Gentlehands

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Kerr, M. E, Gentlehands. New York Harper

Keypoint, 10.

Rating

The characters that appealed to me are Frank and Buddy because theyCheap custom writing service can write essays on Gentlehands

got along so well and they barely knew each other. One event that I enjoyed

is when Buddys mother went to eat dinner with her father (Frank), and they

saved the racoon that was in the trap with a broken leg. Skye Pennington

and Billy Boyles were the characters that did not appeal to me. I did not

like it when the dog was killed by the towns people or when I found out that

Frank was the German Nazi known as Hentlehands.

I believe that this book is for an audience around the age of fifteen to

seventeen because M. E. Kerr wrote about events that they can relate to.

Younger children should not read this book because it has scenes that are

for a more mature audience. For instance, when Buddy and Skye smoke pot

at skyes house.

Plot Summary

Characters

The main character of this book is Buddy Boyle. He is a sixteen year

old boy who lives in Seaville, NY year round. He is considered to be low

class and works at Sweet Mouth Soda Shoppe. His grandfather is Frank

Trenker. He is a round and dynamic character.

Skye Pennington is an eighteen year old girl who only lives in

Seaville during the summer. When in Seaville she stays on her parents

estate called Beauregard. She has long black hair and her outfits are all one

color. For example one is all yellow and one is all blue. She listens to

classical music. She is a flat and static character.

Frank Trenker lived in a big house that sits on the edge of a cliff

overlooking the ocean. He loves animals and has a keeshond (a type of

dog) named Mignon. He listens to classical music and was the German

Nazi known as Gentlehands. He is a flat and static character.

Conflicts

There are many person VS. person conflicts in this book. In one case

Buddys father was punching him in thier backyard. Also in another

instance Frank was attacted by the people of Montauk. Both illustrate

person VS. person because one person or group of people are aginst another

person. There are also some person VS. themselves in the story. In one

example Buddy smoked majarogian at Skyes house and then drove to

Montauk. This is a person VS. thenselves because Buddy could have gotten

hurt on the way to Montauk.

Setting

The physical setting of the book is in the city of Seacille, NY, where

half of the town lives there all year, and the other half only live there during

the summer. The temporal setting is around the mid-70s to the early 80s.

The emotional setting changed throughout the book. It was happy from the

beginning throughout the middle, but toward the end it started to changing.

First it became confusion, and then it became anger. Lastly everything was

replaced with saddness.

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The Black Hole & The Big Bang:Beginning and End of the Universe

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According to Stephen W. Hawking, Black holes are rips in the fabric of space of the universe. They can be neither be visible to our eyes nor are they detectable by even the most powerful telescope �the Hubble Telescope �so far created by man. According to Hawking also, the Black hole are nothing but dead stars. The collapse of the star leads to singularity. The black hole may be described as the final stage in the death of a star before the point of singularity is reached.

For Roger Penrose, a British mathematician, the collapsed star would form a singularity where time ceased and the laws of physics no longer applied. In other words, it would defy the laws of gravity to the extent of having mass but no dimension. Likewise, space-time and light wouldn't just be drawn into a hole; they would be wound up infinitely tightly to the point where they disappeared.

Hawking began studying Penrose's ideas and essentially developed his own and like many such great ideas, this was essentially simple. Hawking asked himself what would happen if a black hole could somehow reverse itself. And what if the expanding universe was no more than a huge collapsing star in reverse? This was where his theory of the "big bang" began (Strathern 5-).Order Custom The Black Hole & The Big Bang:Beginning and End of the Universe paper

The Big Bang does not consist of a huge primeval atom sitting in empty space and then exploding outwards. Most people still have this image, in which the galaxies are like fragments of an exploding bomb, hurtling outwards through space. Instead the Universe itself is encompassed in a sort of cosmic egg - a black hole, but on so huge that the bending of space-time within it is too small to be measured by any astronomical instrument on Earth. By expansion, it has become a very low density black hole, in which light now follows very gently curving orbits at the horizon (White 80).

How did the universe started? In order to predict how the universe should have started off, one needs laws that hold at the beginning of time such as Einstein's theory of relativity and Penrose's singularity theorem but the singularity theorem indicates that the gravitational field becomes so strong that quantum gravitational effects became important, thus using the quantum theory of gravity to discuss the early stage of the universe (Hawking 1).

In the classical theory of gravity, which is based on real space-time, there are only two possible ways the universe can behave either it has existed for an infinite time, or else it had a beginning at a singularity at some finite time in the past. In the quantum theory of gravity, on the other hand, is a third possibility whereby the time direction is on the same footing as directions in space, it is possible for space-time to be finite in extent and yet to have no singularities that formed a boundary or edge. Space-time would be like the surface of the earth, only with two more dimensions. The surface of the earth is finite in extent but it doesn't have a boundary or edge (Hawking 15).

Now that Hawking has an idea about how the universe started, he predicted that the universe is continuously expanding and it is extremely probable that the present rate of expansion of the universe is almost the same in each direction. In an expanding universe in which the density of matter varied slightly from place to place, gravity would have caused the denser regions to slow down their expansion and start contracting. This would lead to the formation of galaxies, stars, and eventually even insignificant creatures like ourselves. Thus all the complicated structures that we see in the universe might be explained by the no boundary condition for the universe (Hawking 140-1).

In conclusion, Hawking expresses that as long as the universe had a beginning, we can suppose it had a creator. But if the universe is really completely self-contained, it would then have neither beginning nor end.

My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all. - Stephen W. Hawking Hawking, Stephen. A Brief History of Time From the Big Bang to Black Holes. New York Bantam Books, 188. 1, 15, 140-1.

Strathern, Paul. Hawking and Black Holes The Big Idea. New York Anchor Book, 17. 50-.

White, Michael and John Gribbin. Stephen Hawking A Life in Science. Great Britain Penguin Books, Ltd., 1. 80.

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Notes on article& The Door

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A pun is used in the headline, Why Hillary stands by her mandate

A large image is used of Hillary being photographed and watched by a large crowd, she seems poised and relaxed in this otherwise intense situation

The crowd all seem to want a piece of her as she has presence and power

Emotive language is used to describe the trauma she went through in learning of her husbands (the president at the time) affair, such as gulping, crying and screamingWrite my Essay on Notes on article& The Door cheap

Her critics think the book is all part of a publicity game, as she already has the popularity to draw attention and control what is seen

Hillary Clinton is the most popular woman in America and therefore she is feared by Republicans and Democrats - she is powerfully popular

A columnist describes her as naturally shrewd and a shark-like operator, who won fame, power and certain riches on a platform of pity due to being hurt and the victim of one of the worlds most powerful men.

By including many different opinions on Hillary we are able to form a less biased view of her

The text being surrounded by photos of Hillary emphasise her importance and influence over politics as we are constantly seeing her

'The Door' is a poem relating to risks and taking chances. It deals with the concepts of the fear and challenges that come with change. It captures what cooperation and bonds are needed to overcome the fear of the unknown and almost could be seen as displaying a fear of change. This poem is representative of changing worlds and how our perspective can change with a little coaxing.

"If there is a fog, it will clear," shows that even if the changed world outside the door is unfamiliar, we are able to evolve in a way that it will one day be suited to us. The door is the intimidating barrier representing risk and the passageway to the unfamiliar. You could stay within your comfort zone and be the same as always, or you could go through the door and at least have a chance that good will come from it. This shows change as a choice.

The language in the poem is persuasive and reassuring. Pleasant, positive images are created through the use of words such as "tree," "magic City" and "a wood". They all seem very inviting. Simple terminology and steady repetition break down the barriers to action, soothing and calming the concerns felt by the silent partner. Later in the poem, the chance that there may be nothing outside the door is discussed. This shows that unless you risk change, you risk not knowing if good may have come from it. The speaker stresses that the effort of seeing what is behind the door will not be wasted, meaning that with some effort you will be rewarded.

Please note that this sample paper on Notes on article& The Door is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Notes on article& The Door, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Notes on article& The Door will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Exercise health lifestyle

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What are the causes of chondromalacia patellae

1

What is chondromalacia patellae

Chondromalacia means softening of the cartilage, and Patellae means the knee-cap. So Chondromalacia patellae means softening of the articular cartilage of the knee-cap. The articular cartilage is the cartilage lining under the knee-cap that articulates with the knee joint. Under normal circumstances, it is smooth and shiny, so that it glides smoothly along the articular groove of the femur as the knee bends. When it softens, it may break down, causing irregularities along the undersurface of the patella. What causes Chondromalacia patellae

Chondromalacia patellae occurs in two distinct age-groups

It can happen in the older age-group (in the 40's and beyond) when the articular cartilage breaks down as part of the wear-and-tear process that occurs with the rest of the body.

It can occur frequently in teenagers (especially girls) when the articular cartilage softens in response to excessive and uneven pressure on the cartilage, due to structural changes in the legs with rapid growth, and muscle imbalance around the knee. Any flexion of the knee increases the tendency of the patella to dislocate. Undue pressure is placed on the lateral (outer) facet of the patella. Moreover, in many of these teenagers, the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis components of the Quadriceps muscle are not well-balanced. The vastus lateralis tends to be more powerful than the vastus medialis, thus increasing the tendency for the patella to track or dislocate laterally. This again puts undue pressure on the lateral facet. This uneven and excessive pressure on the lateral facet of the patella leads to cartilage softening and breakdown.

What is it bursitis

Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa. Every person has hundreds of bursae scattered throughout the body. The function of a bursa is to decrease friction between two surfaces that move in different directions. Therefore, you tend to find bursae at points where muscles, ligaments, and tendons glide over bones.

What is the cause of it

Bursitis can either result from a repetitive movement or due to prolonged or excessive pressure. An example of prolonged movement is the condition called "Miner's Elbow" in which a bursa over the elbow joint is inflamed from repetitive motions such as swinging a miner's pick. This same syndrome is see more commonly today in professions such as custodians who repetitively push and pull a vacuum.

The other cause of bursitis is due to excessive pressure on a bursa. This is seen in a condition called "Housemaid's Knee." This syndrome causes bursitis over the kneecap as a result of prolonged kneeling. It is often seen in people who spend long periods of time scrubbing hard floors, thus Housemaid's Knee. It is also seen in gardeners, carpet layers, and roofers, and that is why you see people in the professions wearing kneepads

.

Bursitis can also be associated with some infections such as staphylococcus and tuberculosis, as well as some systemic diseases such as gout and arthritis. The most common sites for bursitis are the hip, knee, elbow, and heel.

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What can it be affected by

Inflammation can be a result of friction associated with any of the following

Repetitive motion

Pressure to the joint

What is rotator cuff

The rotator cuff is a component of the shoulder joint that aids in allowing the shoulder to function as the most unique joint in the body. Because of this mechanism, the shoulder joint can move and turn through a wider range than any other joint in the body; this allow us to perform an amazing variety of tasks with our arms. Unfortunately, the shoulder can be relatively easily injured, making many routine activities difficult and painful. The rotator cuff is part of this mechanism that, when healthy functions very well, but when injured can be a difficult and frustrating problem.

The rotator cuff is actually made of four muscles that attach to the shoulder blade (scapula), and wrap around the front, back, and top of the shoulder. Together these muscles help guide the shoulder through many motions, and also lend stability to the joint. The ends of the rotator cuff muscles form tendons that attach to the arm bone (humerus).

Injures to the rotator cuff

A rotator cuff tear occurs when the tendonitis in the rotator cuff gets so bad that it wears a hole through the rotator cuff tendon. Since the tendon is what connects the rotator cuff muscle to your humerus bone, when the tendon is torn, you have weakness in the shoulder. Usually these tears occur in people who have had shoulder pain for some time (called a chronic rotator cuff tear). This is, by far, the most common type of rotator cuff tear.

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What can it be effected by

The rotator cup can be effected by any of the following movement .that are either ballistic or hyper

Flexion - extension

Internal rotation - extension

Adduction - abduction

How may injuries be prevented in exercise ?

Be in proper physical condition to play a sport.

.If you play any sports, you should adequately train for that sport. It is a mistake to expect the sport itself to get you into shape. Many injuries can be prevented by following a regular conditioning program of exercises designed specifically for your sport.

Know and abide by the rules of the sport.

The rules are designed, in part, to keep things safe. This is extremely important

for anyone who participates in a contact sport. Rules of conduct, including

illegal blocks and tackles are enforced to keep athletes healthy.

Wear appropriate protective gear and equipment.

Protective pads, mouth guards, helmets, gloves and other equipment is not for

sissies. Protective equipment that fits you well can safe your knees, hands,

teeth, eyes, and head. Never play without your safety gear.

Rest.

Athletes with high consecutive days of training, have more injuries. While

many athletes think the more they train, the better theyll play, this is a

misconception. Rest is a critical component of proper training. Rest can make

you stronger and prevent injuries of overuse, fatigue and poor judgement.

Always warm up before playing.

Warm muscles are less susceptible to injuries. The proper warm up is essential

for injury prevention. Make sure your warm up suits your sport. You may

simply start your sport slowly, or practice specific stretching or mental

rehearsal depending upon your activity.

Negative effects of exercise and eating disorders

Eating disorders continue to be on the rise among athletes, especially those involved in sports that place great emphasis on the athlete to be thin. Sports such as gymnastics, figure skating, dancing and synchronized swimming have a higher percentage of athletes with eating disorders, than sports such as basketball, skiing and volleyball. . Famous gymnasts Kathy Johnson, Nadia Comaneci and Cathy Rigby have come forward and admitted to fighting eating disorders. Cathy Rigby, a 17 Olympian, battled anorexia and bulimia for 1 years. She went into cardiac arrest on two occasions as a result of it.

Many female athletes fall victim to eating disorders in a desperate attempt to be thin in order to please coaches and judges. Many coaches are guilty of pressuring these athletes to be thin by criticizing them or making reference to their weight. Those comments could cause an athlete to resort to dangerous methods of weight control and can do serious emotional damage to the athlete.

In sports where the athletes are judged by technical and artistic merit, they are under enormous pressure to be thin, because many of the judges consider thinness to be an important factor when deciding the artistic score. In 188, at a meet in Budapest, a US judge told Christy Henrich, one of the worlds top gymnasts, that she was too fat and needed to lose weight if she hoped to make the Olympic squad. Christy resorted to anorexia and bulimia as a way to control her weight, and her eating disorders eventually took her life.

Athletes with eating disorders can be at a higher risk for medical complications such as electrolyte imbalances and cardiac arrhythmias. They are already engaging in strenuous physical activity and putting a lot of pressure on the body. Having an eating disorder puts them at great risk for sudden death from cardiac arrest. It is usually difficult to convince athletes that they are in need of help because they usually believe that they will become a better athlete, and perform better, if they lose more weight.

Coaches and trainers really need to educate themselves on the dangers and on the signs to look for in an athlete that may be suffering from an eating disorder. They must be able to recognize when healthy training routines turn into an obsession where the athlete turns to drastic measures to become thin and succeed in their sport. Coaches should also bring in nutrition experts to educate the athletes on healthy eating and to make them aware of how important it is to eat properly, especially when involved in such intense training. Counselling should also be made available to athletes that are suffering from eating disorders and they should be encouraged and supported to accept the help available to them. They need to be assured that they will not be criticized or looked down on if they do come forward with their problem.

Bibliography

http//mentalhealth.about.com/cs/overexercise

http//lifefitness.com

www.google.com - search = energy systems

www.orthopedics.com

Book = sports exercise

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All my sons

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All My Sons

Arthur Millers All My Sons is a perfect example of a literary work that builds up to, and then reaches, an ending that simultaneously satisfies the readers expectations and brings all the plays themes to a dramatic conclusion. As the past slowly bubbles up into the present, the reader begins to need certain confrontations - and certain judgments - to occur. The finale that Miller deftly crafted for this play is filled with a dramatic irony that leaves the reader thinking. In the end the wrong has been avenged, and the inner and outer circles -family and society - have come crashing together.

Even though Miller is slow to establish his main theme in the exposition, once set, the main themes develop into powerful messages that hold meaning for all if one cannot look beyond their personal circle, they are condemned to an ignorant existence ended by a tragic moment of realization. Joe Keller goes through this slow, and painful, process of realization. It has been hard work for Keller to maintain his blind ignorance toward his crime, and his guilt; however, despite his efforts, his tainted past is continually creeping into his sacred inner circle, the only world that Keller allows himself to recognize. When Keller sees that his inner circle is only a tiny speck in the greater outer circle - and that those people, whom he thought were unrelated to him, were actually all his sons - he takes his own life, an acceptable ending for the reader.

As Millers play ends, the personal beliefs of each character come into question. Chris is forced to look at his father, and his fathers guilt, in the harsh light of reality for the first time. 'Father had always meant the personification of goodness and infallibility to Chris. When realitys light illuminates the cracks in Kellers good-guy facade, Chris can only run away. Ironically, the only person who truly realizes the full consequences of Keller's crime are Keller himself; he dies to regain his conscience. Another belief that shatters under realitys torrents is Mrs. Kellers belief that her son survived the war. She is forced to confront this pipe dream in the end, when Ann brings a letter from Larry, documenting his planned suicide. As in ONeils The Iceman Cometh, this confrontation of the pipe dream does not bring peace - but death.

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This play is highly structured and extremely well-written. As soon as Miller sets his main theme into place, the entire play moves in the direction of that themes tragic conclusion. The battle described in Millers drama, the unending war between social expediency and moral righteousness, comes to the inevitable climax that the reader needs and expects. No loose ends are left behind to add ambiguity to the work, and the reader is left satisfied that Miller has come to a logical and fulfilling denouement.

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There should be no uniform at school

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Robes loosely flowing, hair as free

Such sweet neglect more takes me

Than all the adulteries of art

They strike mine eyes, but not my heartCustom Essays on There should be no uniform at school

Respected teachers and my dear fellow students!

Today the topic that has been given to me is that there should be no uniform in school. I would like to speak in its favor.

Imagine for a moment that there are two gardens. In one garden only one color and one kind of flowers are growing, while in the other different kinds of multicolored flowers are growing. Which will attract and fascinate your eyes? Certainly the second one in which versatile and multicolored flowers are displayed. Same is the case of uniform in schools.

I don't think that uniform has got anything to do with the quality and standard of education. Many great scholars, artists, scientists, philosophers and mathematicians have been born in the past. Uniforms played no role in their achievements.

Uniformity always creates boredom as Cooper said

Variety is the very spice of life

That gives it all its flavor

We can't eat one kind of food everyday. History is witness that the followers of Moses refused to take the monotonous type of food called 'Mann-O-Salva' although it was delivered directly from the Heavens. In the same way we become sick of wearing the same poor uniform every morning for almost as many as twelve years.

Dear audience!

It is quite unnatural that all the students are wearing the dress of one color and one kind, without caring whether they like that dress or not. We start hating the color that we are compelled to wear for such a long time. If the students are allowed to go to school dressed according to their own choice, certainly it would have a positive impact on their education. They would go to school more willingly and more excitedly while wearing their colorful dresses.

I also think that uniform is a great cause of absence from the school. Sometimes we don't find our uniforms ready. Sometimes we can't wash or press it because of power breaks. As a result we are forced to be absent from the school which is a great loss of our studies.

Respected President, it is said that dress is reflection of personality. So if the students are allowed to dress according to their choice, the teachers can easily know their aptitudes and categorize them into various groups. Uniforms are also very expensive and many parents would feel relieved if they don't have to afford uniforms along with school books, exercise books, stationery and school fees. I feel that uniform is the most unnecessary item in this list.

In the end I request to the principal that if my reasons are logical and impressive, then we may be allowed to come to school in our stylish and colorful dresses on next Monday.

Thank you.

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Book Review on The Political Economy of Corruption in China

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This book examines the numerous aspects and dimensions of corruption which included reasons for the rise of corruption, the strategies involved, the monetary value, the kinds of good exchanged and the incidence in China since 14. According to the author Julia Kwong, the reasons why corruption was so prominent since then were due to several factors- lack of resources, a high concentration of power which led to abuse of power by the state-officials at every level (the exchange of power for personal benefits), and the absence of an institutionalized criminal justice system. She has suggested that there was a relationship between corruption and the political economy, how the ideology and organizational structures under the socialism in china can at once restrain and encourage corruption. She has also explored how the corruption has gone through drastic change between 14 to 18 coincided with the change of socialism to the introduction of limited forms of market economy. Under the Classical Socialism which was between 14 to 176 when the corruption declined and under Market Socialism which was between 176 to 18 when the corruption start to increase and develop. She continued to examined how the socialist features of Chinese Society shaped the corruption in the economy sector, how the domination of Communist Party, the lack of private ownership, and the absence of free markets produced popular forms of gray corruption, such as administrators¡¯ breaking organizational rules to benefit the work unit or enjoying state property on the job. The author ended the book by proposing some solutions to the problems of corruption and searching for Honest Governance, how it will benefit both the people and the country as a whole.

There are 6 chapters totally in this book

Chapter 1. The meaning of Corruption

In this chapter, Julia Kwong grappled with the meaning of corruption. Since this book focused on state employees and since the ruling group in any society legitimizes social conduct and sets the limits on proscribed behavior, she examined the legal administrative pronouncements that represented the dominant views of Chinese society on the matter. The legal code outlined narrow and behaviorally identifiable criteria of corruption to guide the behavior of the general public, whereas the rules of conduct provided by the Chinese government as the largest if not the sole employer specified expectations foe almost all of the country¡¯s working adults. She explored the meanings of corruption at these two levels and the changes in interpretations over times. From a plethora of nuances and meaning of corruption, she developed a simple generic definition Corruption is breaking legal and organizational rules to use public goods or the power vested in one¡¯s public office for private ends. In short, it is the exchange of power for personal benefits.Buy Book Review on The Political Economy of Corruption in China term paper

Chapter . The Social Context

This chapter provided a useful background for readers not familiar with Chinese social development and delineated the background necessary to understand corruption in that country. The forty years between 14 and 18 coincided with the transition from socialism to introduction of limited forms of market economy. These changes were incremental, but for the purpose of my analysis she used the death of Mao Zedong in 176 to divide these years into two broad periods and highlighted features of the political economy impinged on the work organization to influence the behavior of the administrative staff in the state bureaucracy.

Chapter . Socialist Mode of Corruption

In this chapter, Julia Kwong took a synchronic approach and examined how the socialist features of Chinese society shaped corruption in the economic sector. It identified three basic characteristics of communist governments and showed how the domination of the Communist Party, the lack of private ownership, and the absence of free markets produced popular forms of gray corruption, such as administrators¡¯ breaking organizational rules to benefits the work unit or enjoying state property on the job.

Chapter 4. The Parabola of Corruption

This chapter took a diachronic approach looking at the changed incorruption over time. Although the incidence of corruption, the monetary values involved, and the proportion of individual corruption increased over the years, there was no dramatic changed in the kinds of goods traded. However, fraud, speculation, and other means one generally associated with illicit strategies used in the market economy became more common.

The pre-176 Chinese society characterized by a low level of production, a high concentration of power at the top, and a weak formal criminal justice system had a lower incidence of corruption than the post-176 society, with higher production, better standards of living, greater local authority, and a more institutionalized criminal justice system. The trend observed here challenges the popular wisdom that attributes corruption to the lack of resources, a high concentration of power, and the absence of a strong criminal justice system. Thus, I sought an explanation to these changed in the shifting political economy of the society.

Chapter 5. The Dynamics of Corruption

This chapter pilled together the different observations to provide a theoretical understanding of corruption in socialist China. The answer offered is not dissimilar to John Hagan¡¯s power control theory, which attributed crimes to the differential power relations in the economic structure. Corruption is committed by those in power. While Hagan focused on the managers¡¯ power location in the organization, Julia Kwong ventured beyond its boundary to seek an explanation in the structure of the political economy. Administrators are always given more power than their subordinates. Vesting power in administrators is unavoidable in the functioning of any bureaucracy but this power can also be used as capital to exchange for goods and opportunities for their personal benefits. The propensity for this to happen rests not just on the conditions within the organizations, but changes in the political economy which structure the opportunities and constraints within the organizations. She used the transition from socialism to market socialism in China between 14 and 18 to illustrate how these structural changes shaped the authority and prerogative of state officials in the workplace and how the concomitant cultural changed shaped the ambience within the organizations. The specific congeries of these different forced within and outside the work organizations provides different opportunities and constraints, as well as moral restraints and incentives, for corruption, which in turn explains the evolution of and differences in corruption between the classical socialist and the market socialist period in China.

Chapter 6. A Look to the Future

At this last chapter, Julie Kwong said ¡°Eight years have passed since the citizens of Beijing demonstrated against government corruption on Tian¡¯anmen Squaere. The anti-corruption campaigns launched in the aftermath of these demonstrations increased the supervision of state employees, and intensified the pressure on officials to follow administrative rules. These measures temporarily reduced corruption. But without any fundamental changes in the cultural climate and opportunity structures, the incidence of corruption and shade financial transactions have surpassed those of the eighties. At the same time, some forms of corruption popular in the late eighties declined¡­¡­¡± In her view, the political economy of corruption in China will be continues until the fundamental changes appear.

As a Chinese, after reading this book, I thought a lot of things. There is no doubt that the corruption is a very serious problem in China because I have lived personally in China myself for nearly 0 years. Every year, there are reports that government officials including senior officials, have been punished for corruption. Some were sentenced for taking bribes, others executed for embezzling funds. In Beijing alone nearly 60000 civil servants were found guilty of corruption in 1. Official corruption has increased greatly in the past five years in only in scope but in magnitude. But I don¡¯t think the only solution is to change the cultural climate and opportunity structures. First, I want to point out I am not disagree with Julia Kwong. In my opinion, corruption is a popular problem in every country, in every different structure society, not just happen in China. USA, which is a typical country of capitalism too have a lot of political corruption. The corruption of the system may be best reflected in the 000 presidential election. This election was literally stolen and then justified by legal maneuvering. Millions of Afro-American and other oppressed nationalities were denied their right to vote with all sorts of dirty tricks and police intimidation (and older Jewish people had their votes cast for the notorious anti-Semite Buchanan) culminating in 5 unelected individuals of the U.S. Supreme Court anointing and crowning an unelected and illegitimate leader of the imperialist camp, George W. Bush. Therefore, I think the corruption is a necessary path for every country when they are developing, even in some developed countries, it is inevitable.

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