Why Alfred Hitchcok's "Psycho" shook the world

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Why Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho" shook the world

Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho" is a film that "changed the world" first screened on 16th June, 160, in New York City, it achieved an immediate success. People queued for very many hours to see "Psycho's" first showings. Their enthusiastic word of mouth recommendations gave the film instant and positive publicity.

Alfred Hitchcock introduced new subjects into the film industry, which before "Psycho" had been avoided by filmmakers under government censorship and pressure. "Psycho" stretched many film boundaries and heavily influences today's film industry. For instance, "Psycho" used black humour so manipulating many millions who watched and continued watching "Psycho" into fear and loathing, which the horror movies that Boris Karloff starred in could not equal. Boris Karloff's mummy as a figure of fear does not begin to compare with Norman Bates. Thus "Psycho" marks a significant development in movies which entertained audiences by scaring them - and so changed the world.

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I think the fact that Norman Bates, at first sight, seems normal, unlike the old horror movies' mummies, monsters, mad scientists and vampires, makes Norman's warped cruelty seem so wrong and horrible. But, at the same time Norman's weird mentality seems to reflect aspects of today's dangerous, violent world in ways beyond the reach of the early 0th century horror movies. These films have been spoofed in the "Rocky Horror Show" and "Scary Movie" but I don't think filmmakers would find it quite so easy to spoof "Psycho". The world has not yet changed so much that filmmakers might lightly guy or ridicule Norman Bates.

"Psycho" breaks taboos since Norman's mother features as a force for evil not good her effect on his character lasts beyond death. Her corpse lies in state in a perfectly organised room. And, when Norman kills Marion Crane and Milton Abrogast he does so dressed as his mother. This frightening image of a frantic and murderous mother contrasts with wholesome comforting American mother figures that audiences expected. This feature, too, altered the world.

The dead Mrs Bates creates a frightening image of a woman controlling a male (her son Norman) even beyond the grave. I see Marion not only as an independent woman who has the courage and determination to rob her employer but also one so enterprising as to escape into the unknown with the money. In pre- "Psycho" movies men rather than women committed crime. Seeing women from this point of view represents a significant change. Ironically, I think Hitchcock intended audiences to view Mrs Bates, as she seemed in Norman's thoughts, regarding the beautiful Marion as a rival for Norman's affections. The fact that Norman does not plunder Marion's belongings, he carelessly chucks the money out, underscores the fact that Norman murdered Marion for very unusual, uncanny motives. This psychological delving not only justifies the movie's title but takes audiences into depths of the human mind not previously achieved; so, Hitchcock changed the world of movies for ever through "Psycho's" success.

Hitchcock achieved these revolutionary effects by using very clever techniques. For instance music heightens tension particularly in Norman's killing of Marion. Comparison of the effects created by this scene without sound track and with the music, produced very strong contrasts. I noticed the build up of tension in my classmates' reactions to the scene with music, compared to the much less suspenseful atmosphere when we watched the scene without the sound track. Clever camera work, especially involving mirrors such as when Marion packs her bags, examines the money in the car lot's lavatory and especially when she checks in to the Bates' Motel makes the audience imagine Marion's murder in the shower room with its savage image of flashing knives and the frenzied screaming and the thick slowly flowing blood must have made millions of stomachs sink in terror. Such intense audience reaction showed how "Psycho" changed the world.

I thoroughly enjoyed deconstructing "Psycho" particularly because such analysis made me understand reasons for my reactions as well as appreciating Alfred Hitchcock's artistry as a significant film director.

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Money

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Money

Money was one arguably the most important invention for development to take place. Money has been independently invented at one time or another in each important civilization in the history of the world. There is also remarkable similarity in how the concept of money has evolved in different times in history and in different parts of the world.

Historically, money has usually gone through four stages. In the first stage, money is made of a rare material, and the value of the money is determined by the amount of the material it contains. In the second stage, money is made of another material, such as paper, with no inherent value but can be exchanged into the physical stuff. In the third stage, money cannot be exchanged into anything physical, but its value is determined by law or custom. In the fourth and last stage, inflation increases to the point that money becomes virtually worthless.

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Physical Money

Physical money has historically come into existence to facilitate trade. In most cases some form of metallic money has been used, but there are also other examples, where shells, or even large stones (on an isolated island) have been used as money. Oil has been proposed by the great Soros. Gold and silver has been used in most of world, but other metals have occasionally been used. Bronze was the basis of the monetary system in early Roman times. Copper has also been used at times, for example in Spain and Sweden. In many cases, combinations have been used, with fixed exchange rates between different metals. Those fixed exchange rates have usually broken down as the relative value of the metals has moved due to changes in supply or demand.

Coins are the basis of almost every metallic monetary system. A coin in a physical money system is a piece of metal with a stamp. The stamp is a guarantee that the metallic weight and content is right. It also makes all coins of the same sort equal. This may not seem like such a big deal today, but it once was a very important invention. Previously, metals had to be weighed in order to determine their value, and that made trade more difficult. In most cases, by the way, coins in metallic standards were named after the weight of metal they contained.

A consequence of the invention of money was that it introduced a unit of account. This was important to facilitate credit. Once money was generally accepted, credit institutions soon developed, that allowed people to borrow against real estate or other properties. The evolution of credit is something that has gone hand in hand with the evolution of money.

Bank Notes and Fractional Reserve Systems

The origin of banking was a place where you could leave your coins for safekeeping or lend it for interest. In exchange you would get an IOU. These IOUs became standardized and non-personal and would circulate much like an alternative currency. The borrowers soon discovered that as the IOUs circulated, they were not all redeemed. Thus it was not necessary to keep enough specie (i.e. coins) to be able to pay all outstanding debt. In some cases, the issuer of the IOUs where originally governments, but usually they where private banks or trading houses.

The system of IOUs often evolved into formal paper bills, that could be redeemed into physical metal. In different times and places, the evolvement of paper money has been different. In certain cases, the IOU stage has been skipped entirely while in other, it has lasted for a long time.

One of the most important consequences of the introduction of bank notes backed by physical money is that it made it possible to drastically increase the supply of money. This facilitated increasing amounts of credit. As long as money had been made of physical metal, the amount of money was limited by the amount of metal in circulation. In the long run, the amount of metal available for coins could change with new discoveries and with changing amounts of metal used for other purposes, but for the short term, the amount of money available was virtually fixed. However, the demand for money would change making the value of money fluctuate.

The classic example of changing demand for money is harvest time in the 1th century America, when farmers would have to borrow money to pay temporary workers. This was, however, less of a problem in older times. Then, times of war were the times of increasing demand for money.

The availability of credit also enabled more speculative businesses than before. Foreign trade, something that was often very risky, is the perfect example. At certain times in history, credit financed trade expeditions would flourish. At other times, when credit was not readily available, foreign trade was effectively monopolized by established trading houses.

In most cases the paper money, fractional reserve system has eventually been monopolized by the government, as it has been a very lucrative business. Once the government has control over the bank notes, it usually does not take long before the monetary system evolves into the next stage.

Fiat Money

In a fiat money system, the money is not backed by a physical commodity. Instead, the only thing that gives the money value is its relative scarcity, and the fact that people seem to want it. Why people want fiat currency has been the subject of much debate. If you were an alien, visiting the earth for the first time, you would certainly be amazed at how the earthlings seem to prize little pieces of paper with paint on them.

One idea to explain the value of fiat money is debt. If you are in debt, you have no alternative but to try to obtain the pieces of paper in order to repay your debt, and if the paper is scarce, you have to compete for it. Interestingly, indebtedness seem to go hand in hand with fiat money, but that is no conclusive evidence for this theory.

Another way to explain the want for money is that people got used to paper money in the fractional reserve system. Once the metallic backing was removed, people continued to use money as they had become accustomed to. One argument for this thesis is that the fiat money systems that have worked best historically, are the ones where the physical backing was removed slowly and secretly.

A third way to explain the value of fiat money is that it is valuable because the government says so. This theory has often been tested in practice, and it can be rejected with confidence. Nevertheless, governments from time to time still try to inject value into paper by law and price control. This never works in the long run, and usually lead quickly to the next step, hyperinflation.

Although a fiat monetary system often evolves out of a fractional reserve system, this is not always the case. Sometimes the fractional reserve period has been skipped altogether. The most well known example is probably the Roman empire, where the silver based metallic system gradually evolved into a fiat monetary system based on token coins. The silver content in coins was slowly lowered, until coins consisted almost entirely of tin. This took place over a period of centuries, and that is probably the longest lasting fiat monetary system in the history of the world.

In a fractional reserve system, the amount of money that can be created is still limited by the amount of metal available, but in a fiat monetary system, there is no such physical restrain on the amount of money that can be created. This also allows unlimited credit creation. Initially, a rapid growth in the availability of credit is often mistaken for economic growth, as spending and business profits grow and frequently there is a rapid growth in equity prices. In the long run, however, the economy tends to suffer much more by the following contraction than it gained from the expansion in credit.

In most cases, a fiat monetary system comes into existence as a result of excessive public debt. When the government is unable to repay all its debt in gold or silver, the temptation to remove pysical backing rather than to default becomes irresistible. This was the case in 18th century France during the Law scheme, as well as in the 70s in the US, when Nixon removed the last link between the dollar and gold.

Hyperinflation

Hyperinflation is more or less by definition the terminal stage of any fiat currency. In hyperinflation money loses most of its value practically overnight. Hyperinflation is often the result of increasing regular inflation to the point where all confidence in money is lost, but there can also be other immediate causes. It is important to understand that in a fiat monetary system, the value of money is based on confidence, and once that confidence is gone, money irreversibly becomes worthless, regardless of its scarcity.

It is often argued that all fiat money eventually will become worthless. This has certainly been the case in the past. On the other hand it could also be argued that the current fiat monetary systems have not led to hyperinflation, and it seems unlikely that they will. It is not a very convincing argument, though, as hyperinflation never seems likely until it is well underway. Looking at the past, there is certainly a lot of evidence that all fiat money will eventually lose its value.

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Steroids

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Anabolic steroids are the synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring male anabolic hormone testosterone. Steroids contain anabolic properties and androgenic properties. Anabolic means "to build" and androgenic means "masculine" Testosterones natural androgenic effects trigger the maturing of the male reproductive system in puberty, including the growth of body hair and the deepening of the voice. The hormones anabolic effect helps the body retain dietary protein, which aids in the development of muscles.

Steroids are used to enhance a person's physical attributes becoming bigger, stronger, faster and leaner. Although the results of using steroids are ideal for a person involve in competition, there are a lot risks involved in the short-term and long-term phases of using steroids. Although anabolic steroids are derived from a male sex hormone, men who take them may actually experience a feminine effect along with a decrease in normal male sexual function. Some possible effects include Reduced sperm count, impotence, development of breasts, shrinking of the testicles, and difficulty or pain while urinating

Some of the short-term effects include high blood pressure, water retention, testicular atrophy and a loss of equilibrium between estrogen and testosterone levels. Long-term effects of steroid abuse can be fatal. Stokes, signs of baldness, and the growing of the breast are associated with the long-term effects of using steroids.

Steroids can be delivered to body using a variety of methods orally, muscular injection, or transdermal, which is transporting the steroid substance through the skin.Order custom research paper on Steroids

Most athletes use the muscular injection method or oral method when taking steroids. Transdermal methods are mostly used by older men that are experiencing hormonal declination.

Steroid drug testing can become a complication because some people naturally have high levels of testosterone. To make the testing more precise the steroid cycle must be accurately timed. Most doctors make the patient take a urinalysis to determine the amount of steroid metabolites.

Steroids abuse is most commonly found among athletes. Besides athletes, people in general need to be aware of the painful and harmful effects of using steroids.

Please note that this sample paper on Steroids is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Steroids, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Steroids will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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One World, Two Different Styles

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Living in a world of more than one culture can be very overwhelming. For it can create cultural clashes or feelings of isolation, in the sense of not belonging to a particular place. However, learning about a world opposed to our own can be very beneficial. As a result a lot is learned and experienced through interaction with that particular culture. Two of Jhumpa Lahiri's stories that demonstrate the ideas above are "This Blessed House," and "Sexy." These short stories explore how relationships between two people, each of the same or of different backgrounds, can have either negative or positive effects on their partnership.

For many, having another religion or culture interfere with his/her own can be very be very overwhelming. In every culture or religion there are beliefs and customs already set. In the story of "The Blessed House," it is seen how two different religions were coming in between of the marriage of Twinkle and Sanjeev. Even though they were both Hindus, the shadows of Christianity were interfering with their relationship. Twinkle loved the idea of learning about a different religion like Christianity, while her husband totally disliked it. This is shown especially when Sanjeev constantly reminds his wife that they "We're not Christian"(17).

There are different reasons why people turn to other cultures. The main reason is

experience. They want to know how it feels like to learn about the different customs and beliefs of other people. Twinkle's interest for Christianity started when she and her husband moved into their new home. They started discovering sacred Christian objects that were hidden all over the house. Twinkle felt that there was a reason why they found those objects. She mainly felt that the objects "…could be worth something" (16). Now were they worth something in a materialistic or spiritual way? Twinkle asks Sanjeev, "Do you think the previous owners were born-agains?"(17). Perhaps Twinkle asked this question because she probably wondered how it would feel to convert into another religion. Sajeev felt that his wife was already converting herself into a Christian, this is seen when he says, "Clearly the scheme has succeeded in your case"(18). The scheme being the possibility that the previous owners purposely left Christian objects around the house to convert the next owners into Christians. Also, Twinkle might of felt that if they threw these objects and figures away, "It would be back luck…"(146). Bad luck in the sense that life would punish them for getting rid of them.Custom Essays on One World, Two Different Styles

This story shows how some people can easily adapt while others find it difficult to get use to a change in environment. Through the character of Twinkle, it is seen how easy she adapts to the American world even though she is of a Indian background. This shows that she is more open-minded than her husband. On the other hand, Sanjeev finds it difficult to understand why his wife is interested in Christianity. Perhaps his lonesome personality lead him to be this way or the fact that his parents still lived in India and hers lived in America.

The opposing views of each partner in this short story run the risk of jeopardizing

their relationship. Throughout the whole story, Twinkle and Sanjeev argue about the Christian objects and figures inside and outside their home. Twinkle insists on having them around while her husband would rather trash them. The main reason he wanted to get rid of the "treasures" they found was because "All the neighbors would see. They'll think we are insane"(146). He says this when Twinkle insists on placing the statue of the Virgin Mary outside the house. The statue was even the cause for Twinkle's tears, something that Sanjeev had never seen coming from her. Even though these arguments are stupid, they can lead to a big fight. A fight that they might not be able to get over, causing a break in their relationship.

Even though cultural clashes can have bad affects on relationships, it can also have positive ones. Maybe this wasn't the case in this story, but in some way it helped Sanjeev learn a lot about his wife. He learned that even though they come from the same background, they still have opposing views on different aspects of life. Just because Sanjeev had once told his wife that "…yes, he loved her…"(147), it didn't really mean he did. Sometimes a few months is not enough time to know someone. You can't just assume that because both of you grew up with the same beliefs, that your meant to be. For Sanjeev, he was just beginning to learn the meaning of love and how it applied to his marriage with Twinkle. Now they were both living together in a different continent; in a new world.

Relationships between two people, each of different backgrounds, can have either negative or positive effects on their partnership. This is demonstrated throughout the story "Sexy," in the characters of Miranda and Dev.

Miranda and Dev first met each other in a department store. They engaged in a conversation soon after Dev had heard the sales lady say her name out loud. Initially he thought that Miranda was of Indian descent because of her name, he says to her, "Part of your name is Indian"(87). Throughout their first conversation, Dev is honest with her and tells Miranda that he is married. He admitted that the items he bought at Filene's were for his wife, "They're for my wife"(88). Even though he was married, that didn't stop Miranda from spending time with Dev after they met each other at the store.

The reasons why Miranda might of gotten herself into a relationship with Dev; a married man, could have been due to her loneliness or her desire to explore a different world opposed to hers. Miranda being of an American background felt immediate attraction towards Dev who was Bengali. She found him to be interesting because he was different. At first she had thought that he looked either Spanish or Lebanese, but she later learned that he was from Bangladesh. He was from a place that she had thought to be a religion rather than a country.

The story of "Sexy" shows how a relationship between two people of different backgrounds, had both positive and negative affects on their partnership. Positive because Miranda learned a lot about a world different from hers. She learned the customs, tasted the food and tried to learn the language of Bengali people. She went to Indian Restaurants were she tasted "…tandoori chicken"(6) and to a bookstore where she tried to learn the Bengali alphabet. She was even able to learn how …"to transcribe the Indian part of her name"(7). Through her relationship with Dev, Miranda finally understood something she didn't as a child. She finally understood why the children of her neighborhood had

stayed away from the Dixits. The Dixits were an Indian family that everyone kept away from because they were considered different. Miranda being a child, was afraid of this family because of the way they looked and smelled, "…she'd been too frightened to walk on the same side of the street as the Dixit's house"(6). Through Dev, she understood that even if people are of a different background then she is, it doesn't make them inferior. She was able to gain a lot of knowledge about the Indian culture and experience an adventure with a Bengali man.

The negative side of this relationship was infidelity. What Dev was doing to his wife wasn't right and what Miranda was doing to herself was wrong. Dev was taking advantage of his wife's absence by sleeping around with another woman. Miranda knew how it felt to have a cheating husband because she listened to Laxmi's conversations about her cousin's husband's infidelity everyday. Maybe she didn't realize that what was being done to the cousin was the same thing she was doing to Dev's wife. Miranda's loneliness might of blinded her from doing the right thing. She found in Dev the guy that she hoped to have a relationship like that of Laxmi and her husband. This is seen every time she looks at the picture of Laxmi and her husband on the cubicle(8). Once Miranda understood what she was doing, she put an end to her relationship with Dev.

Miranda felt that she belonged with Dev. The reason why Dev might of involved himself with her might have been because she was different than his wife. Dev and his wife were of the same Indian background, while Miranda was American. The absence of his wife might of made Dev lonely, it also gave him the opportunity to enrich his life with an American adventure (his affair with Miranda).

The stories "This Blessed House" and "Sexy," explore how relationships between two people, each of the same or of different backgrounds, had both negative and positive effects on their partnership. Even though in the relationship of Twinkle and Sanjeev, Christianity was coming in between them, they were able to learn a lot about each other. In the relationship between Miranda and Dev, she was able to learn about a new culture even though her relationship with Dev didn't last forever.

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Accident

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Accident

I had obtained my driving license some five months ago. I was only 1. Young, naive, careless, and inexperienced. Having never been involved in any kind of traffic accident or citation, I had full confidence in my driving skills and abilities. When one lacks experience, he does not really understand what he is getting into; until its too late.

My worst nightmare came true on that evening. It was a busy Friday evening. The traffic on Memorial street was heavy. And I was late, once again, from work. I had received a pretty lengthy confrontation with my manager just a day earlier about not being on time for work. And I did not need another one. So here I was , driving in rough traffic conditions, at 60 mph, cutting lanes, carelessly over taking other cars, avoiding the scoldings of my manager was my goal; and just trying to get to my job place as soon as possible.

While I was already thinking about how I'd face my manager when I get to work, I suddenly saw the traffic light right ahead of me turn from green to orange. In a rush of blood to the head, pressed the gas pedal when I should have actually applied the brakes. The vehicle ahead of me seemed to be trying to pass the signal before the light turned red. But at the last moment, the driver in that vehicle seemed to have a change of heart. He applied sudden brakes. I tried to my apply brakes, but I was driving way too fast, and I realized that my car wouldn't actually stop without colliding with the vehicle right ahead of me.

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The next 5 seconds were the worst time of my life. My car hit the vehicle right in front of me. The airbag was released on the driver side of my car. All I could see was smoke inside. .The car that I hit, swirled and fell into a ditch on the roadside. Not being able to control my car I was also forced into the ditch by the shifting momentum of the automobile. I was sitting scared inside my car, not knowing the fate of the passengers in the car that I had collided with. I had all these weird thoughts going through my mind. What have I done? What if I had killed someone in the other car? What if there were kids in that car, and were seriously injured. If there was anyone else involved, the thought of my car being poorly damaged also crossed my mind. Instead of thinking about what consequences I would suffer came to my mind the terrible situation that the other driver may be in and if there were any fatal injuries attached to this accident. I couldn't actually imagine forgiving myself if I had done something of such high magnitude.

With all these thoughts running through my head, I opened the door and stepped out of my vehicle. My heart was racing, and I could almost hear it was almost pounding out of my chest as I walked towards the other car. Suddenly someone opened the door from that vehicle, the door opened to a splash of the window shatter and out came this man with a few cuts. I was relieved to see that he was walking on his own feet and not complaining of any major injuries. I asked him if he was okay, and fortunately he wasn't nearly as hurt as I thought he was. As I looked in his car for any others passengers I took a big sigh of relief as I discovered that he was the sole person in the car. I expected him to start screaming at me coming at me with "what the hell were you thinking, kd" , but he was patient. He did not even show a slightest of the hint that he was mad at me.

With the quickness the tow trucks arrived fighting over who saw us first and who was going to tow the cars. The ambulance arrived shortly along with the cops. I was still in a state of disbelief, and shock. I couldn't just get over it. It seemed so unreal. I had never even imagined to ever be in such a situation. I received a couple of citations, and had totaled my car. I was so careless, and to top it off at the time I didn't have proof of insurance. So a rush of blood to the head costed me around $5000 in fixing my car, and the other vehicle. This was in addition to the endless round of court hearings.

I was really angry at myself for a long time after this incident. Everybody around me had told me to drive carefully, but I never really took that advice very seriously. I thought that I wasn't like the other kids who got into such accidents. I thought that I was a much better driver. But I guess time is the greatest teacher. This incident taught me many valuable lessons. It actually helped in many ways. It helped me in becoming more careful about everything. It taught me to not take life for granted. And it taught me how an adrenaline rush can cost u all of your savings.

Please note that this sample paper on accident is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on accident, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on accident will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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An Opera Singer Much More Than A Voice

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An Opera Singer Much More Than a Voice

When we think about opera, we examine a work of art that unites music, drama, dancing, stagecraft and the scenic arts, which we view primarily as a musical experience. However, opera is a vocal art. Opera relies upon the opera singer, who is the participant in the opera's drama, to bring forth the interpretation of song and music in which the composer has written (Encyclopedia Britannica). There have been many opinions on rather or not the opera singer is merely a voice. Though the gift of voice is essential in becoming and being an opera singer, the overall requirements are much more complex.

The opera singer is much more than a voice, but a human being. In this career field it is highly competitive, stressful and there are limitations on achieving artistic and financial success (Clifton Ware 0). With this knowledge it does not detour the collegiate study of becoming an opera singer. The typical lifestyle of a career bound opera singer does have its down falls at some point in their career. They sometimes began to experience depression, being lonely while on the road, family issues, coping with rejection, and financial doubts. With these dilemmas their life is out of control, with work and their career consuming every aspect of

Young

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it (Ware 1). In order for the singer to maintain stability in their life, it is very vital to for he/she to prioritize least to greatest. Family relationships are key in providing a secure and comfortable life, which would ease the frustration the opera singer, feels. In a Classical Singer interview, world renowned stage director Fabrizio Melano says " Stay centered as much as possible and don't get distracted by all the craziness going on around you. That requires doing work on yourself. The opera singer has to find their center in everything they do and not just as singers but as human beings."

Within the vocal community singing is recognized as an extremely demanding profession mentally, emotionally, and physically. In addition, the opera singer is also looked at as a vocal athlete. Before an opera singer can do any type of singing for a performance or just rehearsing, he/she must first warm up. Just like an athlete warms up to stretch their muscles before a game or race, the singer also has a muscle, which is called a vocal chord. The vocal cords are folds at the upper end of the windpipe that vibrate and make voice sounds (Webster Dictionary 88). According to Ware a singer's total vocal instrument is his/her body, mental and physical conditioning are needed to organize sufficient energy for coping with performances that include leading opera roles and full-length recitals (). Some of the do's an opera singer considers are a variety of nutritious foods, beverages, and vitamins. He/she must stay away from inhaling or drinking a large consumption of caffeine products, alcohol, illegal drugs,

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tobacco, and polluted air. These are some of the ways that a opera singer conserves and protects their vocal instrument through good vocal hygiene.

Another aspect when dealing with the singer's health and well-being is looking at them as a processor. As a processor the singer observes the intake of sound through the ear, which is an organ of hearing. Though the singer gives considerable attention to voice improvement and care, the singer must also take into great consideration their hearing. Good hearing is essential for the singer in matching pitches, monitoring vocal quality, and providing interpretation when making appropriate adjustments during singing. In order for the opera singer to maintain excellent hearing he/she must avoid excessive noise, remove all impurities from ear such as wax build up and evade the exposure of high decibel noise levels (Ware5). An opera singer does much traveling state-to-state and country-to-country and the mend of transportation is mostly by plane. The travel by plane raises a concern for the singer due to the ear disorder that can be caused by air pressure in the aircraft cabin, when descending in altitude. Typical symptoms are pain, dizziness, and short �term hearing loss that can be alleviated by drinking, yawning, gum chewing, and gentle nose blowing (Ware 54). According to Clifton Ware there is another principal way the singer hears their own voice through bone conduction, which is the transmitting of nerve pulses (50). These nerve pulses cause a sensation of vibration to travel throughout the body, which enables the singer to be more effective with feedback, execution and

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communication. Though the opera singer may not have much control over some of the causes of vocal disorders, there are many preventive measures than can be taken over one's lifetime.

When studying to become an opera singer one usually starts in their freshman collegiate year. There is much thought that is placed in the decision making of where the student will go. Once the decision is made they are engaged in an intensive curriculum that includes major courses such as theory, ear-training, and performance ensembles each requiring extra time and effort. Among the intensive course load one of the most important classes is diction. Diction teaches the singer to become a linguist, someone who studies a language with serious intent to understand and speak it. There are four languages that are studied -English, Italian, German, and French, primarily because these are the four major languages that operas are written in. Once the language has been learned and the singer has a working knowledge of it, they then move on to the four interrelated functions (1) articulation- a spoken sound (vowels and consonants), () pronunciation- the proper use of speech phonemes according to standard speech, () enunciation- the clear and accurate utterance of phonemes and (4) expression- the full-meaning conveyance of all words and phrases (Ware 50). Thus, the singers role as a linguist is to translate the text clearly, accurately, and expressively, assuring that the audience understands the meaning of every word, nuance, and phrase, that the composer and writer is trying to convey.

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In addition to learning all the major languages the singer must also apply technique and artistry. Technique is concerned with means, process, and manner of how a song is executed. Once a singer has mastered or developed a technique it then enables them to learn a song quickly and thoroughly, produce productive tone with ease, and express in performance using a wide range of vocal, musical, linguistic, and dramatic skills (Ware 6). When the opera singer is ready to develop their artistry he/she must first master the skill of interpretation which is defined by Ware as the act of explaining or clarifying a song's essence (6). With interpretation comes expression, which shows feelings and character. It is also said by Ware that artistry is a right brain activity but also the desired outcome of creative imagination (70).

Once the opera singer has learned the concept of diction, technique, artistry and the necessary precaution measures that are needed in maintaining good health, he/she is then ready. The opera singer then prepares themselves for the learning and studying of an opera role (character). The way that this task is executed is by the singers voice type. There are five basic voice classifications soprano, mezzo-

soprano, tenor, baritone and bass. Within these voice types there are more specifics, such as Lyric soprano, coloratura soprano, dramatic mezzo-soprano, counter-tenor, lyric baritone and bass-baritone etc. All roles are not suitable for every voice type. This is why it is very important that the singer knows his or her voice and what type of voice the role is requiring. Once the singer has found the

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role or roles of their choice, they then proceed to dissect the part; with the basic application of studies they have learned.

Once an artist of a female gender has taken on a leading lady role that she is then known as a "Primma Donna". The noted Primma Donna in the world of opera in the words of William Madison has "Transformed from an entirely positive description to one with frequently negative connotations"(). Though the term "Primma Donna" is no more than a leading lady, many female opera singers enjoy and despise being called that. Opera singer Carol Vaness says "The way I feel when I'm called "primma donna" is how I feel when people call me a star." On the other note opera diva Marilyn Horne expresses that a primma donna is very temperamental in a bad sense (Madison 4). Although the title primma donna is not always welcomed, diva is one that is welcomed but the meaning of it is often related to "primma donna" so what is the big fuss about.

Finally, opera is a diverse art form with much complexity. But when we look at what an opera singer is we can now denote that he/ she is much more than

just a voice, but a primary need of being a human being, vocal athlete, linguist, educator, processor and earning the respect of being one day called a diva and or "primma donna".

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Effects of rising sports salaries

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One does not have to be a genius to understand that professional sports are losing popularity and that players' salaries have become ridiculous, when comparing wages of regular citizens with unpretentious jobs. It seems absurd that the starting base salary of a Major League Baseball player is the same as what the president of the United States reportedly makes in a year. Rapidly increasing players' salaries is having a devastating impact in the industry of professional sports because teams are losing money, game attendances are down, and fans are losing respect for athletes and professional sports.

With all the money thrown around in professional sports, it seems unbelievable for us to accept that owners of teams are losing money, but it is true. Players' salaries have increased so rapidly over the past five years that almost half the teams in the Major League of Baseball have reported losses for the 001- 00 season. Additionally, the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League were unable to pay Mario Lemieux the remainder of his contract when he retired in 16, so they decided to give him majority shares of the team. It is not surprising that owners of professional sports teams are having to declare bankruptcy as the only way to escape their financial burdens, such as the Ottawa Senators and Montreal Expos. All Players' contracts are negotiated in United States currency; therefore, Canadian teams have to forfeit more money because of the weakening Canadian Dollar. If these outrageous salaries keep inflating, professional sports in Canada will no longer exist because team owners will no longer be able to afford quality players and fans will not want to support a losing team

The key factor to a successful sports team making money is to over crowd stadiums with as many people as possible, but the last few seasons, most pro sports leagues have been reporting that fan attendance is at an all time low. Major League Baseball reported 6.1 % drop in fan attendance for the 001- 00 season. With ticket prices rising every year, most people cannot afford to support his or her favorite sports team. In order for an average family of four to attend a Washington Capitols hockey game, it will cost them around $7.50 US dollars; whereas, most families are not willing to give half a weeks net wages, in order to view a live game. In addition, outrageous concession prices have soared to help compensate for poor fan attendance and over inflated player's earnings. Fan base is the main source of revenue for professional sports teams and the main factor for the success or failure of any event. Owners had better recognize that loyal fans are fed up with the increasing costs of attending games; therefore, better start dropping prices in order to fill stadiums back up to capacities again and restore the interest back into fans.

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Another considerable effect from players enormous incomes is that fans are losing respect for professional sports and the athletes. Firstly, community property taxes are constantly increasing because of new gigantic complexes needed to house and support the growing demand of professional sports. Fans are also sick of hearing how underpaid pro athletes are. How can athletes declare they are underpaid? Alex Rodriguez of the Texas Rangers makes an astonishing $ million a year. Mathew Barnaby of the New York Rangers, who scored no goals, no assists, and received 70 minutes in penalties, earned $1.5 million last year. Lastly, players are not performing with the same amount of passion from that of previous years. If players want to win back the respect of the fans, they have to be prepared to compete everyday and show his loyalty to his team, instead of asking to be traded to teams with the most money. If fans were to have more influence managing their teams, you would see a severe improvement in their attitudes towards their team.

In conclusion, when looking at all the facts, it is the fans that ultimately decide the future of professional sports and not the players. We have a choice to rebel against over inflated ticket prices, in which we can boycott attending games and start watching them televised. The coverage is spectacular and the price is right free. It is to bad that the cost of watching professional sports is greater than the enjoyment. If current trends continue, professional sports might lose what remains of its integrity and become another industry auctioned off to the highest bidder.

Please note that this sample paper on Effects of rising sports salaries is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Effects of rising sports salaries, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Effects of rising sports salaries will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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