the project, thorough planning is needed, which should be done in one step with other analysis. It includes choosing the type of building and the area for its locality, considering potential ecological problems and fitting into view, public benefits or disadvantages, creating implementation agency with good consultants and other executives like architects, engineers, designers, builders, managers, lawyers. It would also be a wise decision to place the station on the state land, because then it wouldn't be necessary to buy or rent the land. The type (thermal power station) I didn't choose by accident, but by planning. As you can see from figure 1, there are two thermoelectric stations (TES-1 and TES-) and one hydroelectric station (HES) in the surroundings of Riga. Since there are difficulties with finding suitable place for powerful HES (to be more precise there isn't place at all), thermoelectric station, to my mind, is more appropriate even in spite of consumption of power resources and relatively high polluting of air, because it is much easier to construct and building costs are lower. What refers to alternative power stations like wind power stations, they can't provide permanent electricity supply in periods of lull (they may cause serious oscillations of voltage till ±11%), besides they provide small power per station and need large and windy area for a number of stations. I think the best of all would be to build cogeneration station, where in the same equipment heat energy and electric energy is produced while using only one type of fuel (mazut, gas etc.). The base of the station is diesel engine, which turns a generator. Heat is produced by cooling exhaust gases from the engine in utilization tank. It reduces costs of every separate energy production and less fumes the environment. Possible location of cogeneration station I tried to illustrate in figure 1. Location is away from the city center, infrastructure is rather good and doesn't require large investment. Besides power transmission line is nearly, what will decrease the costs of hooking up the substation to the power system. Great advantage, in my opinion, is that the land belongs to municipality.

In conclusion I can say that the power station, which project I tried to evaluate, itself will not give any benefit to public, except work-places for people, but certainly will benefit economy of Latvia with produced electricity. So I think public-private partnership in this object is possible and realizable.

Andris Lâcars, How to improve attraction of investments, Neatkarîgâ RÎTA AVÎZE (Independent morning newspaper), Friday, January , 1.

Complete business& residential telephone directory. 000/001, p 15.

David L. A. Gordon, Implementing public-private partnerships for urban redevelopment. Queen's University.

Helga Balode, Shadowy corridors of Light palace. Power of money in struggle for National library. Independent morning newspaper, Thursday, June 8, 000.

Laima Lupiíe, �ina Belova, Þanete Mickçvièa, Ilze Mackçvica, Lita Z�kere, Andris Akmentiòð. (1), Get acquainted with Latvia. Riga Vantçra.

Main encyclopedia editorial office, Encyclopedia Riga, (188) p 610.

Ministry of Economics of the republic of Latvia. (000), Report on development of national economy of Latvia, June. Riga Latvijas Karte.

Official TeleMedia Yellow Pages. 001, p 68.

Rolands Pçtersons, Wind power stations are not gainful to consumers, Independent morning newspaper, Monday, June 5, 000.

Rolands Pçtersons, Alternative electro stations. Independent morning newspaper, Friday, September 15, 000.

Sandra Dieziòa, The government will decide about palace of Light. Society doesn't believe to the clearance of LNL project, Independent morning newspaper, Wednesday, June 7, 000.

Sandra Dieziòa, Ideas about palace of Light introduced in government. Independent morning newspaper, Saturday, July , 000.]

Topographical atlas of Riga. (16), Riga Saknes, p 5-6.

Vladimirs Makarovs, Wind power stations for and against, Independent morning newspaper, Monday, June 5, 000.

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Art

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on art. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality art paper right on time.

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Joaquin Alberto Vargas y Chavez was born February 186 in Arequipa, Peru, a mountain city about 500 miles southeast of Lima. His father Max, was a successful photographer, with studios in Arequipa and La Paz, Bolivia, and the young Alberto spent countless hours watching him work. Alberto learned a lot from his father later in the years he was assisting his father. Alberto had a little brother named Max Jr. Vargas was employed by Greenwich Village Follies, which, this company employed Vargas's Future wife, Anna Mai Clift. Vargas's best friend and biographer was Reid Austin.

Alberto had traveled all around the world ever since he was a little kid. His father had him travel by himself when he was young. When Alberto was 14, his parents decided that him and his brother Max Jr. should both go to Europe in 111. Their initial stop was Paris, this is were Alberto was exposed to the truth about art. Vargas was enrolled in the prestigious Julien Studios in Geneva; his brother went to another school in the same city to study banking and finance. Vargas was on his way home, and him and his brother met at Big Apple to make there fight home. But Vargas had changed his mind and wanted to travel to New York. This is were he met his future wife, He has also found some work there. In 14,Vargas's Fortunes began to increase. That year he started to get more attention and more offers. Among his job, a commission from the Fox Film Corporation wanted him to paint 1 stars portraits. He had eight weeks to finish those 1 portraits and he did finish it, so he was able to work in the studio's art department for a few months after that. He painted the little inocent Shirley Temple. In 15, Vargas was moved over to Warner Brothers, and every major studio in Hollywood. Vargas joined a unionization walkout, this action cost him his reputation in Hollywood.

Please note that this sample paper on art is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on art, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on art will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Successful new product research - iPod

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Project# 1 Successful New Product Research - iPod

In today's computer market, although many people know or have heard about Apple Computer or Mac, but only a small portion of the population actually own one. According to Gartner Dataquest and IDC, Apple remained standing at around . percent of the worldwide market, while NPD Techworld showed that Apples U.S. consumer market share stayed between and 4 percent. In order to reach a wider market, Apple repeatedly tried entering into different markets, first with the Newton handheld and then with the Pippin game console, which both of them failed in the early 10s. Recently Apple tried expanding their market again by entering into the digital music industry. In October 001, Apple introduced its first portable digital music player, the iPod, to the world.

I would certainly consider the iPod as being a successful new product. Ever since it was introduced to the general public, it has saved Apple while Mac sales have remained flat. According to a March survey by NDP Group, the iPod has jumped to the top of the chart since it's release in October 001, owning 7 percent of the digital market share while compared with 10 percent for the top competitor SonicBlue Rio. Although the iPod has such a great market share, Apple so far has largely sold the iPod to Mac users, which represents only a tiny portion of the market.

In order for us to understand what makes this product being so successful, let me first share with you some of the background of the iPod and what was Apple's strategy against this product.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on successful new product research - iPod

Now in its third generation, the iPod had changed its target market and improved in many different ways. When it was first introduced in 001, the iPod was a breakthrough MP music player that are able to hold up to 1,000 CD-quality songs into an ultra portable, 6.5 ounce design that is about the size of a pack of cards that can easily fit in your pocket.

The iPod has a simple white front silver back design with a 160-by-18 pixel high-resolution display, with a white LED backlight to give clear visibility in daylight as well as low-light conditions. Beneath the display is a unique scroll-wheel dial surrounded by four buttons menu, play, next and previous, with a select button in the middle of the scroll-wheel. This design makes it possible to hold and operate the iPod with just one hand and able to find your music in seconds.

The iPod is a portable music player that store music on its super-slim 5 GB hard drive and incorporates megabytes of flash memory to act as a 0-minutes buffer for shock protection for nonstop playback when running, biking or other activities. In additional, the iPod's built-in 14 FireWire port allow users to download an entire CD into the little machine under 10 seconds and 1,000 songs in less than 10 minutes that is 0 times faster than USB-based players, which is used in almost all other competitor brands. Moreover, the iPod's high-capacity hard drive doubles as a portable FireWire hard drive for storing any digital files.

The iPod's rechargeable lithium polymer battery allows it to play up to 10 hours of continuous music, and recharges automatically whenever iPod is connected to a Mac, using power supplied over the six-wired version of FireWire cable, which USB cables are not capable of. Each iPod also comes with a compact, FireWire-based power adapter for traveling.

The iPod also is capable of playing back a wide variety of popular music formats including AAC (16 to 0 Kbps), MP ( to 0 Kbps), MP VBR (variable bit rate), AIFF and WAV. For CD-quality sound, iPod is equipped with a high-output 60-mW amplifier that delivers 0 to 0,000 Hz frequency responses for deep bass and crystal-clear highs and its factory earbud-style headphones are built with neodymium magnets for enhanced frequency response and high-fidelity sound.

The iPod also features with Auto-Sync, which makes it easy to get the entire music collection into the machine and update automatically whenever the iPod is connected to the Mac computer. Simply connecting the iPod to the Mac with the FireWire cable and all of the iTunes, software that is included with the iPod, songs and playlists are automatically downloaded into iPod at high speed.

The iPod would be selling at a relatively high price comparing to other competitive brand for its 5 Gigabytes models at $ and is for Mac only and therefore not Windows compatible. In additional, you must have a Mac that is equipped with the FireWire connector in order to plug in your iPod, which is the recent Gs or newer models.

A year after the release of the Mac only iPod, Apple introduced the nd Generation of the iPod that consists of several minor changes. Finally a year later, Apple introduced an iPod for Windows-based PCs, but which is not interchangeable between the two versions, i.e., the Mac version will only work on Macs and the Windows version will only work on a PC. Anyway, the Windows version had the same design as the Mac version and also work as well as the Mac ones.

Apple had also adjusted the price for the 5 gigabytes model to $ and two other new models, 10 gigabytes and 0 gigabytes, which runs up to $4 but also ship with carrying cases that include belt clips for easy carrying and a wired remote control for easy controlling. Apple also replaced the new 10 and 0 gigabytes models' scroll-wheel dial into a touch-sensitive dial, therefore nothing moves and makes navigating all the easier. The only different was the iTune software that was used to synchronize with the iPod in the Mac version was not available on the PCs. Instead, Apple used a third-party software, the MusicMatch 7.1, in replace of its iTune software for the PC model iPods.

In this update, Apple enabled the iPod to play "Audiobooks" from Audible Inc., which any models could easily fit in a full book. The player will also be able to pinpoint at the spot where the book was last turned off, and able to playback at the same spot when the book starts to play again.

Finally the rd generation iPod is being released in June 00. In this generation, Apple had redesigned its look by making it even slimmer and adding great new features that would make it worthy to consider an upgrade for old iPod users. There are three models for this generation 10, 0 and 40 gigabytes, which runs from $ to $4 and includes the same but upgraded software as the previous generation and a dock for the two larger models.

The new iPods are about half as thick as the older ones and also lighter. For the two models that come with a dock, instead of connecting via a FireWire cable to charge the battery and download music, the new iPod slides easily into the dock and connected through it to the computer or a power source.

The new iPod has an all-touch interface for enhanced durability and sensitivity with new backlight controls. Many new features are also added to the new iPod, for example, an alarm clock with new external sound that allows the iPod to sound even if not connected to a stereo or headphones, new games, calendar, contacts, text notes and many more which makes it much more useful like a PDA. It also gives the user a choice of connecting the iPod through FireWire, USB .0 or even USB 1.1, although data transfer speeds are extremely slow comparing to the two other choices.

After introducing the features and benefits of the iPod, many would be very curious why Apple did not even consider Windows users, which owns 0% or the computer market share, in the beginning when they design their iPods. And this all leads to the marketing strategy and target market of the iPod.

First of all, the design of the iPod just would not work well on Windows PCs for a couple of reasons. One is that the iPod depends on Apple's iTunes software, which runs only on Mac and if needed to be Windows compatible, it would take months of work by a committee from Microsoft, Intel and the major PC makers just to agree on a common specification. In fact, Apple is the only computer company that makes both hardware and software and likes to introduce products that works as elegantly as iPod.

Secondly, the iPod is able to transfer music at lightning speed and recharge the gadget all through the IEEE-14, six-wired FireWire which Apple designed, and also is a standard features on all Apples computers that are sold after the introduction of Mac's Gs in 1. And Apple has been shipping millions of Macs since then which are FireWire-equipped and setting up the stage for the iPod. In contrast, neither the FireWire nor USB .0 is being a standard for the Windows PCs. Windows PCs manufacturers such as Dell, HP, Compaq and SONY had only standardized most of their PCs with USB 1.1 and not until recently a few of them had started to implement the FireWire technology. Even so, for example SONY is only using a four-wired version of FireWire instead of the Six-wired FireWire, which does not carry current and therefore not capable of charging the iPod through the connection.

In additional, on October 001 Microsoft also officially released Windows XP and the major drawback is that Microsoft was trying to force Windows users to adopt the Windows Media Player (WMP) and wanted to stop users from using the preferred format for music piracy, MPs. In a nutshell, the Apple iPod was a powerful MP player and embracing the popular MP format while Microsoft wants to take it away.

I believe Apple's another strategy is to sell solutions. iTunes, iMovie, iDVD, the iPod, and other solutions that assists Mac users and simplify the process in creating digital medias which are gaining their popularity, are only available on Mac machines. Apple wants to differentiate itself from its competitor and create competitive advantage. And through the nice cool looking, easy to use, fast, smartly designed iPod, Apple is trying to draw more attention to Apple's product and to take a deeper look and consideration in owning a great product, Apple's computer and gain market share from the Windows PC users.

After the first launch of the iPod, and successfully selling the product and gaining attention, they then start redesigning the iPod and start attacking the rest of the computer market by coming up with a Windows version iPod. They also used an off the shelf third party software to synchronize with the iPod on the Windows PC so Apple could even reduce their cost and time of redesigning their iTune software for Windows.

Apple also had taken a different approach in designing its iPod. Apple usually designs its entire products, but for iPod, Apple took an outsourcing approach and designing through third party and buying off the shelf products for the iPod's components. For example, Apple took and outside-in approach in designing the iPod by specified how they wanted the iPod to look like and what they want for the components, and the ultimate circuit design was still Apple's. Then Apple relied on a platform and reference design created by PortalPlayer, a third party, which had developed a base platform for a variety of audio system, including portable digital music devices, general audio systems and streaming audio receivers. Apple also had 4 other partners for iPod that Apple highly relied on design ideas. It used Sony's lithium polymer battery, Wolfson's Codec and digital-to-analog converter, a flash memory chip from Sharp, a Texas Instruments 14 FireWire interface controller, Toshiba for the ultra slim hard drives and power management from Linear Technology.

This design approach is able to reduce Apples risk since it is using a platform, in which systems are designed and chip designs are verified, and also offers fewer worries to a company that is in a rush to market since there were already many portable digital players before iPod. Apple was also able to avoid the technical challenges of integrating DRAM and logic processes through the design chain approach. In addition, custom work can offer cost reductions in large volume.

Apple was also able to capture what consumer needed through since Napster's success. Consumer had clearly indicated that they want simple online access to a wide range of music at a real low cost and like the ability to download it from the Internet and carry it around on digital devices. Recent incident in the music industry also gave a hint to Apple and show what should be done. Major record companies are joining together to try suing several hundreds of college students and kids whose computers have allegedly distributed illegal music for damages in millions. This incident happened at a right time for Apple while they recently successfully launched its iPod and with the iTunes software on Mac computers, Apple are able to open a new Mac users only Music store online, which would soon also be accessible by Windows users, allowing consumers to download music online legally at a low price of cents a song. Apple is also using this incident to promote their products and services. Apple is able to provide a complete chain of services that attract many consumers by showing them how easy it would be to download through the Web Site into the iTunes and automatically sync into their iPod in lightning and bring it around and listen to music anytime they want anywhere they are. Apple is selling a complete package of music entertainment at high quality, low price and simple.

According to Wired News, the iPod was able to successfully target the young people and became one of the coolest companies in America during the summer. Young users also named the iPod as one of the top "cool new gadget". They also were the most likely to name the iMac and iPod as "extremely" well designed products, and Apple's new advertising had contributed to that image.

In additional, there were many success factors of the iPod, which leads to the success of this new product. Although iPod was not the first portable music player introduced to the market, only Apple is able to do it the right way. They are just able to combine hi-tech and simplicity. The significant increase in the number of portable music player and sales clearly indicates the need of this type of products and the iPod is just that and matches what people wants.

The iPod's ability to deliver a meaningful and perceivable benefit and are different in some meaningful way from substitutes are clearly the most significantly impact on the success of this new product. Its lightning fast downloading rate, cool looking design, highly portability, large capacity and ease of use is clearly the benefits that the iPod is able to provide to all consumers and also are things that none of its competitors are able to provide. At 6 ounces, the iPod is by no means the lightest nor the smallest portable music player, but the lighter ones use flash memory storage, and can only hold a maximum of an hour or two of music, while the iPod could hold 65 hours of CD-quality audio at 5 gigabytes. On the other hand, it is not the only hard drive based portable music player and lack certain features that other provides, but they either weigh more than twice as much as the iPod, or they're way too big to fit in a pocket. Putting the weight and size aside, the iPod is the only one that uses FireWire while other are only using USB 1.1 which by far much slower then the iPod and filling up a hard drive of that size would take hours, while the iPod will only take a few minutes and can even double as a storage device, which is also a has a fairly high demand by the consumers. The iPod can also to certain extent act as a PDA, which is another high demanding product.

Combining all the above factors and benefits, even though at a relatively higher price, the iPod is still being able to attract a majority of customers and gaining a significant high market share with the high sale volume simply illustrates that the iPod has been a very successful new product, and the iPod definitely had opened a lot of eyes and minds to the idea that technology needs to be not just functional but also pretty, cool and easy to use, and had set a standard of how future product should be designed.

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Kahney, Leander (00). 'Cool Hunters' Like Apple's Shine. (Last viewed 10/0/00)

http//www.wired.com/news/mac/0,15,6087,00.html.

Kirkpatrick, David (00). Apple lets it rip. (Lasted viewed 10/0/00) http//www.cnn.com/00/TECH/ptech/04/0/fortune.ff.apple.

Knight, Dan (001). Mac Musings. (Last viewed 10/0/00) http//www.lowendmac.com/musings/01/104.html.

Norr, Henry (001). Apple's iPod has its charms. San Francisco Business; pg. G1; TECH1.

Sherman, Erik (00). Electronics Design Chain. (Last viewed 10/0/00) http//www.designchain.com/coverstory.asp?issue=summer0.

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Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Sophocle's Antigone

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An unknown author once wrote, "Courage is measured by an individual's willingness to continue fighting even when the likelihood of victory is small." This anonymous author believed that if you don't give up even when the chances of victory are slim you will still have more courage than if you just succeeded and it was easy. Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Sophocle's Antigone both prove the unknown author's quote to be correct.

Shakespeare uses characterization and conflict effectively in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet are romantic, love struck, and dramatic. Through these traits and the literary element characterization Shakespeare proves the quote correct. Romeo and Juliet are both love struck and because of that they show courage and do not give up even though the likeliness of succeeding is small. When Romeo goes to the Friar and tells him that he wants to get married to Juliet he shows tremendous courage because both of their families hate each other but they still go through with it. Romeo is romantic and courageous when he goes back to Juliet's house to say good bye even though he is banished and could be killed. Juliet drinks the sleeping potion for Romeo even though she has to risk being buried alive. By detailing conflict Shakespeare proves the anonymous author's quote. Romeo and Tybalt both hate each other and have many opportunities to prove this, person vs. person. When Tybalt first challenges Romeo to a fight Romeo states that he will not fight him. Romeo shows a lot of courage by backing down to an enemy. However, when Tybalt comes back the second time Romeo is forced to fight him and he kills Tybalt. Romeo still does not give up and sticks to Juliet. Juliet gets in a fight with her father, Lord Capulet and does give in to him even though he states that she will marry Paris. She shows courage by standing up to her father in this conflict. Shakespeare proves the unknown author's quote correct in many areas.

Sophocles also uses conflict and characterization in Antigone and proves the anonymous author's quote correct. Sophocles gives Antigone the characteristics of being defiant, stubborn, and strong willed. Antigone does what she feels the gods would want her to do. She always believes in the gods and shows courage doing what she feels is right even if the chances of victory are small. When Antigone buries her brother, Polyneices and goes against her Uncle Creon's order she shows defiance and courage.

She admits to burying him to Creon's face and told him that what she did she believed was right. This shows courage because she knew that the penalty would be death but she didn't give up and did it any way. Sophocles uses person vs. person conflict to detail how Antigone won't give up even if the chances of succeeding were small. Creon and Antigone get in many arguments and conflicts but Antigone never backed downed. She told Creon what she did and said she believed it was right, he was furious with her and sent her to death. Antigone still believed that what she did was right and never gave in to Creon by telling him she was wrong.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Sophocle's Antigone

Both The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare and Antigone by Sophocles use literary elements that prove the unknown author's quote correct. When the odds of victory are small, don't give up and you will show the most courage of all.

Please note that this sample paper on Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Sophocle's Antigone is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Sophocle's Antigone, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Sophocle's Antigone will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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INEQUALITY EXPRESS

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The Inequality Express

Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. (President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 15).

Between 147 and 170 all income groups in America experienced economic advancement. In fact, lower income families had higher growth in annual income than families of higher income. However, in the early 170s this pattern changed. The higher income families, mostly within the top 0 percent income bracket, continued to increase there income, while families in the bottom 40 percent, experienced declining incomes.

The difference in income between the lower income brackets and the higher income brackets, which continued through the mid-10s, was due to a slowdown in productivity growth. Profits and wages depend largely on how much we produce, within approximately 5 years, productivity decreased and therefore there was less, which made the wages for the lower income brackets to go down.Do my essay on INEQUALITY EXPRESS CHEAP !

In approximately October of 15, productivity began to increase, averaging .6 percent annual growth since then, and reaching an extremely high growth of 6.4 percent annual rate in the last quarter of 1. For the workers that have been unemployed more then 6 months, dropped dramatically from almost two million in 1 to just 67,000 As of September of 000. "The unemployment rate of high-school dropouts declined from almost 1 percent in 1 to less than 7 percent now. The unemployment rate among blacks is 7. percent, the lowest since the Bureau of Labor Statistics began compiling comparable unemployment data by race in 17." (George Akerloff, University California, Berkely, 00.)

1.1 Distribution of Net Worth (by population segments)

Wealth Class 18 18 1 15 18

Top 1% .8 7.4 7. 8.5 8.1

Next 4% . 1.6 .8 1.8 1.

Next 5% 1.1 11.6 11.8 11.5 11.5

Next 10% 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.5

Next 0% 1.6 1. 11.5 11.4 11.

Middle 0% 5. 4.8 4.4 4.5 4.5

Bottom 40% 0. -0.7 0.4 0. 0.

Source Edward N. Wolff, Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-18, April 000. Table . Available on the website of the Jerome Levy Economics Institute at www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1. Change in Average Household Net Worth by Wealth Class

Source Edward N. Wolff, Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-18, April 000. Table . http//www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1. Household Net Worth by Wealth Class, 18

Wealth Class Average Net Worth Threshold

Top 1% $10,04,00 $,5,100

Next 4% $1,441,000

Next 5% $6,500 $475,600

Next 10% $44,00 $57,700

Fourth 0% $161,00

Middle 0% $61,000

Bottom 40% $1,00 (Negative)

Source Edward N. Wolff, Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-18, April 000. Table and note to Table 5. http//www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1.4 Top 1% Share of Household Wealth

Source Edward Wolff, Top Heavy, 16, New Series Households data, pp. 78-7 (for years 1-8) and Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, April 000, Table (for years 1-8) http//www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1.5 Share of Total Ownership of Stocks, Mutual Funds, and Retirement Accounts, 18

Source Edward N. Wolff, Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-18, April 000. Table 6. http//www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1.6 The Racial Wealth Gap, 18-8

18 18 1 15 18

Median Net Worth

White $71,500 $84,00 $71,00 $65,00 $81,700

African-American $4,800 $,00 $1,000 $7,00 $10,000

Hispanic $,800 $1,800 $4,00 $5,00 $,000

Median

Financial Wealth

White $1,00 $6,00 $1,00 $1,00 $7,600

African-American $0 $0 $00 $00 $1,00

Hispanic $0 $0 $0 $0 $0

Homeownership Rate

White 68.1% 6.% 6.0% 6.4% 71.8%

African-American 44.% 41.7% 48.5% 46.8% 46.%

Hispanic .6% .8% 4.1% 44.4% 44.%

Note Financial Wealth is Net Worth minus the value of owner-occupied housing.

Source Edward N. Wolff, Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-18, April 000. Tables 8 and . http//www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1.7 Richest Individuals and Families in the U.S., 00

Name Net Worth Source

Bill Gates $4 billion Microsoft

Warren Buffett $6 billion Berksire Hathaway

Paul Allen $1 billion Microsoft

Alice Walton $1 billion Inheritance Wal-Mart

Helen Walton $1 billion Inheritance Wal-Mart

Jim Walton $1 billion Inheritance Wal-Mart

John Walton $1 billion Inheritance Wal-Mart

S. Robson Walton $1 billion Inheritance Wal-Mart

Lawrence Ellison $15 billion Oracle Corp.

Steven Ballmer $1 billion Microsoft

Michael Dell $11 billion Dell Computer

John Werner Kluge $10 billion Metromedia

Forrest E. Mars $10 billion Inheritance Mars Candy

Jacqueline Mars $10 billion Inheritance Mars Candy

John Franklyn Mars $10 billion Inheritance Mars Candy

Source Forbes 400 website http//www.forbes.com/00/0/1/rich400land.html Data retrieved Sept. 0, 00.

1.8 Median Wealth in the U.S. in 18 dollars

Source 18 1 15 18

Arthur B. Kennickel

Federal Reserve Board $5,700 $56,500 $60,00 $71,600

Edward N. Wolff

New York University $58,400 $4,00 $48,800 $60,700

Source Analyses of the Survey of Consumer Finances, conducted every three years by the Federal Reserve Board. Kennickel and Wolff apparently interpret net worth differently. Kennickels work is summarized in Recent Changes in Family Finances Results from the 18 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 000, available at http//www.bog.frb.fed.us/pubs/oss/oss/8/scf8home.html. Wolffs numbers are from his article Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-8, Table 1, available on the website of the Jerome Levy Economics Institute at www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1. Total Household Net Worth in the U.S. (in trillions of dollars)

185 186 187 188 18 10 11 1 1

14. 15.8 16.8 18.4 0.1 0.6 1. .8 4.0

14 15 16 17 18 1 000 001 00

(Q)

4.7 7.6 0.1 . 7. 4.4 4.0 41.1 40.1

Source Federal Reserve Board, Flow of Funds Accounts, September 16, 00.

1.10 Number of Millionaires in the U.S.

17 18 1 000 001

1,800,000 ,060,000 ,480,000 ,180,000 ,0,000

Sources Merrill Lynch / Gemini Consulting, World Wealth Report 000, Figure , and Merrill Lynch / Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, World Wealth Report 001, Figure 1.

1.11 Number of Millionaires in the World

17 18 1 000 001

5,00,000 5,00,000 7,000,000 6,00,000 7,100,000

Source Merrill Lynch / Gemini Consulting, World Wealth Report 000, Figure , and Merrill Lynch / Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, World Wealth Report 00, Figure 1.

1.1 Number of Billionaires in the U.S.

16 17 18 1 000 001 00

17 0 07 8 66 8

Source Forbes 400 website http//www.forbes.com/00/0/1/rich400land.html

1.1 Number of Billionaires in the World

10 1 16 1 000 001 00

74 4 465 470 58 47

Source Merrill Lynch / Gemini Consulting, World Wealth Report 000, Figure 8, citing Forbes Magazine; Forbes, July 5, 1; Forbes, July , 000,; Forbes, July , 001, and Forbes website http//www.forbes.com/00/0/8/billionaires.html

• In 1, more than half of all estate taxes were paid by the wealthiest one of every 700 people who died. (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities analysis of IRS data http//www.cbpp.org/6--0tax.htm)

• Since the mid-170s, the most fortunate one percent of households have doubled their share of the national wealth. They now hold more wealth than the bottom 0 percent of the population. (NYU Economist Edward N. Wolf, Top Heavy)

• In 001, 16. percent of American children lived in poverty, a lower rate than 1 (.7 percent), but higher than the 17 rate of 14.4 percent. (U.S Census Bureau Current Population Survey http//www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/histpov/hstpov.html/)

• Nearly one quarter of all workers more than 8 million in all -- earn less than $8.78 an hour, the amount needed to lift a family of four above the poverty line with full-time work (about $18,00 a year). (Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, p. 55)

• In 18, the top 1 percent of Americans owned 47.7 percent of all stock, while the bottom 80 percent owned 4.1 percent. Between 18 and 18, nearly 5 percent of all stock market gains went to the top 1 percent of shareholders. 64 percent of American households have stock holdings worth $5,000 or less, or own no stock at all. (NYU Economist Edward N. Wolff, cited by Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, pp. 86-8)

• Between 15 and 18, the total wealth of the typical American household rose from $58,800 to $61,000. The average value of stock holdings rose $5,500, the value of non-stock assets (mostly homes) climbed $8,500, and household debt increased $11,800. (Economic Policy Institute)

• Middle-class families enjoyed .8 percent of the stock market gains between 18 and 18, but accounted for 8.8 percent of the increase in household debt. (Economic Policy Institute)

• In 000, 6.4 percent of private sector workers had employer-provided healthcare, down from 70. percent in 17. 4.6 percent of private sector workers have employer-provided pension plans. (Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, pp. 14-14)

• 60 percent of U.S. workers say that if they were laid off, their savings are sufficient to maintain their current standard of living for a few months or less. Only percent said they are able to save for the future. 40 percent say they earn enough to be comfortable, but not to save, while 7 percent said they earn only enough to get by, and percent said they are unable to pay their bills. (Fleet Bank, contact Rena DeSisto, 1-70-161)

• 64 percent of U.S. workers say they would rather have more time than more money. Even in households earning less than $5,000, 4 percent said they would still prefer time over money. (Fleet Bank)

• Fewer than 50,000 estates -- percent of the total -- paid federal estate taxes in 1. (Internal Revenue Service)

• A study by Treasury Department economist David Joulfaian found that eliminating the estate tax would reduce charitable bequests by about 1 percent. (United For a Fair Economy, citing Center on Budget and Policy Priorities analysis of IRS data http//www.cbpp.org/6--0tax.htm)

• While the top tax rate is 55 percent, on average, estate taxes represent 1 percent of the gross value of the estate. (United For a Fair Economy, citing 1 Internal Revenue Service data.)

• Among the industrialized nations, the U.S. has the highest concentration of individual wealth--roughly times that of the No. nation, Germany. (UN Human Development Report, 18)

• As of 18, the richest five percent of U.S. households held more than 5 percent of the nations private wealth. The top 1 percent of households held 8 percent of the wealth. (NYU Economist Edward N. Wolff, cited by Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, p. 81)

• Between 18 and 18, households in the bottom 0 percent of the population saw their net worth's decline from -$,00 to -$8,00 in 18 dollars. Meanwhile, the net worth of the middle fifth of the population rose .7 percent, and the net worth of the top 1 percent rose 0%. (NYU Economist Edward N. Wolff, cited by Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, p. 81)

• In 18, the typical black household held only 1 percent of the wealth of the typical white household. With housing excluded, that figure would be percent. More than 7 percent of black households (and nearly15 percent of white households) have no net worth. (NYU Economist Edward N. Wolff, cited by Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, p. 84)

• Most Americans in the highest-earning one percent of the population (median annual income $0,000) dont consider themselves rich. (Worth-Roper Starch Survey)

• As of 18, 48 percent of American households owned stock either directly or through a mutual fund or some sort of retirement plan. Over 86 percent of the value of all stocks and mutual funds, the top 10 percent of the households held including pensions. (Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, pp. 86-87)

The attacks of September 11th, 001, revealed some truths about the American economy that that has been hidden for many years. One is how much of our economy is made up of the working class. Which make up about 70% of the work force. Over the years the media saw economic trends through the eyes of rich business executives, to the point where it seemed that they represented the working class of America. And according to Jeff Faux, (newsweek, 001) "No one could hardly find a more fitting symbol of the new global economy than the World Trade Center -- surrounded in the evening with a herd of sleek limousines waiting to serve the masters of the universe at the end of the day."

And yet, it turns out, that the building was run by thousands of data clerks and secretaries, waiters and dishwashers, janitors and telephone repairmen. Thousands still mourn everyday for the men and women who were lost that day firefighters, hotel and restaurant employees, police, communication workers, service employees, teachers, federal employees, pilots and flight attendants, engineers, electrical workers, federal employees, building trades, and state, county, and municipal employees. And many were in no union, meaning job insecurity, no benefits, and certainly no limousines.

For two decades, politicians of both parties have celebrated the pursuit of private gain over public service. "Shrinking government has become a preoccupation of political leaders through deregulation, privatization, and cuts in public services." (J.Faux,001) One result is that the U.S. is the only major nation that leaves airline and airport security in the hands of private corporations, which are motivated to spend as little as possible. Training has been inadequate and supervision has fallen through the cracks. "Turnover was 16 percent a year and the average employee stayed in airline security for only six months"(J.Faux, 001). In an anti-government political climate the airline corporations were able to shrug off the government inspections that consistently revealed how easy it was to bring weapons on board.

"Private provision of public services has been the dominant philosophy of government in our time. Only natural, the economists told us. People were motivated by money. Its human nature. Greed is good, said the movie character in the send-up of Wall Street -- a sentiment echoed by politicians of both parties. Collective solutions are a thing of the past. The era of big government is over. You are on your own. Public service was old economy, just for losers. A teacher in New York City schools starts at $0,000. A brand new securities lawyer starts at $10,000. Does anyone believe that this represents sensible priorities? And does anyone believe that the firefighters who marched into that inferno did it for money? Does anyone think that people working for a private company hiring people for as little as possible would have had the same motivation -- would have been as efficient? At the moment when efficiency really counts? " (J.Faux, 001)

"When all else fails, where do we turn? To the governments firefighters, police officers, rescue teams. To the nonprofit sectors blood banks and shelters. And to Big Governments army, navy, and air force. During his campaign, the president of the United States constantly complained that the people knew how to spend their money better than the government did. Overnight, we just appropriated $40 billion for the government to spend however it sees fit. Who else would we trust? The stock market itself made one point. Despite calls for investors to exercise patriotic restraint, the market opened with an avalanche of sell orders, driving the Dow to its largest point loss in history. As one broker said, This is how capitalism is supposed to work. Just so. The market is about prices, not values." (J.Faux, 001)

Finally, perhaps we learned something about our national identity. For many, Americas exceptionalism means that it is the best place to get rich. For others, it is our unique set of laws -- our Bill of Rights. Still others see America not in national terms at all, but as a group of ethnic groups.

In Conclusion, Those who risked and gave their lives on September 11th, 001, show what this country is built upon, both the public servants and the brave civilian passengers who rushed the terrorists and forced the airliner down in Pennsylvania before it could get to Washington, are unlikely to have acted out of reverence for the stock market or for our court system or for some ethnic or religious loyalty.

It is obvious that we can no longer rely on our exceptionalism to keep us safe. In the years to come, we are likely to be reminded of that. To get through this, we need to get rid of the thought that we are all on our own. Americas strength, like the strength of any other society, is in our ability to be there for each other.

Works Cited

Post, James E., Lawrence, Anne T., Weber, James. Contemporary Business Issues (1) 87-.

Abelda, Randy, Robert W. Drago, and Steven Shulman. Unlevel Playing Fields Understanding Wage Inequality and Discrimination. Economic Affairs Bureau, Inc., 001

Ackerman, Bruce with Anne Alstott. The Stakeholder Society. Yale University Press, 1.

Anderson, Sarah, John Cavanagh with Thea Lee and the Institute for Policy Studies. Field Guide to the Global Economy. New Press, 000.

Freeman, Richard with Lawrence Katz. Rising Wage Inequality The United States vs. Other Advanced Countries. In the anthology Working Under Different Rules. Russell Sage Foundation, 14.

Karoly Lynn A. Anatomy of the U.S. income distribution Two decades of change. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 16; 177-6.

Wolff, Edward. Recent Trends in the Size Distribution of Household Wealth. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Summer 18.

Please note that this sample paper on INEQUALITY EXPRESS is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on INEQUALITY EXPRESS, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college essays on INEQUALITY EXPRESS will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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'The Adoration of the Magi'

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Morris and Company

Founded by William Morris

(b. 184, Walthamstow, d. 186, London) Help with essay on 'The Adoration of the Magi'

Designed by Edward Burne Jones 1880

'The Adoration of the Magi'

100-10

Wool and Silk Textile, 4 m x m approx.

AGSA

Within the tapestry, the scene tells the story of the Magi who arrive from the east, bearing gifts for the newborn Jesus Christ.

There are symbolic references throughout this piece, and also an obvious contrast between poverty and wealth portrayed between the characters in this composition.

The holy family are positioned to the left of the composition within the sturdy little shelter. They appear humble and they're dressed in basic robes coloured red and blue with worn out leather sandals, an obvious depiction of poverty.

The Christ child is covered with a fine silk sheet. He lies upon his mother's lap who is seated upon bales of wheat, which signifies the harvest, reaped from sowing the Gospel.

Joseph stands next to the shelter with a bundle of twigs in his right hand, which signifies the crown of thorns that was worn at the crucifixion.

The shelter, which forms the shape of a cross, is made of tree trunks and covered with either wheat or barley.

The shelter is bound with vines, a symbol of Christ, the true vine and creeping red roses, which is symbolic of heavenly joy.

Amongst the vines and roses sit, either, Swallows which represents incarnation and resurrection or, Goldfinches that symbolizes Christ's passion, either way both may be significant.

The symbol of birds was a late development in Christian art. Partly, because when it was mentioned within the scriptures it was difficult, as I've just shown, to positively identify any species. Therefore there were many different interpretations.

To the right of the Virgin Mary are white lilies, which are known as 'Madonna Lillie's'. These symbolise purity, which characterizes the Virgin Mary.

Behind the shelter is a pond full of crystal clear water, which symbolises baptism.

The Angel is suspended in air by its soft-feathered wings and placed in the centre of the composition. The Angel is dressed in a beautiful gold and pale green robe, with an embroidered pattern and decorated with jewels. The Angel holds a ball of pure white light, which possibly symbolizes the presence of GOD.

Under the Angel's feet lies a gold crown decorated with jewels, this symbolises temporal rule subservient to spiritual rule.

The Magi who are standing to the right of the Angel are bearing gifts. They're all dressed elaborately in lavishly coloured robes, which are embroidered with gold and lined with jewels.

In the background, the forest is studded with a thick band of trees. Trees also have symbolic references; I can't tell the species, I won't even begin to try and define them.

There is a carpet of dark grass covered with the white lilies in the foreground; this may suggest the splendour of the Garden of Eden.

I found it quite interesting how there was a significant contrast of wealth and poverty. It amazes me how to this day, religious groups still believe that we as a society have a better chance of going to heaven if we live in poverty and subject ourselves to martyrdom, and wealth is a sure ticket to hell as it destroys us. Somehow contradictory to part of this composition, where the wealthy seem to be bearers of gifts, or are they paying for a position in heaven?

References

AGSA

Plaque beneath tapestry, The Adoration of the Magi

Christian Symbolism [Online] Available

http//landru.i-link-.net/shnyves/Christian_Symbolism.html

[Accessed18 June 00].

Symbols in Christian Art and Architecture [Online] Available http//home.att.net/~wegast/symbols/symbols.htm

[Accessed 18 June 00].

The Adoration of the Magi [Online] Available

http//www.nga.gov/collection/adoration.htm

[Accessed 18 June 00].

Please note that this sample paper on 'The Adoration of the Magi' is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on 'The Adoration of the Magi', we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on 'The Adoration of the Magi' will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Art Works of Judy Chicago, Nam June Paik, Robert Smithson and Bruce Nauman

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This world is full of different concepts, ideas and emotions that artists tries to express in their works. Every each one has it is own unique way and in this assignment I learned about some Earth Art, Conceptual Art, Visual and Installation Art.

The first artist I want to write about is Paik, Nam June who was born in 1 in Korean. He is an American performer and conceptual artist works mainly with video, integrating visual images with music. His works like Fin de Siecle II, Three Elements and Electronic Super Highway incorporated hundreds of television monitors, challenging the viewer with many unforgettable images and sounds. Holding a magnet to the face of a TV screen distorts the picture in strange and wonderful ways.

Reconsidering and challenging our ideas about the way television or video should appear or perform is the main idea of Nam June Paiks art. He was educated as a musician in Japan and Europe and in 164 he arrived in New York to bring his ideas in the so called Fluxus art movement then changed the limits of conventional artistic theory. He proceeded to experiment with film and video even though his most experience was in music and he also had a performance background. His production of spectacular installations of video monitors built into indoor as well as outdoor sculptures. Converting regular TVs into a machine building wall maps of the Unites States using invisible lines around dozens of video monitors, Paik has created a vivid movement of the 0th century. Recent exhibition at the US Museum, this book opened up an excellent overview of Paiks involvement with the New York art world of the Sixties, of his growing fame as a designer of freestanding video sculpture, and of the numerous video works. "The World of Nam June Paik" is the best description of Paik works (Guggenhteim 15).

Paik has left an incredible footprints in the art world. He was very popular and worked with a lot of famous people like Joseph Beuys, John Cage, Merce Cunningham and the Fluxus founders . He created some of the most popular works in 50's and 60's , with his destroyed pianos and his Charlotte Moorman variations. He has generated a long trail of single-channel videos, famous performances, landmark exhibitions, and impressive catalogs, along with an extensive secondary critical literature. He had been sponsored by major US Companies and has produced giant works, including a piece designed for the 188 Olympics in Seoul that contains over a thousand video monitors. He created bigger piece for the Atlanta Olympics (Nguyen ).

Paiks "superhighway works" has two main ideas one leads to the past and historical forms of transport and communication, and another underlines the present, the electronic highway, two big video installations with forty-eight projections and five hundred monitors. Paik's is bringing the question of time with ought bias. Although he used the word, he didnt address the future (Guggenhteim 15).

Paik's works considered to be historical, extraordinary even though many consider TV performances unrelated to art. Paiks robots, built from old TV sets, are all about history--the history of design, of art, of TVs centrality to our lives. They are a tribute to the past and a commentary on the present. The Family of Robots series speaks to TVs fifty years of familiarize, the news, network, and families. Unlike the movies, which are about romance and the youthful couple, TV constructs extended families, often including several generations (Guggenhteim 15).

The second artist is Robert Smithson who is considered to be a controversial artist. For some people, he is the last great avant-garde artist , while for others he is one of postmodernisms artist. There are many interpretations of artist Robert Smithson, with extremes ranging from the image of a socially engaged artist to that of a hopeless nature romanticist, from an important writer but insignificant artist, a genial filmmaker, and so on (Reynolds 1).

Nerveless, Robert Smithson still remained a symbol to contemporary art throughout the twenty-five years that have passed since his death. Smithsons works challenge, in a surprising and unforgettable way, underlining the subjective and our relationship to visual elements.

Robert Smithson had a collection of his personal papers and his library, which were donated to the Smithsonian Institutions Archives of American Art, concentrated on the historical and principal ideas to recognize Smithsons complexity, in both artistically and philosophical way. Smithson created art narrow vision worlds boundaries. Robert, considered New Jersey a place where he could create works for specific sites while enjoying outside beauty of nature, and it's creative process. Reynolds his reader to follow Smithsons way of thinking through his own notes and sketches. His articles, the images he clipped from magazines, and the photographs he took. The unforgettable project was discussed with jargon and has stereotypical approach that may confuse the reader. Reynolds concentrates at one of the major artists of the 160s, art critic and historian Better that opens up a new era of Earthworks movement and its exponents. His chronological survey reconsiders political, philosophical activities of the late part of the decade (Reynolds 6).

His 1 color and black-and-white images; highly considered for all art collections, academic libraries, and large public collections as well.

During this period, there was great ambivalence about the purity of art, the need for a market to support it. With clarity and insight, the author traces the careers of the artists and their relationships to their work, one another, and the world of art critics and dealers. The result is a remarkable combination of insight and intellectual enthusiasm that, rare in a scholarly work, is easily accessible and a pleasure to read (Elizabeth 1).

Judy Chicago isn't only an artist but also author, feminist, educator. She was an active social feminist thorough her entire life and an author of many publications throughout the world. Her art is popular not only in the United States but also in Canada, Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. In addition, a number of the books she has authored have been published in foreign editions, bringing her art and philosophy to thousands of readers worldwide (Hamel 1).

After a long time of professional art practice, Chicago allowed Feminist Art and art education through a new program for women at California State University. Judy brought her program to the California Institute of the Arts where, with another artist, she created the Feminist Art Program. The famous Womanhouse, was the first work that underlined female point of view in art . The Womanhouse had an unbelievable influence of and this ideas provoked to initiating of a worldwide Feminist Art movement (Doubleday ).

In 174, Chicago brought up the issue of womens history to create her most influential work, "The Dinner Party". This multicultural project became a symbolic history of women in Western Civilization. "The Dinner Party" became the biggest issue of art history and is had been published in many fields. The importance of The Dinner Party, along with Chicagos role as the founder of the Feminist Art movement, was examined in the 16 exhibition, Sexual Politics Judy Chicagos Dinner Party in Feminist Art History (Denham 4).

Chicago's other big project was the "Birth Project". She designed a monumental series of birth and creation images for needlework which were made under her supervision by skilled needle workers around the country. The Birth Project, exhibited in more than 100 venues, employed the collaborative methods and a similar merging of concept and media that characterized The Dinner Party. Exhibition units from the Birth Project can be seen in numerous public collections around the country including the Albuquerque Museum where the core collection of the Birth Project has been placed to be conserved and made available for exhibition and study (Bruce 7).

While completing the Birth Project, Chicago also focused on individual studio work to create Powerplay. In this unusual series of drawings, paintings, weavings, cast paper, and bronze relief's, Chicago brought a critical feminist look to the gender concept of masculinity, exploring how dominant definitions of power have became the world in general - and men in particular. The thought processes involved in Powerplay, the artists long concern with issues of power and powerlessness, and a growing interest in her Jewish heritage led Chicago to her next body of art (Wallen 1).

Another of her big works was the Holocaust Project From Darkness Into Light, which premiered in October, 1 at the Spertus Museum in Chicago, continued to travel to museums around the United States until 00. Holocaust Project evolved from eight years of inquiry, travel, study, and artistic creation; it includes a series of images merging Chicagos painting with the photography of Donald Woodman, as well as works in stained glass and tapestry designed by Chicago and executed by skilled artisans.

For many decades, Chicago has produced works on paper, both monumental and intimate. These were the subject of an extensive retrospective which opened in early 1 at the Florida State University Art Museum in Tallahassee, Florida. Organized by Dr. Viki Thompson Wylder, who is a scholar on the subject of Chicagos oeuvre, this was the first comprehensive examination of the body of Chicagos art (Wallen ).

Chicago returned to teaching , having accepted a succession of one-semester appointments at various institutions around the country - beginning with Indiana University where she received a Presidential Appointment in Art and Gender Studies. In 000, she was an Inter-Institutional Artist in Residence at Duke University and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. In 001, with her husband, photographer Donald Woodman, she undertook a project with students at Western Kentucky University commemorating the thirty-year anniversary of Womanhouse. Working with students, faculty, and local artists, Chicago and Woodman developed a project titled At Home, reexamining the subject of the house, this time from the perspective of residents of Kentucky who have a keen sense of place and home. In 00, Chicago and Woodman will team-teach again, facilitating an ambitious inter-institutional project in Pomona, California (Wallen 4).

Bruce Nauman was born in 141 in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He has been recognized since the early 170s as one of the most significant and provocative of America's contemporary artists. Nauman inspiration is in the everyday simple activities like speech, walking. Bruce soon after graduating from the University of Wisconsin and then the University of California, realized he will become a very famous and successful artist. At this point art became more of an activity and less of a product. He started to work with the mediums of sculpture, video, film, printmaking, performance, and installation, Nauman concentrates less on the development of a characteristic style and more on the way in which a process or activity can transform or become a work of art. A survey of his diverse output demonstrates the alternately political, prosaic, spiritual, and crass methods by which Nauman examines life in all its details, mapping the human arc between life and death. The text from an early neon work proclaims "The true artist helps the world by revealing mystic truths" (Danto 1).

Bruce Nauman's works have a lot of commands, and since views on language are said to have had a marked influence on Naumans art, it is some time useful to think of those works as having absolute straight logic of language games--which means, since the commands are often directed at us, that we are meant to do something in response. Naumans in contrast with works of art like Judy's Chicago that provokes only an aesthetic response that sometimes more serious and selfish but in a way more active, on our part. Designed as plays in language games, they address us less as viewers than as participants. His works of art is very hard not to appreciate but sometimes hard to fully analyze and understand (Danto ).

For example, we can analyze some of the commands that would be easily understood. Then at the game the base ball, striking is a way of not playing the game. So he is thinking of what we might call strike-proof games, where it is, as Continental thinkers like to say, always already too late to refuse to do what one is asked. Some times reading the information can be easily compared to a game the analogy would en example with a baseball game. Alongside such commands one might think of logically non-nondisobeyable ones or Dont read this sentence! The next time conversation flags, you might try to think of some examples of your own. It is interesting but true. Most of the time we do not realize how many times a day we respond to commands and Nauman is trying to get our attention on it (Adams 4).

He want us to analyze everyday routine thinks and commands. Command and fashioned it into a work of art that his devotees admire extravagantly Pay Attention! Well, this in fact comes in more than one version. Of this the critic John You writes By describing both our experience and our specific existence, Pay attention. . . successfully integrates our awareness with our sensations. We do what we see. This work is not in the show of Naumans work at the Museum of Modern Art (which runs until May ), but a kinder, gentler version is Please pay attention, a collage this time. Of this, the shows curator, Robert Store, writes, By reading the words on this collage, one automatically grants their plaintive request. Much of Naumans work . . . draws the viewer into its constructs and often controls the way it is absorbed, either by demanding feats of concentration or imagination or by limiting the viewers movements. The main point of this peace is to make spectators think about everyday commands our responds (Adams 7).

Regular museum experience wouldn't make you think about things like that. We do what we see remember. And our so doing is the meaning of the work. S o viewing is but a stage in our response, and the rest is something the philosophical cross-examiner will force us to admit was an action. Admittedly, a fairly mild and tepid action, even if, once in front of the work, we could not help performing it. We did pay attention.

Older art works were already discuses and viewed by many people as well as Art historians. But nobody would think about paintings and other art works so much in depths. So artists were instructed to represent Christ and the martyrs as suffering, and it is reasonable to suppose that the tremendous expressiveness of these representations was calculated to arouse feelings of compassion in the viewers that could not help but strengthen the latters bonds with those subjects of torture, humiliation and crucifixion. I have deliberately lapsed into the idiom of viewers, but of course those upon whom these works were to have had the desired effects were first of all Christians, and then too were usually engaged in some religious activity like praying before an altarpiece when they experienced it (Adams ). The altarpiece was composed in such a way as to enhance the bond between the saint prayed to and the supplicant. Whether or not this worked out was a matter of how astute Baroque psychology was and then how manipulative Baroque artists were capable of being. But the hope was something religious art often and political art always aspires to that some change of state would be induced by seeing the work. And certainly that happens sufficiently often that only against a formalist aesthetic would it be remarked upon at all. We approach works of art as viewers but leave them as altered beings, whether the alteration was something calculated or may be will be some time later. Even though, this alteration is something that may happen or not; it is not something entailed. Similar the ordinary game of command and obey, in which there is space for insubordination, the soul may not respond Some of those work looks too contrived, or too cold, or one is simply not in the mood. Grateful Baroque patrons would then have been for a form of response that cannot go wrong, where simply to view the work is to be in the altered state, however one may want or try to resist--where resistance is, strictly speaking, unthinkable. To see Pay Attention is to pay attention. Until now, the question cannot but raise as to what, beyond having been trumped in a forced language game, has been achieved. What have we been paying attention to? To the command and to nothing else. This moment we pay attention to the lettering, to whether the lettering goes forward or backward, to whether the command is plaintive or ugly, we are no longer in compliance with the directive but rather are attentive in the ordinary way in which we regard works of art in galleries--we are outside the horizons of the language game. So the artists victory is fairly trivial. It is a kind of joke. Like writing Behold! when there is nothing to look at but the imperative itself (Elizabeth 1).

It may seem a rather minor work for this degree of critical examination, but it typifies the Nauman idea. It is peremptory, invasive, aggressive; it uses coarse language (in its lithographic version); it straddles (in the collage version) the boundary between a work of art and a poster--an admonition on the wall of the machine shop to watch what one is doing--and hence raises the deep ontological questions that have been with us since at least ; it similarly straddles the boundary between writing and image that has come to define an entire genre of art-making; and it uses (again in the collage version) unprepossessing, even proletarian materials, which defined the Minimalist movement with its various ideologies and established an aesthetic axis between American art in the late sixties and such European art movements as Arte Povera, winch gave Nauman a widely appreciative audience on the Continent. All this has made Nauman the cynosure--the focus of rapt attention, to make an internal connection between artist and work--of our advanced curatorial. Four outstanding curators have collaborated in bringing this exhibition to their respective institutions (Adams ).

In conclusion, while working on this assignment I got to learn few new concepts got to reed in depth about the works of feminist Judy Chicago, absolutely amazing Nam June Paik, beautifully creative Robert Smithson and deeply philosophical Bruce Nauman. I think each and every artist is very unique and interesting. I personally liked most Nam June Paik for his creativity. I also found earthworks of Robert Smithson very touching and beautiful. Judy Chicago and Bruce Nauman have some similarities in a way that they both very analytical and philosophical and both were involved in social issues. Overall, I can say I enjoyed this assignment very much and hopefully one day I will get a chance to see those works in real life not on a picture.

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