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Wednesday, March 18, 2020

Serial Killers

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Although my life has never been personally changed by a serial killer, it is a topic I have always found fascinating, and have always tried to learn as much about as possible. After reading The Anatomy of Motive, by John Douglas and Mark Olshaker, I found that something doesn't necessarily have to directly happen to you in order for it to affect your life. The book was riveting and I had a lot of trouble putting it down, but the dreams, or more descriptively nightmares, I started having were a very undesirable side effect. Most nights after reading I would wake up covered in sweat, gasping for breath. The thought of some of the cases I read about made me sick to my stomach, and the way I started looking at those around me even changed a little bit. But the pursuit of information on such an interesting topic took over and I kept up with the research regardless of the results. What I found was a very interesting description of how people can do these things, why they would want to, and most importantly how to catch them.


On December 7, 171 police were called to a large Victorian mansion on Hillside Ave in Westfield, New Jersey. Neighbors had decided to call when they noticed that there had been lights burning in the house all day and all night for weeks on end. What was found turned out to be much worse then anyone would have imagined. There were several bodies in sleeping bags on the floor of the house's ballroom and over the loudspeaker a funeral dirge could be heard playing repeatedly. The dead were Helen, forty-five years old; her sixteen year old daughter, Patricia; and two sons, John Frederick, fifteen, and Frederick, thirteen. On further inspection of the house the police also found the body of Helen List's eighty-four-year-old mother-in-law in a storage room. Each victim had suffered a gunshot wound to the back of the head.


Before the officers left that day there was one suspect on their minds, the missing father, John Emil List. The evidence against him consisted of a series of letters that he ad written, but never sent to various people of importance to the List family. The letters explained his reasoning for what he had done. List had also had the paper canceled, stopped the milk delivery, told the children's schools they would be absent, and withdrawn the remaining $,8 from the family's bank account. His car was found at Kennedy Airport in Queens, with the title and owner's identification left inside. John List had disappeared, and had left no trace. All of this shows how carefully he was able to plan and act on his family's murders, there was no sense of urgency, and no sense of regret. So the question is why? Why would a man go to such lengths to kill his family, and how was he able to do it so meticulously? In one of the letters he had written he made reference to the fact that he was afraid the family was turning away from God, and he wanted to stop them before they went too far. Also in the letter he explained that he wasn't earning anywhere near enough to support his family. He also justified the murder of his mother by saying that the events would have been too much of a shock to her so he had to kill her to relieve her of the pain.


These reasons are obviously not reasons a sane man could have justified, so what made him different? Former FBI profiler John Douglas suggests that List was an obsessive compulsive type who needed everything to piece together the way he saw fit. He felt his life and the life of his family had gotten far too messy and out of control, so he took things into his own hands in order to "save them". Douglas made the assumption that List would return to a place that was familiar and comfortable to him. He ended up being right. On June 1, 18 List was found living in Midlothian, Virginia with his new wife, only a couple miles away from where he had met his first wife. He was living under another name, and might never have been caught if not for America's Most Wanted, and one of his old neighbor's recognition of him. Through fingerprints the police were able to identify with certainty that it was List, and they arrested him.


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The first thing I thought of when I read this story was how someone could ever convince them self that killing their family was an answer to any problem. And even though Douglas gives a lot of basic information about what List's problems actually were, there is no real way to answer the question of what his motive truly could have been, other then the fact that List was not a mentally well-off individual, perhaps partly by nature, but also by the nurturing he had received throughout his life.


As The Police song states, "Once that you've decided on a killing First you make a stone of your heart And if you find that your hands are still willing Then you can turn a murder into art", The first step a serial killer has to take is making them self numb to what they're doing. Many serial killers have had pasts that include some kind of extreme physical or sexual abuse from a parent or parental figure. There have also been studies that show many serial killers tortured animals as children. This shows that from a very young age they were not only being taught that hurting others is okay, but also how to make a living creature suffer with no regret or remorse. Shervert Frazier, who has served as president of the American Psychiatric Association, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, and supervisor of psychiatric services at Massachusetts's Bridgewater State Hospital for the criminally insane, has concluded that "these killers had been subjected to brutalizing treatment that generated overwhelming hostile and ultimately murderous emotions". Though I do feel pity for anyone who was abused as a child, it does not serve as a good enough excuse for this kind of behavior, and it still doesn't explain to me how someone could do such a thing.


The average serial killer tends to be white heterosexual males in his twenties or thirties who is a loner with low self esteem. His methodical rampages are almost always sexually motivated. His killings tend to be part of an elaborate sexual fantasy that builds to a climax at the moment of his murderous outburst. Serial Killers usually murder strangers with cooling off periods between each crime. Many are sadistic in nature. They enjoy returning to grave sites and crime scenes to fantasize about the previous kills. Furthermore, many killers like to insert themselves in the investigations of their crimes and some like to taunt the police. Serial killers generally are very smart, and very patient. They have the ability to plan out their crimes without any interruption from their conscience. They seem to explore killing like it's a game. It's as if they have taken human life and turned it into a sick entertainment system in order to see what happens when they destroy it.


One question I've always wondered about serial killers is whether or not they know what they're doing is wrong. Either they do, and they just don't mind, or they are so sick in the head that they don't even see their actions as morally wrong. It's very difficult for me to imagine a person who doesn't understand that killing is wrong, but on the other hand it's even harder to imagine a person who knows it is wrong, but does it anyway. Overall, through the reading I've done, it seems that more then anything these people want power. They want the feeling that comes along with "playing God", regardless of what it entails. This leads me to believe that they do know what they're doing, they have just lost (if they ever had) the ability to care.


One last thing to think about is the crime scene itself. It is stated in The Anatomy of Motive that "to know the artist, you must study his art". Many serial killers leave clues behind, they want the police to have to search to find them, but eventually their goal is to get caught. In order to gain the infamy that comes along with this occupation you need to be caught. It's odd to think about someone wanting their name to go down in history as a serial killer, but in many cases that is the goal. The killer thinks it is the only thing they can really succeed at, so why not? This ends up being the main difference between serial killers, and Spree. Spree killers murder for a "purpose" of some kind, and usually end up killing themselves at the end of their reign of terror. Serial killers have far too much respect for their art to do such a thing, they want to be known, and studied.


In the end I do feel the book gave a good description of the life of a serial killer, and a couple interesting theories as to their motives. But I don't feel any more confident in the reasons people do this. Maybe it is the type of thing that no one ever truly understands without living that life. If that is the case then I'm fine with my ignorance, but it still bothers me to think that there are people out there either raised to act this way, or born to act this way. How can society try to help these people before their acts become murderous? What can we do to pick them out and notice them, before they have hurt others? Maybe these questions are impossible to answer; maybe this is just one of the facts humans have to live with in an imperfect world. But I would like to believe that with each new case that gets investigated, we are getting closer and closer to the reasons behind these acts, and the prevention necessary to stop them.


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Tuesday, March 17, 2020

Philosophy

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Philosophy


Philosophy has come a long way. There have been many philosophers who have come and gone teaching the ways of many different views in philosophy. This Paper will do its best in writing about five of the best philosophers in history. Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Mills, are the five that are thought of being among the best.


Socrates was born about 10 years after the Battle of Salamis. His father, Sophronisus, was a friend of the family of Aristides, the founder of the Delian League, empire arose. The philosopher's mother, Phaenarete, acted as a "midwife". Socrates married late in life, Xantippe (Xanthi), whom he left three sons. One an infant. When his son Lamprocles got angry because of his mother's temper, Socrates taught him to be grateful for all the gifts a mother has given to child. Socrates was a good warrior; his outward appearances were grotesque, stout and with prominent eyes, snub nose, broad nostrils and wide mouth. "Intellectually the acutest man of his age, he was himself the dullest person and morally the purest. He had an ardent and amorous temperament. He liked to spend all his time in the streets, marketplace, and more particularly, gymnasia. He cared little for the country. He also talked freely to politicians, poets, and artisans about various subjects, of their notions, of right and wrong, familiar matters of their interest. Socrates, as a young man, was enthusiastically interested in "natural science", and so, familiarized himself with the nature.(Tredennick 6) That "Mind" is the source of all cosmic order because this meant, "everything is ordered as its best, as it should be" that the universe is a rational teleological system. He loved the "ethical", character and conduct both private and public, with "nature" at large. He was one of the eminent philosophers who believed in God and acknowledged his sovereignty. He practiced self-denial, repressed his appetites for sensual desires and turned away from material pleasures. He went to the mountains where he dwelt in cave. He dissuaded men from worshipping idols and taught them the way to God, the Lord of Mercy, until the ignorant rose up against him. They arrested him and put him in prison to death. (Tredennick 0) What a penetrating vision of philosophy this eminent man had! He is most distinguished of all philosophers and was well versed in wisdom. He had a profound knowledge of such sciences as were current amongst men and their minds. The sophists taught eristics or the skill of clever debate which aimed at winning arguments and legal battles at any cost and with little concern for the truth. The sophists were both scorned and sought after. Socrates' dialectical question / answer method was confused with the bellicose debate of the sophists. Socrates suggests that there will be no cessation of such troubles until philosophers become the rulers or the rulers pursue philosophy. The guardians must be the wisest. Socrates exhorts his listeners to keep their souls unspotted and follow the upward way in pursuing justice with wisdom, so that they will be dear to the gods in this life and the next. (Scott 87)


Plato was born around the year 48 BCE into an established Athenian household with a rich history of political connections including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Plato's parents were Ariston and Perictone, his older brothers were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his younger sister was Potone. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. (Pappas 6) The biographical tradition is unanimous in its observation that Plato engaged in many forms of poetry as a young man, only later turning to philosophy. Aristotle tells us that sometime during Plato's youth the philosopher-to-be became acquainted with the doctrines of Cratylus, a student of Heraclitus, who, along with other Presocratic thinkers such as Pythagoras and Parmenides, provided Plato with the foundations of his metaphysics and epistemology. Upon meeting Socrates, however, Plato directed his inquiries toward the question of virtue. The formation of a noble character was to be before all else. Indeed, it is a mark of Plato's brilliance that he was to find in metaphysics and epistemology a host of moral and political implications. How we think and what we take to be real having an important role in how we act. Thus, Plato came to believe that a philosophical comportment toward life would lead one to being just and, ultimately, happy. It is difficult to determine the precise chain of events that led Plato to the intricate web of beliefs that unify metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and politics into a single inquiry. In what appears to be a matter of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for bringing Socrates to trial in on the charges of corrupting the youth, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and engaging in unusual religious practices. During his trial, which is documented in Plato's Apology, Socrates explained that he had no interest to engage in politics, because a certain divine sign told him that he was to foster a just and noble lifestyle within the young men of Athens. This he did in casual conversations with whomever he happened to meet on the streets. When Socrates told the court that if set free, he would not stop this practice, claiming that he must follow the voice of his god over the dictates of the state, the court found him guilty (though by a narrow margin), and he was executed one month later. This final sequence of events must have weighed heavily on Plato, who then turned away from politics, somewhat jaded by the unjust behavior of the Thirty, disappointed by the follies of the democracy, and forever affected by the execution of Socrates. Whether or not Plato began to write philosophical dialogues prior to Socrates' execution is a matter of debate. But most scholars agree that shortly after Plato began to write extensively. Although the order in which his dialogues were written is a matter of strong debate, there is some consensus about how the Platonic corpus evolved. This consensus divides Plato's writings into three broad groups. The first group, generally known as the "Socratic" dialogues, was probably written between the years and 87. These texts are called "Socratic" because here Plato appears to remain relatively close to what the historical Socrates advocated and taught. (Pappas 7) One of these, the Apology, was probably written shortly after the death of Socrates. The Crito, Laches, Lysis, Charmides, Euthyphro, Hippias Minor and Major, Protagoras, Gorgias and Ion, were probably written throughout this twelve year period as well, some of them, like the Protagoras and Gorgias, most likely at its end. Plato was forty the first time he visited Italy. Shortly thereafter, he returned to Athens and founded the Academy, located nearly a mile outside the city walls and named after the Attic hero Academus. The Academy included a nice grove of trees, gardens, a gymnasium and many shrines including one dedicated to Athena herself, the goddess of the city. Plato created his own cult association, setting aside a portion of the Academy for his purposes and dedicating his cult to the Muses. Soon this 'school' became rather well-known on account of its common meals and sympotic lifestyle, modified, of course, to suit a new agenda. Indeed, Plato's Academy was famed for its moderate eating and talks as well as all the appropriate sacrifices and religious observances. Overshadowing all of that was, of course, its philosophical activity. We know little of the remaining thirteen years in Plato's life. Probably sick of his wanderings and misfortunes in Sicily, Plato returned to the philosophical life of the Academy and, most likely, lived out his days conversing and writing. During this period, Plato could have written the so-called "later" dialogues, the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus and Laws, in which Socrates plays a relatively minor role and the metaphysical speculation of the "middle" dialogues is meticulously scrutinized. Plato died in 47, leaving the Academy to Speusippus, his sister's son. The Academy served as the model for institutions of higher learning until it was closed by the Emperor Justinian in 5 CE, almost one thousand years later.Write my Essay on Philosophy


Aristotle was born at Stagira, a Macedonian city two hundred miles to the north of Athens in the year 84 B.C. His father was the friend and physician to the king of Macedon, Amyntas. Aristotle was brought up in the odor of medicine, though many other philosophers were brought up in the odor of sanctity. There are many stories of Aristotle. One story takes him to Athens at the age of eighteen and puts him under the teachings of the great master, Plato. But even this likelier account there is sufficient echo of a reckless and irregular youth, living rapidly. (Durant 4) The reader may console himself by observing that in the story the philosopher anchors at last in the quiet groves of the academy. Under Plato he studied eight or twenty years. One would like to imagine these as very happy years; brilliant pupils guided by an incomparable teacher, walking like Greek lovers in the gardens of philosophy (Durant 4). But they were both geniuses, and it is notorious that geniuses accord with one another as harmoniously as gasoline and fire. Almost half a century separated them; it was difficult for understanding to bridge the gap of years and cancel the incompatibility of souls (Durant 50). While under Plato, Aristotle spent a lot of money on books, or in those days, manuscripts. He was the first, after Euripides, to gather a library. Plato spoke of Aristotle's home as "the house of the reader". The work of Aristotle was great. So great that it was not hard for him to find pupils. He eventually established a school called the Lyceum. This school was devoted to mathematics and speculative and political philosophy. The Lyceum was also attentive to science and biology. If we may believe Pliny, Alexander instructed his hunters, gamekeepers, gardeners, and fishermen to furnish Aristotle with all the zoological and botanical material he might desire (Durant 5). Another writer had many believe that he had over a thousand men scattered through out Greece and Asia collecting specimens. It makes you wonder where he got all the funds for this. Well, by the time this came about, Aristotle was a wealthy man. He had married into one of the most powerful men in Greece, Athenaeus. It was said that Alexander had given Aristotle some 800 talents, which would equal up to about four million dollars. Yet we should do Aristotle injustice if we were to ignore the almost fatal limitations of equipment which accompanied these unprecedented resources and facilities (Durant 54). He was compelled "to fix time without a watch, to compare degrees of heat without a thermometer, to observe the heavens without a telescope, and the weather without a barometer….Of all our mathematical, optical and physical instruments he possessed only the rule and compass, together with the most imperfect substitutes of some few others. Chemical analysis, correct measurements and weights, and a thorough application of mathematics to physics, were unknown. The attractive force of matter, the law of gravitation, electrical phenomena, the conditions of chemical combination, pressure of air and its effects, the nature of light, heat, combustion, ect., in short, all the facts on which the physical theories of modern science are based were wholly, or almost wholly, undiscovered."(Durant 55) The first great distinction of Aristotle is that almost without predecessors, almost entirely on his own he created a new science, logic. Logic simply means the art and method of correct thinking. In politics, Aristotle was conservative because of the turmoil and disaster that had come out of Athenian democracy. Like any other scholar or philosopher, he wanted peace, order, and security.


The first great philosopher of the modern era was RenDescartes, whose new approach won him recognition as the progenitor of modern philosophy. Descartes's pursuit of mathematical and scientific truth soon led to a profound rejection of the scholastic tradition in which he had been educated. Much of his work was concerned with the provision of a secure foundation for the advancement of human knowledge through the natural sciences. Fearing the condemnation of the church, however, Descartes was rightly cautious about publicly expressing the full measure of his radical views. The philosophical writings for which he is remembered are therefore extremely circumspect in their treatment of controversial issues. After years of work in private, Descartes finally published a preliminary statement of his views in the Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason 167. Since mathematics has genuinely achieved the certainty for which human thinkers yearn, he argued, we rightly turn to mathematical reasoning as a model for progress in human knowledge more generally. Expressing perfect confidence in the capacity of human reason to achieve knowledge, Descartes proposed an intellectual process no less unsettling than the architectural destruction and rebuilding of an entire town. In order to be absolutely sure that we accept only what is genuinely certain, we must first deliberately renounce all of the firmly held but questionable beliefs we have previously acquired by experience and education. At the outset of the Third Meditation, Descartes tried to use this first truth as the paradigm for his general account of the possibilities for achieving human knowledge. In the cogito, awareness of myself, of thinking, and of existence are somehow combined in such a way as to result in an intuitive grasp of a truth that cannot be doubted. Perhaps we can find in other cases the same grounds for indubitable truth. But what is it? The answer lies in Descartes's theory of ideas. Considered formally, as the content of my thinking activity, the ideas involved in the cogito are unusually clear and distinct.( Haldane and Ross 4) But ideas may also be considered objectively, as the mental representatives of things that really exist. According to a representative realist like Descartes, then, the connections among our ideas yield truth only when they correspond to the way the world really is. But it is not obvious that our clear and distinct ideas do correspond to the reality of things, since we suppose that there may be an omnipotent deceiver. In some measure, the reliability of our ideas may depend on the source from which they are derived. Descartes held that there are only three possibilities all of our ideas are either adventitious (entering the mind from the outside world) or factitious (manufactured by the mind itself) or innate (inscribed on the mind by god). But I don't yet know that there is an outside world, and I can imagine almost anything, so everything depends on whether god exists and deceives me.(Ariew )


The son of James Mill, a friend and follower of Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill was subjected to a rigorous education at home he mastered English and the classical languages as a child, studied logic and philosophy extensively, read the law with John Austin, and then embarked on a thirty-five career with the British East India Company at the age of seventeen.(Kemerling) Despite such a rich background, Mill credited the bulk of his intellectual and personal development to his long and intimate association with Harriet Hardy Taylor. They were devoted friends for two decades before the death of her husband made it possible for them to marry in 185; she died in Avignon six years later. Mill continued to write and to participate in political affairs, serving one term in Parliament. Philosophically, Mill was a radical empiricist who held that all human knowledge, including even mathematics and logic, is derived by generalization from sensory experience. In A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive he explained in great detail the canons for reasoning inductively to conclusions about the causal connections exhibited in the natural world.(Kemerling) Mills moral philosophy was a modified version of the utilitarian theory he had learned from his father and Bentham. In the polemical Utilitarianism Mill developed a systematic statement of utilitarian ethical theory. He modified and defended the general principle that right actions are those that tend to produce the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people, being careful to include a distinction in the quality of the pleasures that constitute happiness.(Kemerling) There Mill also attempted a proof of the principle of utility, explained its enforcement, and discussed its relation to a principle of justice. Mills greatest contribution to political theory occurs in On Liberty, where he defended the broadest possible freedom of thought and expression and argued that the state can justify interference with the conduct of individual citizens only when it is clear that doing so will prevent a greater harm to others. Mill also addressed matters of social concern in Principles of Political Economy and Considerations on Representative Government and eloquently supported the cause of womens rights in The Subjection of Women. Mills Utilitarianism is an extended explanation of utilitarian moral theory. In an effort to respond to criticisms of the doctrine, Mill not only argued in favor of the basic principles of Jeremy Bentham but also offered several significant improvements to its structure, meaning, and application. Although the progress of moral philosophy has been limited by its endless disputes over the reality and nature of the highest good, Mill assumed from the outset, everyone can agree that the consequences of human actions contribute importantly to their moral value. Against those who argue that the utilitarian theory unreasonably demands of individual agents that they devote their primary energies to the cold-hearted and interminable calculation of anticipated effects of their actions, Mill offered a significant qualification.(Kemerling) Precisely because we do not have the time to calculate accurately in every instance, he supposed, we properly allow our actions to be guided by moral rules most of the time. Partly anticipating the later distinction between act and rule utilitarianism, Mill pointed out that secondary moral principles at the very least perform an important service by providing ample guidance for every-day moral life. Finally, however, he emphasized that the value of each particular action�especially in difficult or controversial cases�is to be determined by reference to the principle of utility itself. Mill argued that social applications of the principle of utility are fully consistent with traditional concern for the promotion of justice. Justice involves respect for the property, rights, and deserts of individual citizens, along with fundamental presumptions in favor of good faith and impartiality. All of these worthwhile components of justice are adequately preserved by conscientious application of the principle of utility, Mill supposed, since particular cases of each clearly result in the greatest happiness of all affected parties. Although a retributive sentiment in favor of punishing wrong-doers may also be supposed to contribute to the traditional concept of justice, Mill insisted that the appropriately limited use of external sanctions on utilitarian grounds better accords with a legitimate respect for the general welfare. Mill also pointed out that the defence of individual human freedom is especially vital to living justly, but that had been the subject of another book.(Kemerling)


These philosophers have paved the way for newcomers and have pretty much raised the bar. Each philosopher,though, has their own perspective on life and different subjects, but they all have the same idea on preaching the gospel. They have done a great job giving people a reason to think about something deeper rather than giving a simple answer. They also give people the idea to ask questions to go deeper into an answer of a certain question.


Works Cited


Pappas, Nickolas. Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Republic. London; 15.


Haldane, E.S. and G.T.R. Ross. The Philosophical works of Descartes. Cambridge; 18.


Durant, Will. The Story of Philosophy. New York; January 15.


Ariew, Roger. Rene Descartes, Philosophical Essays and Correspondence. Hackett Publishing; March 000.


Tredennick, Hugh. Plato, The Last Dyas of Socrates. Penguin/Puffin Market; August 17.


Scott, Gary Alan. Does Socrates have a method? Rethinking the Elenchus in Plato's Dialogues and Beyond. Penn State; 00.


Sallis, John. Chorology On Beginning Platos Timaeus. Indiana University; October 1.


Kemerling, Garth. "John Stuart Mills." Philosophy Pages.


5 March 00.


Please note that this sample paper on Philosophy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Philosophy, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Philosophy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Truth

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on truth. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality truth paper right on time.


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A Greek Proverb once noted, "A truth spoken before its time is dangerous" (Lieberman 51). People in power positions in our society are constantly challenged in their practice of rhetoric to speak the truth while presenting their ideas in public forums. Unfortunately, some individuals whether intentionally or not, distort the truth during their preparation and presentation to deceive the intended audience, which is a very dangerous tactic if the audience has the capacity to recognize the real facts of the matter. James A. Herrick highlighted the functions and ethical practices of the art of rhetoric and noted, "The six functions I will highlight are (1) Ideas are tested, () advocacy is assisted, () power is distributed, (4) facts are discovered, (5) knowledge is shaped, and (6) communities are built" (Herrick 16). It is the intention of this paper to conduct a theoretical analysis of the issues related to the rhetoric used by the embattled Los Angeles Chief of Police Bernard C. Parks. Prior to the latest crisis in his career, Chief Parks had established a reputation for being the most knowledgeable person on the department. Although he was considered the manager of the Los Angeles Police Department, it was recognized that he was not a polished public speaker and this flaw was actually highlighted during his most recent speeches to the Police Commission and City Council. In the area of power, Chief Parks is considered the consummate micro-manager with his command staff, and Community Police Advisory Councils. Although Parks created an illusion that he was the master of all facts concerning the Los Angeles Police Department, he underestimated the investigative process of the media and ultimately the public with his outdated methods of argumentative style of his rhetoric. It became apparent that the most critical point in Chief Parks' effort to keep his job was revealed when the race card was played, and a portion of his presentation to the Police Commission was rejected as being a false employee evaluation. It is an interesting revelation that the process to evaluate the merits of renewing Chief Parks' contract ultimately rested on the racial make-up of the Police Commission; the alienation of the Black community and the dysfunctional political process. It was further stirred by Mayor James Hahn's decision to voice his opinion prior to the renewal process.


The Daily News recently noted, "With the appointment of Bernard C. Parks as Chief of Police in August 17, the department was quickly restructured to focus on its primary mission to reduce crime and the fear of crime with emphasis on command accountability and community partnerships. Other notable changes were quickly implemented to address the many reforms mandated by the Christopher Commission, and called for by civilian oversight groups…" (Cook, Allen, and Selleck). In light of the rhetoric on both sides of the issue, Chief Parks was unable to effectively communicate facts, which supported his success in the aforementioned mission. In fact, his detractors, which included the Los Angeles Police Protective League (LAPPL) and the Mayor presented effective arguments and conflicting facts in their professional media rhetoric that disputed and obscured Chief Parks' merit by using rhetoric to test his ideas. Thus, the LAPPL spent more then a million dollars in advertisements, which noted the increase in crime, fear in the community, failure in the mandated Christopher Commission reforms and demonstrated arrogance toward the Community Police Advisory Boards.


Chief Parks actually ineffectively used rhetoric to assist advocacy of his ideas by using the church clergy, Black Power based groups, and politicians in attempting to influence the Police Commission and the political leaders of Los Angeles. Unfortunately, his unpolished and awkward speaking style did not advance his ideas to his audience and in fact the media frenzy, which rested on every word, magnified the formal context of his rhetoric, which was lacking.


Rhetoric has a direct relationship to power. Granted, Chief Parks has major accomplishments reflected in his 7 years with the department and he actually established an undisputed power base with people representing communities from all of the 465 square miles of Los Angeles. However, regardless of his intentions or "symbolic expressions" in appealing to the greater community in this process, he fell short because he lacked power in his rhetoric. Simultaneously, his renowned character trait of ignoring the advise of others, may have likely limited his "psychological power" in influencing the significant players in the renewal process because it had severe consequences. The contrasting rhetoric of the LAPPL also highlighted the Chief's uncaring attitude about his rank and file officers who had publicly voted "no-confidence" and as a matter of fact, approximately 100 officers resigned during his tenure.


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Friedrich Nietzsche once noted, "What, then, is truth? A mobile army of metaphors (a comparison of things not apparently similar), metonyms (the substitution of a part for the whole), and anthropomorphisms (an interpretation of what is not human or personal in terms of human or personal characteristics)-in short, a sum of human relations, which have been enhanced, transposed, and embellished poetically and rhetorically, and which after long use seem firm…"(Nietzsche 1). Rhetoric does discover facts and it is recognized that Chief Parks had a reputation of high integrity prior to this process. However, his rhetoric was very predictable to his adversaries that emphasized the comparison between his words and his actions during his interview with the Police Commission in which he apparently used an employee evaluation, which had been substituted and not properly processed through the Police Commission. This incident ultimately revealed a contradiction to the Chief's rhetoric and a major flaw in his personal character. Regardless of his claim that there had been a misunderstanding between the Chief and the former President of the Police Commission, the public revelation of this fact ensured a timely end to an otherwise uncompromising career. "Some theorists contend that rhetoric actually creates truth. As we explore the history of rhetoric, we will uncover various answers to these questions" (Herrick 4). Because of the significance of the position of the Chief of Police and former civil service protection for this position, it is believed that some past chiefs were able to be less then truthful during their public appearances. However, the city charter change in 1 established a five-year-term limit for the Chief of Police position and a five year renewal with the approval of the Police Commission, which made the position more political, and the renewal process more challenging. Therefore, the scrutiny of Chief Parks' rhetoric created challenges to his "truth" because of the investigative ability of the media and others to closely examine his misleading messages.


The renewal process for Chief Parks greatly highlighted the disparity and views about what constituted justice and equality in Los Angeles, and the fact that rhetoric shapes knowledge. The Black community mobilized its resources, church clergy, and political leadership and was very aggressive in their use of the media in presenting their facts and social issues in supporting Chief Parks. Unfortunately, some of the messages alienated other members of the greater Los Angeles community because there was a tendency by certain individuals to threaten violence to a city, which was still in a healing process from the 1 civil unrest. It is also recognized that all Black citizens cannot be simplistically lumped into a common thread. There were those community leaders that were trying to build understanding and consensus with their rhetoric while establishing knowledge about Chief Parks' accomplishments. Regardless of Chief Parks' knowledge and experience, the renewal process was completed, and the decision of the Police Commission denied his renewal. The reality is that only three City Council members wanted a public review to assert its authority over the Police Commission, 11 voted to support the Police Commission decision and one (Council Member Galanter) was absent.


It is a fact that rhetoric builds community, even in a city as complex and culturally diverse as Los Angeles. Although there are competing communities within the city, it is recognized that there are certain common goals and values that people place on public safety. As the Chief of Police, Chief Parks is the top law enforcement official in our city and therefore; he must be able to convey his message beyond the cultural and religious boundaries of its citizenship and effectively deploy his resources to provide public safety and education to its members. As noted, Chief Parks fell short in this process during his evaluation by the Police Commission because he demonstrated unsuccessful rhetorical interactions with those that judged him and the greater community itself.


In closing, on April , 00, Chief Bernard C. Parks announced his intention to retire from the Los Angeles Police Department, and actually used rhetoric to impart his interests as a future candidate of the City Council. During this entire process, some members of the community wondered why the Chief fought so hard to retain his position. However, it is believed the six functions of rhetoric greatly helped in the analysis of his motivations and limitations of his "truth" in this process.


Please note that this sample paper on truth is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on truth, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on truth will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Friday, March 13, 2020

Primary and Secondary Marketing Research

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Primary and Secondary Marketing Research


The five-step scientific marketing research process includes defining the problem, analyzing the situation, getting problem-specific data, interpreting the data, and finally solving the problem (Perreault, 1).


The first step is to define the problem. Once the problem is identified and defined, the next step is to analyze the situation. Part of this situation analysis involves gathering data. There are two kinds of marketing research data, primary and secondary. The situation analysis involves gathering secondary data, which is data that has already been gathered and published by a third party. Much of this data could be available internally within the data stores of the business, or it is available from outside sources such as government agencies, libraries, trade associations, or private research companies. One of the first places one should try and find secondary data from is over the Internet. Using the Internet is probably one of the least expensive ways of obtaining data, but it can also be the most time consuming.


My company, Escada, Inc. uses secondary data from both internal and external sources. We run reports each month that capture sales by region, by product, by customer, etc. We store these reports in order to have them available for future research. For instance, if we decided that we wanted to introduce a new product line within our line card, we could research our already available secondary data in order to understand what territories this product type best sells in. If our internal data does not tell enough of a story, we can look to outside sources for the secondary data. In our case, we might look at one of the IT industry information services such as IDC or Gartner. If I were planning to launch Centrino notebooks into Latin America and the Caribbean, I would need to gather data about the wireless infrastructure in the region prior to doing so. Yes Centrino notebooks have other features such as longer battery life, but the key selling point is the ability to use your notebook anywhere and be able to log on to the Internet without connecting a wire to it. Our marketing efforts would benefit highly if I could get statistics on the number of notebook users in the region, the number of wireless phone users, the growth of the wireless phone infrastructure, etc. Most importantly, I could gather data on which countries in the region are ahead of the others as far as wireless technology. Some of this data might be available through free channels such as the US government, trade organizations, etc. I have always found that the most accurate data comes from the sources that charge for the service.


Once I have gathered the secondary data and have finished my situation analysis, I should be able to start pinpointing areas where I need further detailed data. This leads to the next step, gathering problem specific data. This is where we gather our second type of data, which is actually called primary data. Primary data research is actually going a step further to find out what the customer feels about the product or service that you are trying to market. "There are two basic methods for obtaining information about customers questioning and observing" (Perreault, 1, p). The questions can be qualitative or quantitative in nature. Qualitative questions seek open-ended responses and are more geared towards getting the customers feelings or opinions. Quantitative research looks for structured responses that can be measured, such as yes or no responses or a., b., c., type answers. In the case of our Centrino notebooks, I would lean towards using more quantitative research in order to find out what processor speeds, hard drive sizes, memory sizes the customers preferred. I might do this by doing a survey questionnaire by phone or over the Internet. I would most likely try enticing them with eligibility for a prize if they participated in the questionnaire.


In the computer distribution business it is important to understand what type of products our customers will purchase. Having the wrong product in stock can become very costly. Predicting what they will purchase in order to have it available when they are ready to place their orders is the key to being successful. Using marketing research and gathering the proper data will help Escada to make the right decisions in the future.



References


Perreault, W. D., Jr. & McCarthy, E. J. (1). Basic marketing A global-managerial approach (1th ed.) [University of Phoenix Special Edition Series]. Burr Ridge, IL Irwin/McGraw-Hill.


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Thursday, March 12, 2020

Into the wild life.

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Tuesday, March 10, 2020

The Youth of Francis

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Giovanni Bernardone was born around September 118 to Giovanna (Pica) and Pietro di Bernardone. When little Giovanni was born, his father, a very successful cloth merchant, was on a business trip to Champagne, France, to buy fine French cloth. In his absence, his mother had him baptized him John. When his father arrived home, he was outraged to find his son named John, and had it changed to Francesco, or Frenchman.


When Francis was about 10, his wealthy parents sent him to Saint Georges, a school near the city walls of Assisi. The school belonged to the Church of Saint George, and was taught by canons. It was here young Francis


heard the story of Saint George and the dragon. Then, Franciss heart was set on becoming a Knight. What young boy can resist the story of a brave knight fighting evil dragons in order to save the beautiful princess?


Francis turned 14, and then his wild parties began. He and his other young friends would eat and drink themselves sick, at Franciss treat of course. After that, all through the night the large party would dance through the town, Francis leading them and singing his heart out the whole way. Didn't it disturb the townspeople? Yes, but when they saw it was Francis, everyone would smile and shake their heads. No could not love this charming boy with his looks, generosity, and splendid voice.Order Custom Essay on The Youth of Francis


Of course, all this merry-making cost money. And who was the ever-ready provider? Why, Pietro Bernardone, of course. He and his family were very wealthy, and he kept his boys pockets well lined. He also made sure Francis wore nothing but the best. He being a clothier, his son wore nothing but the finest fabrics in the newest styles. But still, he would sometimes cringe at the way Francis ridiculously spent money. Or when he gave it away. Francis was very generous, and would give to every beggar. When he had no more, he would give the fine clothes off his back.


This pleased his mother, but when would the spending stop?


As Francis became older, the dream of knighthood never left him. In January 100 war broke out with Perugia.


For two years, this was nothing more than skirmishes, a game of cat and mouse between the two cities. It wasnt until December 1, 10, that a true battle was fought. The armies of Assisi were assembled. And where was our young knight? With the knights and nobility. He had been splendidly outfitted by his father, who was anxious to see him with the nobles.


With the army, he charged into the fighting plain, along the banks of the Tiber. It was a fruitless massacre. Perugia's armies slaughtered Assisi's men. Only knights were taken prisoner, because owning a horse meant one could pay a ransom, horses being a sign of wealth. Assisi's nobles were put into dark Peruvian dungeons, to be left there for years.


Being stuck in a dungeon was not good for Francis, who contracted tuberculosis. He was released early by a charitable organization who cared for sick prisoners. His father paid a ransom, and Francis went home. He was about 1 when he was taken prisoner. He was now .


Francis's Calling


Francis was having troubles at home. After returning defeated, his father was very disappointed. And upset at the money he spent on fine clothes for Francis. When he was recovering from his illness, he was very quiet and spent much time reflecting and praying. He no longer sang. And Assisi was having a hard time recovering from the war.


But after while, things again began to lighten up. Once again, the dream of knighthood was stirred in Francis. It was the time of the Crusades, the Holy Wars. And Francis was drawn to go. This time he would come back victorious. His father spent the equivalent of a large farm fro the armor and horse of Francis. And so Francis went off once again.


While on his way to Spoleto, Francis fell ill, and lodged with his squire in an inn. In the silence of the night, a voice called him. The voice asked Francis what he was going to do. When Francis explained, the voice said "Who can give you more, the master of the servant?"


Answered Francis "The master"


And the voice said "Then why do you abandon the master for the servant and the prince for the vassal?"


Francis asked "What do you wish me to do, Lord?"


"Return to the land you were born in and you will be told what to do."


Francis stayed in Spoleto when he caught a case of quartan auge. When he was well again, he started on the road home. While passing through Foligno he stopped. He could not wear his armor home. What a pathetic sight And knight in unblemished armor. Francis sold his horse and armor and bought himself some simple clothes. He came home, and the arguments with his father began. His father had spent so much money--the sum of a large farm!--and what did Francis have to show for it? Nothing!


One day, after returning home, Francis changed. He suddenly was converted. He gave alms to every beggar. Should he run out of money, he would give the poor his cap, his tunic, his belt. He once discreetly made a gift of his lovely shirt to a poor wretch. He started to wear simple clothes. He was full of love for God. His mother was so proud. This generous Christian boy was hers son. But his father...


One day, while in this spiritual drunkenness, Francis was walking in the countryside. He ventured out as far as San Damiano, a small church, crumbling with age. Inside the church was a large crucifix, beautifully painted with the image of Christ. Francis fell on his knees before the cross. And then, the crucifix spoke. It said "Francis, repair my house".


About this time, Francis made a pilgrimage to Rome. Upon arriving, he immediately went to the Church of Saint Peter. As he stood on the steps of the great church, he noticed all the beggars on the steps, pulling at the clothes and crying in the ears of all who entered. Francis thought "Here in Rome, where so many men are rich, wise, and holy, is there no one who would take acre of these miserable creatures?" And, acting on a moments impulse, he exchanged clothes with a beggar and for the rest of the day begged on the steps of Saint Peter's. This one day of begging helped him understand the poor. And the more he understood, the more he could help.


Soon Francis's father was enraged at the way his son ways acting. He beat him, and locked him up. So finally, Francis, in front of the bishop, took off all his clothes and laid them and his money at the feet of his father, and said "I used to say, 'my father, Peitro di Bernardone', but now I shall only say 'Our Father, who art in heaven' "Bernardone greedily gathered up the clothes without a second look. Francis was no longer his son. And the bishop came and covered the young man with his cloak. Then the bishop gave Francis an old gardener's cloak. Francis had never been happier.


Now, Francis still had to rebuild the church of San Damiano. He danced and sang of the love of God in the streets, asking not for money, but for stones and mortar. And people gave them to him. So, with his own hands, he rebuilt the Church of San Damiano.


Francis cared for the sick and the poor. He was never ashamed to touch anyone, and even kissed the hands of a leper. Soon, others would join Francis in his life of poverty.


Many young men, inspired by Francis, also wished to change their lives. Francis told them to give all they had to the poor. The first two were Bernardo di Quintavalle and Peitro dei Cattani, and they lived with Francis in huts of branches and mud by Portiuncula. Soon, many others joined the group and they moved to a small, rotten shed in a place called Rivo Torto. They led a hard life. Sometimes, there would be nothing to eat and the could would freeze them. Later they went to Rome for the Pope's blessing. At first he declined, but a vision was shown to him in a dream. Francis was saving the church.


The Works of Saint Francis


Saint Francis, leader of the Friars Minor, was known for his love of the poor and destitute. There are many accounts of works he has done concerning lepers, poor, sick, and old. Near the convent where Saint Francis lived was a hospital for leprosy and other ailments, where many of the Brothers worked. As it was, in this hospital was a leper who was impatient, rude, and blasphemed God and The Virgin Mary, to the extent it disturbed the brethren. They presented the case to Saint Francis, who visited the leper. Upon entering, he said "May God give you peace, my beloved brother!" to which the leper replied, "What peace can I look for from God, who has taken from me every blessing and made me this disgusting object?" Francis answered, "My son, be patient; the infirmities of the body are given by God in this world for salvation in the next. There is great merit in them when patiently endured." Said the foul creature "How can I patiently bear the pain that afflicts me night and d!


ay? For not only am I afflicted by my infirmity, but the friars the hast sent to care for me do serve to make it only worse, for they do not serve me as they ought." St. Francis then said, "My son, I myself will serve thee, seeing as thou art not satisfied with the others." Came the answer, "What can thou do more than they have done?" "Whatever thou wishest I shall do for thee" "I want then, that you wash me all over; for I am so disgusting that I cannot bear myself." Said the leper. Francis heated some water, and then adding odiferous herbs, undressed him and began to wash him with his own hands, and then by some miracle, when the holy hands of Francis touched the body, the leprosy disappeared, the flesh was healed! And as the body of the leper healed, so did his soul. Seeing his leprosy vanish, the man felt great repentance for his sins, and began to weep bitterly. Feeling himself so healed in body and soul, he cried out "Unhappy me! I am worthy of Hell for the wickedness I!


have done against the brethren, and my blasphemy of the Lord!" He prayed for days, and he soon died at peace with God.


St. Francis has also been known for his love of animals. Many stories are told of Saint Francis with birds, fish, and beasts. One of the best known stories may be that of the Wolf at Gubbio.


There was a time when Saint Francis lived in a town called Gubbio. One day a large and dangerous wolf appeared in the neighborhood, a wolf so large and fierce it had no problem killing a sheep or a man. The people of Gubbio lived in fear of the wolf and would not even venture out of the city walls. Upon hearing of this, Saint Francis opened the gates of the city and began to approach the wolf. At seeing saint Francis the wolf lunged at the man, but quickly made the sign of the cross and called out "Come hither, Brother wolf; I command thee not to harm me." And as meekly as a lamb the wolf lay down at Francis's feet. "Brother wolf" began Francis, "Brother wolf, thou hast done much evil in this land destroying and killing the creatures of God without permission, yea, not only animals, but men, too, created in the likeness of God, for which thou art worthy of being hanged like a murderer. All men cry out against thee; dogs pursue thee ; all the inhabitants of this city are thy!


enemies. But I will make peace between them and thee, O brother wolf, If thou would give me a promise not to offend them any more." The wolf, as best could, made it clear he agreed with everything Saint Francis said. Saint Francis said again "If thou dost make peace, I promise thee the inhabitants of the city will feed thee every day for as long as thou shalt live among them, thou shalt no longer suffer hunger, as hunger has caused all this. But if I obtain such things, you must promise on thy side to never again harm men or sheep or any animal; dost thou promise?" Again, the wolf made signs he consented. Saint Francis then said "Brother wolf, give me a sign of thy pledge." And then the wolf put his paw into Francis's hand. "Come now, before the people and show them you are no longer a threat." So the wolf and Francis went back to the town and again performed this miracle to show all the peace of the wolf, and the people gladly accepted to feed him. So for many days, the wolf!


went meekly from house to house and the people feed him. And when he died after years, the people grieved his death, for his humble presence had always remind them of Saint Francis.


These two examples are nothing but a taste of the works of saint Francis. The saint has done much more, along with the Friars Minor, and would later pray so hard he received visions, and ultimately, the holy stigmata.


About the Diorama The Christmas at Greccio


The Christmas at Greccio, the Living Nativity, was brought about by Saint Francis, in an attempt to make people remember the meaning of Christmas. In front of the Church of Greccio, a real stable was set up and real animals brought to the scene; a real child was placed in the manger. Midnight Mass was said for the people in the little stable. And once again, recreated, the people saw where the Christ Child had been born. Some say this was the inspiration for the crèche, or nativity scene many people now have in their homes at Christmas.


Conclusion


The Francis Timeline


118 Birth of Francis


106 The cross speaks to Francis at San Damiano


10 Pope Innocent II give oral approval of the Rule


14 Francis receives the Stigmata


16 Francis dies


18 Francis is proclaimed a Saint


10 The body of Saint Francis is taken to the Basilica of San Francisco


1818 The body of Saint Francis is recovered during excavations in Basilia


18 Pope Pius XII proclaims Saint Francis Patron of Italy


180 Pope John Paul II proclaims Saint Francis Patron of Ecology


The feast day of Saint Francis is October 4.


I had a lot of fun doing this report and learned a lot about my conformation namesake, Saint Francis of Assisi.


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Monday, March 9, 2020

Health & safety

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In 170, The U.S. Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act (amended in 10), which consolidated a myriad of state and federal rules and laws addressing worker health and safety into one major legislative act. That law created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which is housed in the Department of Labor and headed by an assistant secretary for Safety and Health. Prior to the passage of this legislation, the rules regarding the safety and health of American workers varied considerably from state to state and across the diversity of agricultural and industrial workplace settings. OSHAs mission was to bring some regularity to safety and health standards, and thereby to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect the health of all 100 million American workers. OSHAs task is to work with the 61/ million employers affected by the legislation and with counterpart agencies (there are currently 5) at the state level. OSHA receives scientific and technical assistance from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), one of the institutes of the NIH.


In its first 5 years, OSHA claims some credit for the following workplace safety and health improvements Workplace deaths have been reduced by 50 percent; OSHAs cotton dust standard has virtually reduced brown lung disease in the textile industry; deaths from construction trench cave-ins have declined by 5 percent; and OSHAs lead standard has reduced blood poisoning in battery plant and smelter workers by 67 percent. In industries where OSHA inspections have been focused, there has been an average reduction of injury and illness of percent; where OSHA has been less vigilant, injury and illness has remained at similar levels or has increased. In spite of these improvements, problems remain. About 6,000 American workers die annually from workplace injuries; an estimated 50,000 die from illnesses caused by workplace chemical exposures; and 6 million suffer nonfatal workplace injuries each year.


OSHA undertakes two tasks. It sets regulations deemed necessary for employee safety and health�e.g., machine parts must be guarded, stairways must have handrails, employees must not be exposed to harmful levels of toxic chemicals�and then inspects workplaces to determine compliance. Not surprisingly, the agency has been most successful in setting standards where the causes and effects of injury or illness are easily established and for which there are clear and practicable remedies. Where causes are more ambiguous, where effects show up only decades later, and where there is disagreement among scientists about safety thresholds (as is this case with many chemical exposures), OSHA has encountered stiff resistance from employers and costly legal challenges. Enforcement at millions of workplace settings has been compromised by a relatively small staff of inspectors (,100) attached to 00 offices across the country.


The work of the agency has also been hampered by the public view that OSHAs rules too often are unnecessarily complex and unreasonable when applied uniformly to the variety of workplace settings. In some quarters, OSHA is viewed as an agency that has lost sight of its primary goal of protecting workers and is instead hopelessly snarled in red tape and excessive paperwork. In an era of weaker labor unions and with government and business elites focused on downsizing as a means to enhance American global competitiveness, OSHA has had to rethink its strategies for better compliance. In an effort to encourage employers to develop their own strong and effective health and safety programs, OSHA offers them two options for meeting their obligations under the law partnership or the usual means of enforcement. Partnership rewards employers who establish their own comprehensive health and safety programs with the promise of onsite inspections, penalty reductions, and highest priority for assistance when needed. Firms that do not opt for partnership and set up their own programs will face strong and traditional enforcement procedures. An experiment with this approach has been initiated in Maine, where 00 firms with the highest incidence of injuries were offered the choice of partnership or consensual enforcement mechanisms. All but two chose partnership, and the success to date has encouraged OSHA to develop ways to nationalize the Maine 00 concept. OSHA has also initiated a process to streamline and rationalize current regulations so that they are up-to-date and sensible for todays workplace environment. Moreover, efforts are underway to reduce paperwork requirements in order to focus on safety and health results, not red tape. Time will tell whether these changes improve the publics confidence in OSHAs ability to protect worker safety and health.�T.I.Cheap Custom Essays on Health & safety


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