The shipping industry of korea

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Shipping Industry of Korea

Introduction

Koreas shipbuilding technology has greatly developed over time. Back to the ancient time, the three kingdoms (Kokuryo, Paekche and Shilla) competitively extended their influence to sea trade routes in A.D. 7. By the mid th Century, they installed a trade centre in china.

In 1011, spear ships that prevented enemy ships from approaching were in use and warships equipped with gunpowder and firearms appeared by the year 1150.

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In 15, Admiral Yi Sun Shin built up his own navy and directed the construction of a fleet of modern warships including turtle ships to prevent Japanese further invasion. The turtle ship, so named due to its shape, was ringed with state-of-the-art military technologies at that time.

400 years later, today, Korea is identified as a priority market for the Marine Equipment Industry.

Many countries place great strategic importance on their national shipping industry because it plays a vital role in their economies. Maritime transport is essential to expanding world trade, as nearly 80% of the world trade in goods is seaborne. Korea is not an exception to this considering Korea is geographically surrounded by the sea on three sides.

160's

Foreign trade has been a crucial element in Koreas national development strategy. Until the 160s, however, the industry was small, rather unsophisticated, and catered mainly to the domestic market by building coastal fishing vessels and small cargo ships.

Since 16, Korean shipping policy has been aimed at expanding the national fleet. This was to support the export-oriented economic development by means of efficient shipping and the improvement of the business climate.

170's

The development of shipbuilding was followed further in the 170s by a government-sponsored economic program. The program was aimed to restructure Koreas dated industry into a modern, technologically advanced one, able to compete worldwide. Special emphasis was placed on Heavy Industry and Chemical Industry. In this context, the shipbuilding industry was perceived as a leading export industry, due to its comparatively large-scale trade volumes (in terms of value). There was also abundant, high-quality labor available in Korea. These factors allowed the Korean shipbuilding industry to compete on equal terms with the existing shipbuilding centers. Being surrounded by the sea on three sides and having few natural resources has meant that Korea has had to rely on exports.

The shipyard construction of the 170s reflects this growth - in 17 Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. completed construction of a shipyard. In 178 Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering Co., Ltd. completed a No. 1 dock, and in 17, Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. constructed its own No. 1 dock.

180's

In the 180s the situation had progressed sufficiently for Korea to be ranked number two in the world shipbuilding industry in terms of market-share. Productivity improvement, technology development, and the growth of related industries, helped increase shipbuilding volume continuously without having to add new facilities. And in the second half of the 180s, their world market share rose from 10 percent to 5 percent.

10's

In the 10s, Korean shipbuilders made every effort to accumulate the advanced technology required for the construction of high value added vessels. In the late 10s, Korean shipbuilders achieved great productivity improvement both in terms of yearly production volume per employee and yearly number of turnover of dry docks.

Shipbuilding Today

The Korean shipping industry is growing at an impressive rate. Starting out with a mere 100,000 G/T of fleet tonnage in 160, Korea was ranked eighth in the world in terms of total merchant fleet tonnage in 000. In the container sector, Korea stood fourth after Japan, Taiwan, and the United States.

According to the data released by KOSHIPA, new orders placed by Korean shipbuilders in 00 amounted to 7.6 million CGT. This is an increase of 18.5 % compared with 6.4 million CGT in the previous year.

With the productivity improvement and the upgrading of production technology along with sufficient workload, Korean shipbuilders built a record high of 6.8 million CGT in 00, up 5.% in tonnage terms over the previous year. In the interim, the order books as of the end of 00 recorded 17.1 million CGT, up 5.% compared to a year earlier. This is approximately a two and half year workload.

Shipbuilding Technology

Before entering into the world shipbuilding market in the early 170s, Korean shipbuilders had mostly built conventional cargo ships, such as crude oil tankers and dry bulk carriers. Since the early 180s when Korea emerged as one of the leading nations in shipbuilding, it has developed technologies to build container ships, " roll on �roll off " ships, oil drilling rigs, etc.

Computer-based ship design and production was introduced to the Korean shipbuilding industry in the 170s. As early as the 180s Korean shipbuilders had introduced commercial CAD system for ship design. Since then Korean shipbuilders have made significant advances in the enhancement of various kinds of CAD/CAM systems and have developed in-house software not only for ship design but also for production. In parallel to that, particular advances have also been achieved in non-CAD area supporting and utilizing CAD/CAM system respectively for engineering analysis and material control to increase productivity and quality.

Additional research is being carried out jointly with classification societies focusing on the safety issues raised in building new generation of ship types. Korean shipbuilders, with their abundant and highly trained naval architects and engineers, can meet various ship owner design requirements.

Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Merchant Fleet compared to the world

Table-1 shows the growth of the total capacity of the Korean fleet between 171 and 000. The capacity of the fleet measured in gross registered tons grew at an annual rate of 6.4 percent during this period. During the same period, the world merchant fleet, as shown in Table-, grew at an annual rate of only .8 percent. The rapid growth rate of the Korean fleet allowed it to expand its share of total world tonnage from 0.8 percent in 171 to 1.06 percent in 000.

Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Fleet by type

Table- presents data on changes in the composition of the Korean ocean-going fleet between 10 and 000. During the period, container ships and liquid bulkers expanded considerably. This expansion can partially be attributed to the recent tendency to increase the size of these ships. Considering that the total Korean fleet grew more rapidly than the world fleet has, this expansion is an indication that the development of a container and a liquid bulk fleet in Korea lagged behind the relative growth of the dry bulk sector of its merchant marine.

Growth of Seaborne Trade

Table-4 presents the data on changes in seaborne trade during the period between 170 to 000. Between 170 and 000 the growth of world seaborne trade increased by .6 percent per annum, while Korean trade increased annually by 11.1 percent. However, the growth of Korean seaborne trade seems to show the same pattern as the world trade. As the Table shows, the annual growth rate in the 180s declined to . percent for Korea and 1.0 percent for the world; and in the 170s from 15.4 percent for Korea and .8 percent for the world. The annual average growth rate again rose to 8.8 percent in Korean trade and .1 percent in world trade in 10s. With regard to seaborne trade, it is important to note that the growth of Korean participation in cross-trades outpaced the growth of Korean seaborne trade. As shown in Table-5, the total tonnage carried by the Korean operators in cross trades increased from only 5.4 million tons in 170 to 181.6 million tons in 000.

Korean Operators in 000 by ship's capacity

In the year 000 there were 61 separate ocean-going operators in Korea. However, as Table-6 shows, the four largest operators alone accounted for 7. percent of the total capacity. Thus, the Korean shipping industry appears to have a dualistic structure, with half of its capacity in the hands of a few large carriers and the other half split amongst a multitude of small carriers. At one extreme there are Hanjin Shipping and Hyundai Merchant Marine, which accounted for 51.4 percent of total tonnage in 000. At the other extreme there are 51 small operators, each possessing less than 100,000 gross tons of shipping capacity, which in 000 accounted for only 8.0 percent of the total capacity.

Korean shipping companies earned $11. billion in freight revenue in 000, up from $.5 billion in 10, an average annual growth rate of 1.5 percent, thanks to the escalation of freight rates and increased seaborne cargo. Revenue from cross-trade increased to $6.0 billion in 000 from $1.4 billion in 10, making up 58. percent of the industrys total revenue. This growth is attributable to companies strengthening business activities through strategic overseas alliances and diversifying into the worldwide service and the pendulum service. In particular, revenue from container cargo increased steadily among the export-import goods; iron ore and grain cargo gradually increased as well.

Freight Revenue Trends by Cargo

Reflecting this bright situation in freight revenue, the overall financial position of the Korean shipping industry improved steadily from 1 to 15. The industry was continuously in the black from 188 to 15. In 17, however, the industry experienced a slump in net profits due to a plunge in fare prices and the economic turmoil in Asia.

The Korean Shipping industry has considerable know-how in all aspects of maritime transport services, such as management techniques, cargo collection, and customer service. And taking into consideration that it has a good merchant fleet, marine manpower, advanced shipbuilding techniques and its position at the hub of northeast Asia, the growth potential of Korean maritime industry seems large. Thus, after enduring tough periods arising from the worldwide excess of shipping tonnage and world economic/financial turmoil, the Korean Shipping industry is now expected to continue to grow, building upon its recovery which began in 1, as the world shipping industry recovers and cargo volumes rise. Thus, it is forecasted that Korea's export and import cargo volume will rise to 8. millions tons in 010 from 56. million tons in 001, and Korean commercial vessel tonnage will grow to 1.5 million GRT.

National Deregulation Policies

Starting in 10, the Korean government has steadily introduced liberalization and deregulation policies in the shipping industry, guaranteeing liberalization in the private sector and opening the domestic market to foreign carriers for the purpose of corresponding with the trends of globalization.

As a result of these efforts, Korean shipping industry is now largely liberalized due to the elimination of almost all trade barriers in maritime transport services. Accordingly, the Korean government understands it can no longer foster the growth of the shipping industry through protective policies. Liberalization measures have included the following

• Foreign carriers were allowed to establish branches in Korea (January 18).

• Foreigners were allowed to invest in shipping auxiliary services, including maritime agency service and maritime freight forwarding service (June 1).

• In the case of the cargo reservation system for non-liner shipping, the number of items on the designated cargo list has been gradually reduced from the original 11 to (items were already removed from the designated cargo list government procurement goods, refrigerated goods, cement, steel products, raw material for fertilizer, grain, coal and petrochemicals).

• The Waver System in liner shipping has been eliminated, allowing free access to the Korean market by foreign carriers (January 15).

• The licensing system of ocean-going shipping was transformed into the filing system, maintaining the policy of gradual liberalization the shipping industry (in 16)

• The Designated Cargo System was abolished entirely (in 1).

Korean Shipbuilders Advantages

Korean shipbuilders have the worlds most efficient steel producer (POSCO), which can provide cheaper and better quality of steel products than any other steel producer. Korean shipyards are based in the same area as POSCO, which is a vital condition for efficient operations. Tougher and stricter environmental rules could also be beneficial as world shipping and oil majors need to replace their single-hulled tankers with double-hulled ships. In addition, new environmental measures will increase demand for more clean energy such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), which in turn will raise demand for LNG tankers. Steady growth of world trade will increase the need for larger container ships, where Korean shipbuilders are strong and competitive.

Major Shipbuilders in Korea

1) Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd

Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd is the worlds largest shipyard

HHI is very active in the military business and was selected as the main contractor in Koreas submarine project (KDX-II) in 001.

In addition, HHI have become the first shipyard in Korea to build both moss-type and membrane �type LNG carriers. The membrane-type LNG carrier is the world's largest LNG carrier of this type, made up of four independent tanks insulated with polyurethane panels.

) Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co. Ltd. (DSME)

DSME has successfully completed its restructuring scheme and graduated from the workout program in August 001

) Samsung Heavy Industries

4) Hanjin Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd.

Hanjin Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd. is a subsidiary of Hanjin Business Group and a sister company of Korean Air

5) STX Shipbuilding Co., Ltd

STX Shipbuilding Co., Ltd (formerly Daedong Shipbuilding)

6) Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Co., Ltd.

Hyundai Mipo Dockyards has built 70 petrochemical product carriers since their establishment and has become the unrivalled shipbuilder in this field in the world market.

Competitions

Chinese shipbuilders, who have been taking rapid strides on the global market, are emerging as rivals for the world's leading shipyards in Korea and Japan. Chinese dockyards received record orders during the first five months of this year, including oil tankers, and container and bulk carriers.

According to British shipping industry research firm Lloyds, China grabbed 1.6 percent of the global shipbuilding market last year, up from 11. percent in 001, 5.6 percent in 000 and .5 percent in 18.

At this stage, Korean and Japanese shipyards are ahead of their Chinese counterparts in technology and production capacity. But domestic shipbuilders are afraid that China will chip away at their market share in the future.

China is estimated to be seven to eight years behind Korea in shipbuilding technology for LNG carriers and an average five years for other ship types.

Out of fear over China's rapid emergence as a global shipbuilding powerhouse, Korea's big three shipbuilders _ Hyundai Heavy Industries, Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering and Samsung Heavy Industries _ have been reluctant to form partnerships with Chinese shipyards for technology transfer

Conclusion

In the 1st century, Korean shipbuilders are seeking to transform quantitative into a qualitative growth, and are focusing on producing high value-added ships, which offer greater profitability. To fulfill their responsibilities as a leading shipbuilding country, Korean shipbuilders will also do their best to develop new technology for qualified ships and deliver environmental-friendly ships. For the prevention of global warming, a new ship type and FSO for carrying or storing liquefied carbon dioxide (LCD) are expected to be required, of which sector world shipbuilders should take full attention.

Table-1 Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Merchant Fleet

Year No. of Ships Tonnage % Change

171 7 40 -

180 1,46 4,44 18.5

10 ,114 7,86 6.1

000 ,417 5,75 -.1

Unit thousand gross tons

Source Lloyds World Fleet Statistics, 000

1) Percent change annual average increase rate

) Annual average increase rate during 171-000 6.4%

Table- Growth of the World Merchant Fleet

Year No. of Ships Tonnage % Change

171 55,041 47 -

180 7,8 40 6.1

10 78,01 46 0.1

000 86,817 54 .7

Unit million gross tons

Source Lloyds World Fleet Statistics, 000

1) Percent change annual average increase rate

) Annual average increase rate during 171-000 .8%

Table- Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Fleet by Type

Type 10 10 000 000 %

Tonnage share Tonnage share change

General Cargo Carrier 161 1.8 8 . .4

Log Carrier 14 1.6 4 .5 11.5

Dry Bulker 6,15 68.7 5,571 46.0 11.5

Container 1,408 15.6 ,5 1.5 6.

Liquid Bulker 8 10. 1,0 10.7 .6

Others 18 1.5 1,84 15.0 .5

Total ,05 100.0 1,104 100.0 .

Unit thousand gross ton, %

Source Korea Shipowners Association

Table-4 Growth of Seaborne Trade

Unit million tons, %

Year Korean World

volume percent volume percent

170 .4 - ,48 -

180 4.0 15.4 ,606 .8

10 6.7 . ,77 1.0

000 58.6 8.8 5,74 .1

170-000 11.1 .6

Source Korea Shipowners Association, Fearnleys

Table-5 Growth of Korean Participation in Cross-Trades

unit million tons, %

Year Volume Percent Change

170 5.4 -

180 11.4 7.8

10 1.6 10.7

000 181.6 1.1

170-000 1.4

Source Korea Shipowners Association

Table-6 Korean Operators in 000 by Ships Capacity

Capacity Number of Total Capacity % of Total

1,000s of G/T operators 1,000s of G/T Fleet Capacity

over ,000 6,17 51.4

1,500-,000 - - -

1,000-1,500 ,60 1.5

500-1,000 1,518 1.5

100-500 4 804 6.6

less than 100 51 6 8.0

Total 61 1,104 100.0

Source Ministry of Maritime Affairs of Fisheries

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A Conflicted End:Captain Vere's Death in Mehlville's "Billy Budd"

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Any analysis seeking to understand the intricacies of Captain Vere's death, must first display an adequate understanding of the noble Captain's life, and the elements of his person from which a conflicted passing may arise. It is important to first note the life Captain Vere lead. He was regarded by all as a just and noble man, abundant in all the qualities of leadership, personality, and humility that draw persons to their leader. He was also very unique in possessing and projecting onto those around him a sort of dreamy persona as dictated by his nickname 'Starry Vere.' (Perkins 164)

In fact, Vere's dominant good qualities set him as a character parallel to Billy Budd himself, as opposed to the antagonistic Claggart. Herein Mehlville sets the stage for unforeseen conflict, as it is Vere, Budd's counterpart in kindness and good nature that is ultimately faced with the difficult task of clinging to the principles that have always guided his life and ordering the death of his finest man.

It is the marriage of Vere's straightforward, fair leadership, and his compassion and personal attachment to Billy Budd that births the mortal conflict that manifests itself in Vere's dying words as Billy Budd's name is repeated over and over. In the Holy Bible, the Angel Rafael tells the boy Tobias, "Do that which is right and no harm shall come to thee." The honorable Captain vere can likely be found living in close accord with this principle as described by his treatment of subordinates, peers, and in his fair practices. In dealings with disciplinary and corrective actions on his ship, Vere is noted as "never tolerating an infraction of discipline." Sadly enough, it is this same righteous and admirable principle that undoubtedly forces Vere's hand in Blly's death.

Understanding Vere's upright practices and life add up to a significant wealth of information in light of why he was forced to reluctantly put Billy Budd to death. However, to understand from whence was birthed the conflict in Vere's death, it is necessary to couple this information with his appreciation of, and potentially love for Billy Budd as a sailor and a man. One line best encapsulates his feelings regarding Billy as he comments on his difficult, yet ordered actions following Claggart's death. Captain Vere speaks volumes of Billy Budd when he says, "struck by an angel of God! Yet the angel must hang!" (Perkins 1657)

This profound statement simultaneously addresses Vere's feelings about Budd in addition to the action he must take despite these feelings and his observation of Budd's somewhat innocence and inherent goodness. As the text goes on to illustrate through Budd's saint-like, almost angelic passing, and the crew's congregational repetition of Budd's dying words, he clearly passed on to the next world in a state of peace with himself, his actions, the crew, Captain Vere, and his soul. In fact, Budd's famous line, "God bless Captain Vere" (Perkins 166) directly expresses his state of peace regarding Captain Vere and the tough decision he makes.

It is my sincere belief that Vere's repeating Billy Budd's name reflects a similar parting view of this climactic crossroads that both gentlemen faced in their lives. Though the incident ultimately precipitated Budd's death, Vere's dying words illustrate the lasting effect of the events that transpired concerning Billy Budd and the undeniable challenge presented to Vere. As included in the piece, Vere feels no remorse with regard to his decision. However, it is clear that in his dying moments he is contemplative with and somewhat troubled by the ends to which his strick adherence to laws and codes guided him. As evidenced by Captain Vere's vague utterances of Budd's name, in contrast to Billy Budd's statement of closure, in passing Vere struggles with the finality of his decision and the condemnation that accompanied his decision to do what was technically right. On his dying lips is the conflict that results from not bending the rules the one time he knew he probably should have in an effort to save the worthiest vessel of all.

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"TOO LITTLE DEMOCRACY IN THEPHILIPPINES"

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Claro M. Recto patterned the Philippine Constitution after the U.S. Constitution so that President Franklin D. Roosevelt would ratify the Tydings-McDuffie Act which would enable the Philippines to regain their freedom. President Roosevelt approved the Constitution because the purpose of benevolent assimilation was to teach the Philippines how to form and administer a Republican form of government that would recognize human rights. In accordance with the U.S. constitution, the Philippine Constitution is regarded as the supreme law which promotes democracy to which all laws are subordinate.

The word democracy arose from the Greek word, Demos, which means 'many' while the latter part of the word means 'rule' and so the word would come to mean 'Rule of Many'. However, it is obvious that the goal of democracy; the very foundation on which the ideology was built, is a concept that has not come to be realized in the Philippines. There are three important points that must be addressed before one can analyze democracy; that is that democracy for the people, by the people and of the people.

The first point implies that the aim of an efficient democratic government is to make sure that all citizens of the state enjoy the human rights which are inherent to them through the creation, implementation and interpretation of law as overseen by the executive, legislative and judiciary branches of government. The second point focuses on the source of power which is the people because government officials should represent the needs of the people while the third clarifies that these officials are, in essence, accountable to the people. Looking at the history of injustice, corruption and prevalent poverty, the problem is not that there is too much democracy but that there is too little because the concept of democracy is not understood or perhaps ignored by our so-called "public servants".

To prove this, we shall look at several historic events which are supposedly the manifestation of democracy. The first example of such is the EDSA Revolution which occurred in the nd of February 186. While many would argue that it is an example of too much democracy because the mob mentality asserted itself so much that it deposed Ferdinand Marcos, we shall take a different view. Let us first look at the reason why it occurred. So many allies of Marcos and his family profited from the misery of the people because they did not understand that they were suppose to serve the people.Do my essay on "TOO LITTLE DEMOCRACY IN THEPHILIPPINES" CHEAP !

After 6 years of ignorance of our rights, the people were clamoring for change. The people wanted to change the leaders of government because the government was self-serving, and inefficient. Marcos' purpose was to annihilate the power of the masses by having the elite control the society. The elite few were composed of his associates and family members. The control of the people were slowly transferred to the elite who possessed both wealth and political influence which allowed them to make political and economic decisions that would benefit themselves instead of the masses. In essence, they were the source and beneficiaries of power.

When former President Marcos was ousted, the primary aims of the Aquino administration was to destroy what the 'power structure' of Marcos left, to bring back the integrity of the society towards the government, and to put an end to the rebelliousness of the military and radicals. But unfortunately the Aquino administration wasn't able to accomplish its objectives. First of all, peace talks brought about nothing more than temporary solutions, the abundance of communist movements remained; despite the written settlements between the new government and the army, the army never acquired complete trust from the government; the violation of human rights worsened, finally, the revised constitution still favored the elite and the Aquino constitution did not wipe the power from the Marcos supporters. (Bakker, 17 pp.0-)

Another example is the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) II, which took place on the 17th of January 001. The primary reason for the gathering of most of the citizens during this incident was to remove the former President Joseph Estrada from his position. Let us look at the cause of why this occurrence really took place. Rumors emerged from different sections of the society suspected him for corrupting the whole nation, and having a big role in heading the scams that were going on during his reign as president. Both these rumors and statistics brought about the trial for his impeachment. The trial gave suspicion to the people by showing the possibility of Estrada in paying all his Senators under him to do everything they can to prove him not guilty. Suspicion of the people, both lay and elite, brought about chaos and therefore began the EDSA II. Therefore, the people lost their trust from the President which generally initiated the elite to influence a few of the low class to the ousting of Estrada in unity with them.

The administration of Estrada was handed down to his Vice president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo whose goals however, were not in whole accordance to the ousting of Estrada. She mostly continued the goals of Ramos' administration instead of Estrada's. Being an economist, she wanted to somewhat concentrate on bringing the economy upward, but her intentions weren't meant because of the chaos that has been going on in the world and in our own country. She also wanted to obtain stability among the citizens, but seeing the continuous threats and terrorism from rebellious groups it is easy for us to see that this objective of hers might never be achieved. She may have provided the Filipino citizens with solutions to these problems, yet it is obvious that the solution is just temporary that it would never be used by the succeeding president.

In conclusion to this argument, the Philippines has too little democracy because the people don't really understand what democracy is and what it should be. Even most of the former and present government officials, and the citizens do not understand what should be done for the country to be a democratic nation. There is no official fact that the officials do not know the exact meaning of democracy, or that they are just acting as if they truly understand what the nation should be doing in order for Filipinos to be democratic. It is obvious, however, that these officials are wise and intellectual for they were able to persuade the people to put them in their desired positions. What is not right, though, is that these officials are using there power of persuasion to convince the people that democracy is when they stand together against an official, instead of addressing them that democracy is actually when they control the government.

The examples of both People Powers are the best examples that show how Filipinos perceive democracy. For them, standing together against a government official is democratic; they never took time to realize what would happen to the nation once an official is replaced. In my opinion, democracy should be, if against an official, well thought about, but if the problem with the official is very insignificant, then the people does not need to rally but just needs to let the official realize what he should do for the better of the nation. The people, therefore, should never take for granted the petty mistakes of an official, for this simply shows how we take care of our nation as well. The people should also, always be reminded that they were the ones who placed the officials in their rightful positions, as a result, they should be responsible for what they have decided upon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agoncillo, Teodoro (10). History of the Filipino people. Quezon City Garotech

Publishing.

Bakker, Jan W. (17). The Philippines justice system. Netherlands Leiden University.

Hardin, Russell (1). Liberalism, constitutional, and democracy. New York Oxford

University Press, Inc.

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (176). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York

George Allen & Unwin, Inc.

Other sources

(1-15). Microsoft® Encarta® 6 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation Funk &

Wagnalls Corporation.

(001). http//www.worldsocialist-cwi.org/index.html?/eng/001/014.html. Accessed

on August 11, 00

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Craft as Art

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Craft as Art

Are we regressing? We as humans in a society consumed by bigger, better, faster, stronger more powerful things have finally realised we are losing what has made us human in the first place- what makes us, us and the personalised human touch.

Craft is emerging no longer with the stigma of just being something bored, uneducated housewives just sat around doing in quilting bees, knitting circles and craft corners while their husbands in the role of the breadwinner brought home the bacon.

But at what cost are we discovering this lost art form? Unfortunately for us, we have become unskilled and all the skills of knitting, sewing, crocheting which were for people of our Grandmother's generation second nature. Who can wistfully remember our Granny sitting there teaching us how to knit while patiently telling us that, "one day you will be able to make a nice sweater, dear," while secretly thinking that it would be so much easier to head off to the shops and buy a better one already made, off the rack.

Custom Essays on Craft as Art

When we see our friends wearing what they have discovered their mother's wardrobes full of one-off vintage pieces we wish that we too could own a piece of individuality and uniqueness. We can see this desire to create every day and more and more people are gradually becoming inspired to create something by hand. Something hand made by themselves, which they can proudly say, when asked "I made it myself". This can clearly be seen with the popularity of television programs such as 'Better Homes and Garden's' with the likes of People such as Tonia Todman making "fabulous wall hangings you can make from bits around the house in less that hours." Who doesn't feel that they too can take a break from a world increasingly obsessed with the ready made and disposable objects with planned obsolescence.

The increasing emergence and popularity of Craft's fairs exemplify the human need for the humanness in our everyday lives. Unfortunately for us, this desire comes at a price and the cost of someone's time, dedication, and effort is reflected in what seems to be ridiculously hight prices. It's even harder to comprehend now, the cost of something which has it's own character when we know too well, that we will be buying something our Grandmother's would have just made anyway.

Diana Wood Conroy's article, 'Curating Textiles Tradition as Transgression.' Reminds us that familiar Western archetypes of Art/ Craft must be continually given attention to. She recognises that there is a lot of polarisation with the meanings of the word "Art" and the meaning of the word "Craft". Her article shows us that these too practices are not the far cry from the other as it may originally seem.

Cross disciplining practice across media & into technology involves a theorising of practice, while recognising differences in histories & approaches among studio disciplines.

Both Art and Crafts people have a belief in an intuitive basis for artistic inspiration.

Students of textiles, like those of painting produced work that holds attention from a conceptual understanding & sensitivity to materials and structures. The combining significant concept & developed techniques in the textile medium. Yes, it is true that crafts such as textiles derive from very old tradition but like wise so does painting, so does sculpture. The crafts field became nuanced, differences of philosophical approach, ideology and practice.

The term craft once clearly defined in the 170's 'Craft Revolution', now faceted into myriad positionings blurring divisions between process, function and concept. Craft is commonly identified with the body and thus perceived as non-individual and non-conceptual. While art is associated with the mind & the conceptual with the 'one-off' artwork in a highly individual categorisation of the experience.

Groupings reflect our history, & continue to influence unconscious assumptions.

Craft plays the 'feminine' role to the 'masculine' art world. The strategies of visual art theory- feminist, post-structural & semiotic approaches are equally applicable to the crafts. Current theory suggests that the multiple, the corporeal, the feminine, histories of medium and materiality- all trad. Characteristics of craft-equal relevance to cutting edge art.

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The crafts practice covers a multiplicity of perspectives, just as art practice encompasses innumerable styles & intentions. The is increased importance of maintaining some forum for the integration of conceptual sophistication allied with developed craft skills. Using Craft histories to engage in issues of subversion has benefited many notable visual artists who carefully avoid and contextualisation with crafts.

To make textiles that copy visual art in order to attain a de-skilled style seemed to undermine the integrity of the craft process. Rather than craft media being 'appropriated by artists identifying as non-craft artists in major exhibitions, or working within a visual arts style, craft artists should participate fully in their own traditions and histories. When it boils down to it, the strength of craft is craft and craft may give a different resonance and depth to the Australian Art world as a whole.

Likewise Sue Rowley's article, 'Parables of Criticism.' Highlights what we are just beginning to realise the stigma attached to craft, that it is merely an inferior form of art. Art belongs in the museums and galleries while craft belongs in schoolyard fetes and craft markets.

The criticism about art, craft literature & culture should not be seen by artists as a kind of service industry. Many crafts practitioners & writers have a strong sense of belonging to a relatively small community that places high value on cohesiveness.

Don't know each other face to face but there is a strong sense of interrelatedness and shared experiences. This sense of belonging to something which is part of a larger scale experience is incredibly exhilarating.

The "Privatisation" of criticism increasingly shows the veiling of crafts from public address. Sue Rowley states that the exemption of art from criticism is also an exclusion from public intellectual life. In craft communities, fear of ostracism & the partiality of advocacy functions to inhibit the development of critical insight into the crafts at a time when the practice of craft could be enhanced by its inclusion in public intellectual life in Australia.

A great deal of the emerging crafts writing seems to engage in story telling as a mode of interrogation. Not that this is a particularly bad thing, in fact it is quite the opposite the fact that craft shares kinship with folk tales heightens its importance. In Rowley's article she proves this by drawing the parallels between two folk fairy tales, 'Snow white & the Seven Dwarfs' and 'The Emperor's New Clothes'.

Robert Nelson's article, 'Towards a Typology of Small Objects' shows us how people are facing the questions of the viability, the integrity, the destiny of craft. Like Sue Rowley, Robert Nelson is concerned with the positioning of craft in a world consumed with the value of art. He realises that we are lacking in current debates of craft and this is good typology- typology being the method of classifying things made. He suggests that to categorise is to conceptualise and if there is no attempt to describe order, there is no chaos theory, no means of handling, and no critique.

Crafts people frequently begin with their material and let their ideas gel subsequently.

But if design becomes expressive because it looks like it wants to do something- it speaks a language of gesture. It must convey purpose and must therefore suggest a reason for being beyond itself. Everything is for something else. All things made by the human hand (with the possible exception of art) are for something else.

In very recent times painting and sculpture have sealed themselves off from the rest of the world in a museum of conceit. There is a potent motif of interdependence in all things made, an interdependence which is the context of meaning and purpose for each thing. We have to talk of the destiny of objects as though it is nothing but the context which each object makes for each other object.

Items which serve other objects before serving humans are more instrumental than those which serve us directly. We automatically become disgusted if objects and their functions are confused. Nelson shows us the very practical example of if we were to see someone drinking straight from the jug. If we were to see this, we would feel uncomfortable because the jug is not there to drink from, the glass is there to drink from. Therefore, the blurring between the purposes of everyday things make us suspicious of the unfamiliar.

Craft is a powerful purchase on daily life and its history of passionate debate, offers the humanities the ideal context for theory, for examining the way we fundamentally conceive the world.

Kylie Winkworth's article (complete with the different photographs of examples of tea cosies), 'Making Things,' Describes to us that the word craft has been smeared over a whole culture of making things, regardless of distinctions between different types of practice, different levels of skill and different motivations behind the making of things.

Craft is a term used in an indiscriminate application to work of every description- from the mundane and routine to the expert and the original. The parallels between women's crafts of the nineteenth century and recreational crafts today are striking and suggest a continuous culture of crafts practice. The traditional gender roles are explicit textiles and the domestic sphere are for women. While metal and wood belong in the 'man's place' in the shed or garage.

From the vantage point of the craft artist, the work reads as sentimental and lacking in originality, design quality and any level of real skill or invention. The vitality of popular crafts indicates a healthy desire for handmade object and for the experience of making things. The urge to make things is a fundamental point of connection between amateur and professional arts practice.

Anne Brennan and Nola Anderson, 'An exploration of memory, theory and making'.

Show us the very powerful analogy of the Wedding Ring, and like Robert Nelson's article describe what happens when objects are used for a purpose which is different than the purpose it was originally made for. They state that objects should not be used for any other purpose than which it has been made.

We have to reinvent ways of talking about the crafts and materials, processes, functions, ornament, symbol and medium histories, in order to salvage an awareness of the personal richness that an object embodies. Craft is more to do with the way of living than with the way of constructing theories.

In the existing system we separate the artist from the art. We insist that the art object alone can embody all meaning and that it alone bears the responsibility for value.

The art object is autonomous and makes its own rules of progression. Ie. one style or period supersedes another. When this is applied to crafts we divorce these objects from those things which have breathed meaning into them, that is the artists life & the way the object participates in our lives.

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THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION AND THE DIRECT METHODS

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INTRODUCTION

First of all I want to give a brief history of what language teaching was through the nineteenth century where reading comprehension and writing instead of speaking and listening were in fashion ; just following the classical languages as a model to be followed.

Very few schools taught foreign languages, and in general the learning of foreign languages was more in a private way. It was only by 100 that most secondary schools incorporated one or more of their major European languages.Order Custom Essay on THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION AND THE DIRECT METHODS

By the middle of the century many European countries came into closer and more frequent commercial relations, so it was created the necessity to learn foreign languages according to practical needs and interests.

Due to all these, some teachers, specially from Germany and France, began to think on how to create methods that could help to learn foreign languages in the easiest way.

As market among European countries improved, writers like Ahn and Ollendorff, had an enormous success with their books, unless they were not used in schools because they were too easy and too practical.

The demand for utilitarian language teaching increased specially in Germany, and textbooks and methods by Germans got into use.

This approach to foreign language teaching, became known as the Grammar Translation Method in which the immediate aim was for the student to apply the given rules by means of appropriate exercises in order to translate sentences in a mechanical way.

There were some leading exponents like J. Seidenstucker. K. Plotz, H. Ollendorff, J. Meidinger, etc. Grammar Translation dominated European and foreign language teaching from 1840s to the 140s, and in a certain way it continues to be widely used in some parts of the world today.

As this method created frustration in students, in the mid and late 1th century opposition to the Grammar Translation Method developed, and foundations for new ways of teaching languages raised with the name of the Reform Movement.

This movement created a demand for oral proficiency, so some specialists turned their attention to the way modern languages were taught in secondary schools.

France was well represented with writers like Jacotot, Marcel, and Gouin ; England was represented by Prendergast whose ideas, based on children's observations, were later developed in the 0th century by men like Palmer and West.

Parallel to the reformers' ideas, was an interests in developing principles for language teaching in a naturalistic way and all this led to the development of what was known as the Direct Method, which became widely known in the United States through its use by Sauveur and M. Berlitz in commercial language schools.

This method required teachers who were native speakers and it was largely dependent on the teacher's skill, rather than on a textbook.

THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD

This method was called the grammar school method, because it was developed for use in secondary school.

The method did not attempt to teach languages by grammar and translation, its real motivation was reformist ; due to that the traditional scholastic approach of the time was individual, and had been to acquire a reading knowledge of foreign languages by studying classical grammar and applying it to the interpretation of texts in new languages with the use of a dictionary.

As these were self-study methods, that were not appropriate for group-teaching, the grammar-translation method, was an attempt to adapt these traditions to the requirements of schools but preserving the framework of grammar and translation due that they were already familiar to both teachers and students from their classical studies.

Its principal aim was to make language learning easier by the replacement of the traditional texts by sentences that could make grammar easier and clearer.

Grammar-translation textbooks were graded and presented new grammar points in organized sequence and with appropriate examples and sentences that were simpler than the traditional books from reputable authors.

The principal characteristics of the Grammar-Translation Method were

1-The goal was to learn a language in order to read its literature or benefit from mental discipline.

-Reading and writing were major focus.

-Vocabulary based on the reading texts.

4-The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice.

5-Students are expected to attain high standards in translation due

to moral value and increasing written examinations.

6-The students' native language is the medium of instruction.

7-Grammar is taught deductively.

(Richard & Rodgers. 186. Pag. )

There were some contrasts between patterns of change in England and Germany, partly because Germany was considered the model of advanced educational thought at the time due to its state-run system, and England, trying to bring some order into the chaos of middle class education and maintaining academic standards, as well as trying to avoid state involvement in anything like the Prussian model, established in 1850 a system of public examinations controlled by the universities in order to lever modern languages on to the secondary curriculum so as to determine both the content of the language and the methodological principles of the teacher responsible for preparing children to take them.

Approaches were made to Oxford in 1857 and then to Cambridge, establishing a system known as Oxford and Cambridge Local Examinations in 158, working in separate ways.

Later on, Cambridge established the Overseas Examinations in the 1860s, that eventually led to a famous world-wide service. The Locals increased the status of both modern languages and English by including them on the curriculum alongside de classical languages.

There was a split among the universities and the 'great" schools Eaton and Harrow creating a separate examinations board ; due to that, the schools complained that the universities did not teach modern subjects ; so modern languages and English lost academic prestige though their association with the Locals and social prestige by their exclusion from the 'best' schools ; hence the universities came round to the notion of instituting modern language degrees, requiring in this way academic respectability from the modern languages and from the late 1th century reformers who put much attention to the universities and the examination system. (Howatt A.P. 184)

Sweet and Widgery alleged that present methods need a change and stated that reform had to come from above, from the university system.

All this forced modern language teachers and text book writers to ape the methods of the classics. French has to be made as demanding as Latin, and German as intellectually disciplined as Greek.

Germany was more open to reforming influences, and one reason was the structure of its state-run education system. French was included as a compulsory subject but English was optional and rarely taught.

The industrialization of the second half of the 1th century created a new class of language learner, one that had not followed an academic grammar school education and therefore could not be expected to learn foreign languages by traditional methods.

A new approach was needed to suit this particular circumstances and it eventually emerged in the form of ' direct' methods which required no knowledge of grammar at all.

Ahn and Ollendoff included grammar in their courses but in a rationed way of about one or two new rules per lesson, reason which explains why some teachers and reviewers considered them lightweight with lack of improvement and in the need of improvement. (Howatt. A. P . 184)

Toward the mid -1th century Europeans demanded for oral proficiency in foreign languages. Initially this created a market of conversation and phrase books intended for private study, but teaching specialists turned their attention to the way modern languages were taught in secondary schools.

The Frenchman C. Marcel (17- 186) referred to child language learning, as a model for language teaching ; proposed that reading be taught before other skills and propose to locate language teaching within a broader educational framework. The Englishman T. Prendergast (1806-1886) was one of the first to record the observation that children use contextual and situational cues to interpret utterances and that they use memorized phrases and routines in speaking. (Richards & Rodgers. 186). He proposed that learners be taught the most basic structural patterns occurring in the language.

The Frenchman F. Gouin (181- 186) developed an approach to teaching a foreign language based on his observations of children's use of language. (Richards & Rodgers 186). His method used situations and themes as ways of organizing and presenting oral language.

All these specialists were writing at the time when there were no organizational structure in the language teaching profession in the form of professional associations journals and conferences to enable new ideas to develop into an educational movement.(Richard & Rodgers. 186. Pag.6)

In 186 was founded the International Phonetic Association and its International Phonetic Alphabet. One of its goals was to improve the teaching of modern languages.

It advocated

1-The study of spoken language.

-Phonetic training in order to establish good pronunciation habits.

-The use of conversation text and dialogues.

4-An inductive approach to the teaching of grammar.

5-Establishing associations with the target language rather than with

the mother tongue. . (Richards & Rodgers. Pag. 7)

Vietor and Sweet and other reformers shared many beliefs about basic approaches to teaching, but differed considerably in the specific procedures

Parallel to the ideas put forward by members of the reform movement was an interest in developing principles for language teaching out of naturalistic principles of language learning that were termed Natural Methods and that led to the development of the Direct Method.

THE DIRECT METHOD.

Attempts have been made to make second language learning more like first language learning ; one of them was Montaigne in the 16th century who described how his father trained his servants in order to speak in Latin to him so that he could learn Latin in the natural way. In the 1th century was L. Sauveur(186-107) who employed questions as a way of presenting and eliciting language in the target language. He argued that foreign language could be taught without translation or the use of the learner's native tongue.

According to the German F. Franke, a language could be best taught by using it actively in the classroom. Teachers must encourage direct and spontaneous use of the foreign language in the classroom. (Richards & Rodgers. Pag. )

These principles provided the foundations of the Direct Method, which is the most widely known of the natural methods.

It was introduced and officially approved in France and Germany at the turn of the century and became widely known in the United States through its use by Sauveur and Maximilian Berlitz in successful commercial language schools.

In general it stood for the following principles

-Classroom instruction in the target language.

-Only everyday vocabulary and sentences.

-Oral communication in a graded progression.

-Grammar taught inductively.

-New teaching points introduced orally.

-Concrete vocabulary through demonstrations and the abstract through association of ideas.

-Speech and listening comprehension.

-Correct pronunciation and grammar. (Richards & Rodgers. Pag. 10)

This method was quite successful in private language schools of the Berlitz chain. The use of native speaking teachers was the norm ; its method was difficult to implement in public secondary school education. It lacked a rigorous basis in applied linguistic theory so it was criticized by the proponents of the Reform Movement.

Teachers were required to great lengths to avoid using the native language, when sometimes a simple explanation in the student's native tongue would have been more efficient to comprehension.

By 10 this method in noncommercial schools in Europe declined. In France and Germany was modified through introduction of some grammar aspects. A study held in 1 concluded that no single method could guarantee successful results.

PHYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

It is well known that since interest in the learning of modern languages began, specialists and linguists are always trying to find ways on how to learn a second language in the most effective and easiest way ; methods, theories and methodologies are everyday being tried in order to facilitate this matter that has different grades of difficulty in each learner, but from my own point of view, it is a matter that we as teachers and researchers must work with, trying to give our best, so as to help the increasing number of learners that are and are going to be under our responsibility and the confidence that they have of our work with them and their achievements.

I also consider that in some way we are still using the Grammar-Translation Method in schools, specially when the large number of students in the classroom is the matter, and the Direct Method as well, when the school's philosophy is to speak only English, ignoring our own teaching methodologies.

Please note that this sample paper on THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION AND THE DIRECT METHODS is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION AND THE DIRECT METHODS, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION AND THE DIRECT METHODS will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Year following the war of 1812

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on year following the war of 1812. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality year following the war of 1812 paper right on time.

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The years following the War of 181, also known as the "Era of Good Feelings," was considered as a time of exceptional growth and development in the United States, but it may be considered a time of evolution in American nationalism. The war of 181 was a very problematic war. States did not do their duties. The commanders and leaders were also not informed or supplied enough to keep up with the war. But what happened during this time and after is something better then victory. The war wasn't just about Britain holding land and impressing American sailors into their navy. It was also a second war for independence. It was the first war for America as a united country, and it was a small new nation against a large European empire. For the first time, we were united, not a fight for our homes and freedom, but for ideals.(The Awakening of American Nationalism, AAN).

The war of 181 began a long time before war was declared. It began right after the war of Independence. The British were not to happy that we broke away from their empire, and they soon figured out that many revolts were because we had fought and won. They taxed our merchants, and attacked our ships, but they messed up when they began to impress our sailors into their navy. They claimed that these people had "deserted" the royal navy and should be taken back. They may have been right a few times, but it has been proven that many innocent people were forced to be in the royal navy.

On June , 1807, the English frigate Leopard attacked the United States frigate Chesapeake, and took from her certain of her sailors who, the Leopard's captain claimed, were British citizens. (John K. Mahon, The War of 181) This is what made us want to go to war. Many citizens wanted war, but Jefferson, thought that there would be problems going to war with Britain, so he tried to calm the public. Congress began to prepare for war, by authorizing the construction of 0 war ships.

France and Britain, Europe's two most powerful nations, had battled almost non-stop since 17, and their war affected American trade. Hostilities began during the French Revolution (178-17), when England joined other European nations in an unsuccessful attempt to restore the French monarchy, and then continued as Britain led the efforts to stop French expansion under Napoleon I. American presidents from Washington to Madison tried to keep the United States impartial during these conflicts, but both France and Britain flagrantly disregarded the rights of neutral countries (War of 181).

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For the Americans, the problem was Britain's impressment, or the seizure of American sailors for service in the British navy. The British government claimed that it only seized subjects sailed with Americans to avoid wartime service in their own navy. the British seized anyone not just their own people, they also impressed a bunch of United States citizens,

The problem of impressment got bigger after an incident between the American naval frigate Chesapeake and a British ship, the Leopard. In June 1807 the Leopards crew demanded to board and search the Chesapeake only a few miles off the American coast and for British deserters. The Chesapeake's commander, James Barron, refused, and the Leopard opened fire. American sailors were killed and wounded during the attack, and the Chesapeake surrendered. The British then sent a party aboard and dragged four sailors from the ship. After the attack, Jefferson ordered British warships to leave American waters and demanded them to stop the impressment of American sailors. The British did make some apologies and restitution for the Chesapeake-Leopard incident, but continued to claim the right to seize American ships and inspect them for deserters. (War of 181)

Despite the problems, the U.S. Navy finally won some fights at sea, making up for some of the loses on land. A strong American squadron under Commodore John Rodgers made a sweep through the Atlantic ocean after the declaration of war. They only found one enemy ship, which escaped, but later in the year three U.S. warships were more successful.

The War of 181 was a victory. On February 0 President Madison sent a message to Congress about the treaty of peace. He congratulated the nation for the end of the war waged with the success which is the natural result of the wisdom of the legislative councils, of the patriotism of the people, of the public spirit of the militia, and of the valor of the military and naval forces of the country.

The Battle of New Orleans was fought after the two sides signed the peace treaty, it was the war's most famous battle. The navy was popular for many years after the battle, but the outcome of the Battle of Lake Champlain did not get recognized for another generation.

The principal gain for the United States was a renewed self-confidence and faith in the ability of its military to defend the nation's freedom and honor. (In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes The Making of American Nationalism,) Although no one came away from the war victorious, America saw the War of 181 as the success of the democracy. The War of 181 proved to the country that it could now protect itself from foreign threats

Many people felt a good about the country at this time. They had fought against one of the strongest empires of Europe and pretty much defeated them. They did not win, but they did not lose either. They had enough energy to get the job done, then afterwards they did not try to build a better military to start in another conflict. Nothing had been lost, but nationalism had been gained. Americans saw this time as a time for their economy to grow, and to build their own empire.

But our country showed something that was never seen before, unity. This was the first war that everyone had fought as an American. They were the first generation after the revolution that had never seen combat. Thats why so many mistakes were made, but it was also why the United States was for the first time in its history, fought together. Though some of the states like Massachusetts decided not to fight for the federal government unless their state was invaded, they still fought when they were needed.

The war debt did not matter to most of the people. Though it did put America in a billion-dollar debt, with the exploding market it would be paid off in no time. Americans wanted to build a better nation, and most were together in trying to do that. They realized that being divided made them weak during wartime and no way to win. But they also realized that they did not want to become a world power. America went into complete isolation and did not come out of it until after the Spanish-American war.

Americans began to move west during this time. They did not want to be kept in their small towns. They wanted their own farm large enough to make them rich. More problems were made with the Indians. Many of the Indians did not want to be moved away from their land. Most were forced off, either by federal troops or just by the amount of people that were moving to there land.

We did not have many possessions overseas, and we did not want to conquer any established nation. We were an empire for democracy and an empire of wealth. There has been many empires come and go, fail and succeed. But no one has ever had the merchants make the empire. No one had seen a democracy build such a vast empire of traders and merchants since the time of Rome. Truly, this was an accomplishment to be proud of. (This Sacred Trust American Nationality.)

It is impossible to deny that the war of 181 had a lot of impacts on our nation. The nation grew and changed in a way that most Americans back then could not even think of. Weather they liked it or not, they all were alike in one way or another. The United States had changed into a better country; it could no longer be denied its goals. People had become proud of the nation, and that was the most important step in keeping together. If no one believed in a nation, how could it survive?

Commager, Henry Steele. Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment. New

York G. Braziller, 175.

George Dangerfield. The Awakening of American Nationalism; New York, Harper and Row, Copywrite 165.

John K. Mahon. The War of 181; New York, Da Capo Press,. Copywrite 17.

Nagel, Paul C. This Sacred Trust American Nationality, 178-188. New

York Oxford University Press, 171.

Waldstreicher, David. In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes The Making of

American Nationalism, 1776-180. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina

Press, 17.

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Why Alfred Hitchcok's "Psycho" shook the world

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Why Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho" shook the world

Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho" is a film that "changed the world" first screened on 16th June, 160, in New York City, it achieved an immediate success. People queued for very many hours to see "Psycho's" first showings. Their enthusiastic word of mouth recommendations gave the film instant and positive publicity.

Alfred Hitchcock introduced new subjects into the film industry, which before "Psycho" had been avoided by filmmakers under government censorship and pressure. "Psycho" stretched many film boundaries and heavily influences today's film industry. For instance, "Psycho" used black humour so manipulating many millions who watched and continued watching "Psycho" into fear and loathing, which the horror movies that Boris Karloff starred in could not equal. Boris Karloff's mummy as a figure of fear does not begin to compare with Norman Bates. Thus "Psycho" marks a significant development in movies which entertained audiences by scaring them - and so changed the world.

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I think the fact that Norman Bates, at first sight, seems normal, unlike the old horror movies' mummies, monsters, mad scientists and vampires, makes Norman's warped cruelty seem so wrong and horrible. But, at the same time Norman's weird mentality seems to reflect aspects of today's dangerous, violent world in ways beyond the reach of the early 0th century horror movies. These films have been spoofed in the "Rocky Horror Show" and "Scary Movie" but I don't think filmmakers would find it quite so easy to spoof "Psycho". The world has not yet changed so much that filmmakers might lightly guy or ridicule Norman Bates.

"Psycho" breaks taboos since Norman's mother features as a force for evil not good her effect on his character lasts beyond death. Her corpse lies in state in a perfectly organised room. And, when Norman kills Marion Crane and Milton Abrogast he does so dressed as his mother. This frightening image of a frantic and murderous mother contrasts with wholesome comforting American mother figures that audiences expected. This feature, too, altered the world.

The dead Mrs Bates creates a frightening image of a woman controlling a male (her son Norman) even beyond the grave. I see Marion not only as an independent woman who has the courage and determination to rob her employer but also one so enterprising as to escape into the unknown with the money. In pre- "Psycho" movies men rather than women committed crime. Seeing women from this point of view represents a significant change. Ironically, I think Hitchcock intended audiences to view Mrs Bates, as she seemed in Norman's thoughts, regarding the beautiful Marion as a rival for Norman's affections. The fact that Norman does not plunder Marion's belongings, he carelessly chucks the money out, underscores the fact that Norman murdered Marion for very unusual, uncanny motives. This psychological delving not only justifies the movie's title but takes audiences into depths of the human mind not previously achieved; so, Hitchcock changed the world of movies for ever through "Psycho's" success.

Hitchcock achieved these revolutionary effects by using very clever techniques. For instance music heightens tension particularly in Norman's killing of Marion. Comparison of the effects created by this scene without sound track and with the music, produced very strong contrasts. I noticed the build up of tension in my classmates' reactions to the scene with music, compared to the much less suspenseful atmosphere when we watched the scene without the sound track. Clever camera work, especially involving mirrors such as when Marion packs her bags, examines the money in the car lot's lavatory and especially when she checks in to the Bates' Motel makes the audience imagine Marion's murder in the shower room with its savage image of flashing knives and the frenzied screaming and the thick slowly flowing blood must have made millions of stomachs sink in terror. Such intense audience reaction showed how "Psycho" changed the world.

I thoroughly enjoyed deconstructing "Psycho" particularly because such analysis made me understand reasons for my reactions as well as appreciating Alfred Hitchcock's artistry as a significant film director.

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