The Morality Of Us Bombing Of Hiroshima

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THE ATOMIC BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI WAS IT NECESSARY? Christopher Philippi HS-10 May , 1 On August 6 and , 145, the only atomic bombs ever used in warfare were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The mass destruction and numerous deaths caused by those bombs ultimately put an end to World War II. Was this the only way to end the war, however? Could this killing of innocent Japanese citizens had been avoided and the war still ended quickly. This paper will go into this controversial topic. First, a summary of the events leading up to the bombing and the events that followed With the end of the European war, the Allies focused their efforts on Japan. Though they were losing miserably, the Japanese continued to fight back. The Potsdam Proclamation was issued to the Japanese. It made no mention of Japan's central surrender condition, the status of the Emperor. In Japan, the Emperor was viewed as a god. Therefore, Japan rejected the Potsdam Proclamation. The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Russia declared war against Japan. Japan, because of its military, still refused to surrender. The Japanese government voted against surrender. Japanese believe in "death before dishonor." Japanese peace advocates feared for the safety of the Emperor. They begged him to break with tradition and make government policy by calling for peace now. As a result of the Emperor's call to surrender, the entire Japanese cabinet, including the military, agreed to surrender. The cabinet saw that this would allow the Emperor to be retained. The Japanese would have fought to the death if they did not feel the Emperor would have been spared. They may have been fighting a losing battle, but they saw unconditional surrender as a threat to the Emperor. President Truman had been advised of the importance of the Emperor to the Japanese. Japan was seeking Russia's help to end the war in July 145. The U.S. was aware of this at the time through intercepted Japanese cables. But, the U.S. did not keep up with this change in Japan's position. Instead the U.S. chose military methods of ending the war rather than diplomatic methods. The desire for revenge helped make military methods more attractive. After the creation of the atomic bomb was complete and before it was dropped there was uncertainty to whether or not it should be used. Many scientists argued that it should not be used. Truman had a difficult decision to make. He had much advice given to him towards making a decision. Leo Szilard's first version of his petition was more strongly worded than the final version. Regardless, on July , 145, he presented to President Truman his reasoning for not using the atomic bomb on Japanese cities. It was signed by 58 other scientists. Rejecting the pretense that the targets would be military, the petition called atomic bombs a ruthless annihilation of cities. The bombing of cities had been condemned by the American public only a few years earlier when done by the Germans to England. Previously it had been feared that the U.S. might be attacked by atomic bombs. The only defense then would be a counterattack by the same means. However, with that danger gone such an attack on Japan would be unjustified (Alperovitz 1.) A memorandum by Ralph A. Bard, Undersecretary of the Navy, to Secretary of War Stimson on June 7, 145 stated that before the bomb is ever used Japan should be given a few days notice. This position was based on the humanitarian feelings of our nation. In addition, Bard sensed Japan was searching for an opportunity to surrender. Bard proposed a meeting with the other superpowers, including Japan, before ever using the bomb. On July 16, 145, the atomic bomb was tested over the New Mexico desert. The Trinity Test was a spectacular success. A 6 kilogram sphere of plutonium, compressed to supercriticality by explosive lenses, exploded with a force equal to approximately 0 thousand tons on TNT. The report was done by Col. Stafford Warren, Chief of the Manhattan Project's Medical Section. It showed that the potential for radioactive fallout from the test was an important concern. Fallout from the test exposed a family living 0 miles from Ground Zero to dangerous 4 levels of radiation. The radiation monitors were so concerned they asked permission to talk to the family "to see how they feel (Schull 70)." Dead jackrabbits were found more than 800 yards from zero. A farm house three miles away had doors torn loose and suffered other extensive damage. The light intensity was sufficient at nine miles to have caused temporary blindness. Several observers at 0 miles were bothered by a large blind spot for 15 minutes after the blast. It was determined that exposure to this light from 5 miles away would cause severe damage to the eyes. Thus causing damage sufficient to put the enemy out of action for several days if not permanently. This is if they survived, of course (Schull 77.) The next day Leo Szilard and 6 co-signers at the Manhattan Project Metallurgical Laboratory petitioned President Truman to not use the atomic bomb on Japan. This version of the petition is updated from the first one and comes at an appropriate time following the test on the day before. It said if Japan still refused surrender after a warning of the power of this bomb, then and only then, may it be morally permissible to resort to its use. However, the development of atomic power will provide the nations with new means of destruction. The atomic bombs of today are only a step towards the destructive and scary future. If the U.S. uses this weapon, we will always have to be cautious in the future of other countries using it on us. In response to "Wouldn't the Japanese use it on us?" Possibly. But, Japan has had poison gas at its 5 disposal thoughout the war and has not once used it on American troops. The U.S. must concern itself with the views of other countries in this matter. If we were to violate our moral obligation our country would be weakened in the eyes of others. It would then be more difficult for us to live up to our responsibility of bringing the unloosened forces of destruction under control (Fasching 0.) Regardless of the warnings and advice President Truman still gave the official bombing order, July 5, 145. Truman told his diary that day that he ordered the bomb used. Emphasis had been added to highlight Truman's apparent belief that he had ordered the bomb dropped on a "purely military" target, so that "military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children (Alperovitz 6.) The written order for the use of the atomic bomb against Japanese cities was drafted by General Groves. President Truman and Secretary of War Stimson approved the order at Potsdam. Regardless of what Truman wrote in his diary that day the order made no mention of targeting military objectives or sparing civilians. The cities themselves were the targets. The order was also open-ended. Additional bombs could be dropped as soon as made ready by the project Staff (Schull 7.) Although he never publicly admitted it, President Truman had second thoughts about using atomic bombs on cities. On August 10, 145, having received reports and photographs of the effects of the bombs, Truman 6 ordered a halt to further atomic bombings (Fasching 0.) Is this not evidence that Truman made a mistake in his decision? I do not think this makes Truman a bad guy, though. I believe he truly believed dropping atomic bombs on Japan would save American lives by ending the war sooner. Truman was rushed into the president job, filling in for the late Roosevelt. I do not believe he was prepared for this kind of decision-making. These excuses for Truman do not, however, excuse what the United States did to Japanese civilians. Japan was losing the war miserably anyway. The only thing stringing the Japanese along was their pride and concern for their god, the Emperor. The only reason we would not allow them to surrender was because it wasn't unconditional. However, in the end it was the Emperor that led Japan into surrender and was allowed to remain. So basically it was all pointless. We could have allowed Japan to surrender earlier, keep their emperor, and avoid killing those innocent people. If the U.S. was not successful in making Japan surrender even with allowing the retention of the Emperor there was always the threat of Russian invasion. Then if neither of these alternatives worked, then resort to using the atomic bomb. But at least exhaust all other alternatives first, right? If feeling sorry for the enemy's civilians is not in your taste, think about who else suffered from these bombings. Up to two dozen American prisoners of war were killed by the Hiroshima bomb. The Nagasaki bomb killed Dutch POW's and maybe some Americans as well. Over 1,000 7 Japanese-Americans who were sent to Hiroshima when the war broke out were killed also. The statistics go on and on. It was not just the Japanese that were affected by this catastrophe. Tell the history books to print this version of the story! Alperovitz, Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture Of an American Myth. Alfred A. Knopf New York, 15. Fasching, Darrel J. The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima Apocalypse or Utopia?. State University of New York Press Albany, 1. Schull, William J. Effects of Atomic Radiation A Half-Century of Studies From Hiroshima and Nagasaki. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 15.

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Australian dollar boom

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What are the factors which have caused the relative strengthening of the Aussie Dollar?

The Australian dollar gains its highest level in more than five years. In April 001, the Aussie dollar began the climb from a low of US Dollars 0.47. In July this year, it peaked at US Dollars 0.687. This climb that the Aussie dollar is in is happening due to many factors, some of these factors are internal that happened due internal causes such as

• Government policies.

• Strong Housing cycle.Cheap University Papers on Australian dollar boom

Or due to external factors which are factors that are caused by policies of countries that are directly related to the Australian economy or global or regional markets

• Government policies

The RBA "Reserve Bank Board" major responsibilities are to determine the banks monetary and banking policies. However, since banks are considered a key player in money exchange within the economy that is due to the facts that majority of businesses and people deposit at banks and so with those deposits, the banks overall behavior can influence the quantity of deposits in the economy and there for the money supply. So the RBA major job is to determine monetary policy for the banks and the overall banking sector.

What monetary policy means is the management by the central bank of liquidity conditions in the economy. That is the price and availability of funding for the economy's expenditure. The objectives of monetary policies are to contribute stability of the currency, the maintenance of full employment, and the economic prosperity and welfare of the people of Australia. (J.Gans, S.King, R.Stonecash & G.Mankiw, 000)

The long-run objective of monetary policy is to influence the rate of growth in the economy and the level of prices. When the overall economic growth is too fast, this put pressure on prices so the RBA will implement a tightening of monetary policy to slow the economy. But when the economy is experiencing slow growth, the RBA will implement expansionary monetary policy.

However, the RBA influence the liquidity or the amount of cash in the economy by buying and selling government securities. If the RBA decides to change the amount of cash in the economy, it can either purchase government securities from financial institutions or sell them to financial institutions in the nation's bond market.

Such policies like monetary policy the RBA conducts within the economy, this is considered an important cause to the strength of the overall dollar power within the economy and overseas markets. When the RBA control the liquidity of money within the economy, that for sure would increase the credibility of the overall Australian market and so that would attract overseas investments that is due to the stability within the economy and the country currency.

Fiscal policy is the use of government taxing and spending powers to affect the behavior of the economy. The economys total output, income and employment levels are directly related to total private and public spending or aggregate demand. Private pending consists of purchases of goods and services by consumers, by businesses for investment, and net exports (exports minus imports). For their part, governments raise revenues from taxes such as the income tax, sales taxes and payroll taxes, and from other sources to spend on such things as health care, education, pensions, social assistance, and defense (P.Grdy, 18)

So when any government implements such policy like the fiscal policy, the overall market will keep on being managed to maintain stability.

• Strong Housing cycle

Australia's continuing growth is considered a good sign of overall growth within the Australian economy. A strong housing cycle which is caused by the Australian government first home owners' scheme whereby first home owners were awarded grants between AUD 7,000 -14,000 to purchase homes.

The current explosive expansion of house building and buying is happening because of the fact that any person can borrow as much as he like provided that he can afford to pay the interest rates. However, over the last decade, the ratio of household debt to household annual disposable income has gone from 56 per cent to 15 per cent.

What did most to faster the remarkably extended boom in lending for housing and house prices was the return to low inflation. This permitted Australians households roughly to double their borrowing without mortgage payments getting more burdensome.

For decades Australians had wanted to borrow more for housing, but couldn't do so because of the limits on bank lending and because nominal interest rates were too high. And so with such a boom in borrowing or lending money from banks and financial institutions, the building industry will boom too and exporters for products that are needed will benefit and most important this will reflect how the over all domestic growth within the economy is high and so that would attract overseas investments and so that would help to give the dollar a push.

• External factors

One aspect of Australia's recent economic performance that has received favorable comment is the behavior of the exchange rate. When the American crisis erupted, the exchange rate fell so that at its low it had fallen by a very significant amount. Unlike a number of countries in the region, interest rates were not raised to defend the exchange rate.

The Australian dollar is strengthening against most currencies, but the most watched currency is the US dollar. The Australian dollar hasnt been so much out performing; rather the US dollar has been under performing, which is consistent with the US domestic economy.

The Australian economy has outperformed the US economy, but with the Australian economy being so small, there are other factors at play.

The major factor is the yield differential between the two countries. Australia's official interest rate is 4.75 per cent, whereas in the US it is 1 per cent. That is a .5 per cent interest rate difference, which creates demand for the Australian dollar.

The fact the Australian Reserve Bank did not cut interest rates increased the demand for Australian dollars. Investors are choosing to invest in Australian fixed income securities as they are giving a higher return than their US counterpart. Also Australia offers economic and political stability, which should support the Australian dollar at this level.

We have tended to exaggerate the size of the fall in the Australian dollar by looking only at the Australian dollar/US dollar rate. At least half of the story was that the US dollar strength rather than Australian dollar weakness.

What has been the impact on the Australian economy and which industry sector have been affected most and why?

A) Australias economic performance is expected to keep as one of the strongest economies of the developed world in 00 and 004.

Despite a very weak and uncertain international economy, the Australian economy is expected to grow by a per cent in 00.With such high expectations compared to other advanced economies such as the US the European Union and Japan, the over all performance of the economy would appear in a good form. First quarter figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics shows how the Australian economy performed well during the first quarter of this year despite the weak economic conditions worldwide.

Figures show that the economy expanded by 0.7 per cent compared to 0.4 per cent in 4th quarter of 00. However, annual growth slowed to . per cent from .0 per cent

Australian GDP grew by up to .0 per cent over the year 00. However when comparing GDP between Australia and the US would show how the Australian economy is as strong as the US whose GDP is currently at . per cent. . ( Thecourrer-mail, 00 )

However, there are many factors that affect the overall GDP result. In Australia, the net exports have affected the over all economic growth within the country that is exporters have suffered from a weak world economy and the rise of the Australian dollar exchange rate. Meanwhile Australian imports have grown quickly due to the strong domestic economy

The Australian economy has attracted a fair bit of favorable attention because it has performed so well during the global financial crises. This is because the good performance of the Australian economy is not just a recent event, but something that has been unfolding over the past decade.

B) -1- Companies and businesses that are highly dependable on their exports are most affected. The cheap Australian dollar has been an important contributor to most of Australians exporters. The value of exports rose 1% in 000-01, to 15.4billion. Exports of primary products rose %, exports for manufactures rose 16% and exports for services rose 16%. (J.Kavanagh, 00)

With such high currency of the Aussie dollar, exporters expect less income and local companies expects higher competition from importers.

Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Commodities account for 57% of the value of total exports, so that a downturn in world commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in international markets continues to be severe. And so local manufacturers that exports their good are expected to gain less market share overseas due to the high exchange rate of the Australian dollar and so that will for sure affect the way these companies explore the international markets which would be different than when the dollar was week.

The effect of big exporters is hard to assess. Big exporters are operating on long term contracts and use currency hedging would be highly affected with any fluctuation of the dollar currency so their earnings. With the higher value of Australias dollar, exporters will suffer more because major commodities prices are set in US dollars.

-- A strong Australian dollar is considered a real threat for the overall tourism industry. While many industries will be affected adversely by the strong Aussie dollar others will gain more profits from such high dollar like companies that export their products overseas.

Tourism plays a key role in the Australian economy, employing six percent of Australia's workforce and accounting for $1 billion or 4.5 percent of Australia's gross domestic product (GDP) in 001-0.

In 00, the number of international visitors to Australia totaled 4.8 million, representing a 0. percent decrease compared to 001. (Buyusa, 00)

For people coming to Australia a weak Australian dollar presents a real opportunity for the overall truism industry that is international visitors can get better value fro their dollar. But with such strong dollar with a high exchange rate, international visitors are less likely to come to Australia due to the low value there local currency can be changed with the Aussie dollar.

In 00, international travel to Australia is forecast to fall by 5. percent to approximately 4.6 million visitors, the lowest since 1. A number of factors have caused the decrease in international travel demand to Australia, including the terrorism events of September 11, high aussie dollar, the October 00 terrorist bombing in Bali ,the Iraq war and SARS.( Buyusa, 00)

What effects has a strengthening dollar had on the ways in which public companies market their products overseas?

For an exporter a weak dollar means that the price of the Australian products is more competitive. On the other side a strong dollar means that the exports became more expensive and thus impact on a country's competitiveness and profitability. Exporters in different industry sectors have been impacted by the recent strengthening of the Australian dollar. Parker (00) says that "whatever the cause (of the strengthening of the dollar), the currency's relative strength is bad news for exporters. Anecdotal evidence, however, indicates that few exporters depended on weak dollar for a profit margin; it was seen as bonus rather than a prerequisite. Nevertheless, exporters will begin to suffer if the climb continues." Australia Industry Group (00) adds that "for over one in three exporters (6%) the dollar appreciation has contributed to a lowering of competitiveness. As a consequence, many of these firms have suffered deterioration in export volumes, with 7% of exporters experiencing a decline. The fall reflects on the combined impact of weaker global demand and appreciating currency". This has forced many of the companies to change the way they market the products overseas in the way they promote their products, price, and have even expanded the places they sell. We are going to look at comments made by different market leaders in different industries regarding their marketing strategies.

AAP wrote in their finance news (00) that out of "0 companies, including 560 exporters, surveyed about the impact on them by the Australian dollars gains against its United States counterpart. Companies most at risk of losing exports - and suffering lower profits as a consequence - were those exporting food, beverages and basic metals The report added that some of the exporters more prone to negative effects of the rising dollar were looking to source more of their supplies from overseas in order to maintain their profits".

Sustainable farming economic news (00), says that during May, the only thing preventing a much larger fall in the Westpac-NFF rural commodity index was a 1% increase in wheat prices, NFF Economics Committee chair Charles Burke said. The index fell by 0.4 % during May, as the strengthening Australian dollar continued to put prices under pressure. The higher dollar offset a large increase in wheat prices. Meanwhile, all other prices in the index (cotton, sugar, canola, beef and wool) fell in value. Mr Burke said the large increases in the Australian dollar over the past months had hit farmers hard. The Australian dollar has increased by 7 % since September 001, unwinding the benefit of the low dollar for farm incomes, he said.

Wool prices"have fallen marginally due to the decreased demand from the Chinese and European buyers, the rising AUD and the increased supply (with more than 75,000 bales being offered for sale nationally) were identified as the reasons for the general slide in prices… The decline in sales has forced the government to open up to more trading contracts with different countries example Uruguay, Chinese food group." (Ernst & Young Food &Agribusiness 00),

In the wine industry reduction in the price of the wine overseas has became a current trend to help the companies stay competitive at an international level "Australian vintners are selling more wine overseas but making less money from it, according to new figures from the Australian Wine & Brandy Corporation" (Gettler, 00). Australian wine producers are stepping up their marketing push in North America and Europe in a race to reach $ billion in exports by December......The Australian Wine Export Council said growth in Britain was slowing and the focus was shifting toward the US (France-Presse, 00)

The chief economist at the Australian Trade Commission, Tim Harcourt, suggests a higher-value dollar should not deter exporters from pursing offshore sales, at least in the medium term..."Exporting is a difficult process that relies on patience, trust, commitment and the building of relationships with suppliers and customers in overseas countries, Australia's export success can't depend on exchange rates alone" " he said (Global supermarket, 00).

Phil Rosser, senior manager of Trade Development at Sydney Ports believes the growing imbalance between imports and exports will turn out to be more significant for Australia. "The economy is strong so we're drawing in imports like crazy and exports have dropped off," he said. "This is more than just the effects of the drought. Some export lines have fallen because there has been a drop in demand from overseas, like cotton. Cotton plantings were being reduced even before the drought set in because there was a lack of demand." It's a welcome move away from simply exporting commodities and concentrating, instead, on processing food products and value-adding, from everything I've seen, that trend is holding up" he said (Global supermarket, 00).

Australian exporters could survive the higher exchange rate if they pursued quality and productivity, an economist said. Tim Harcourt, the chief economist with AusTrade, said the higher Australian dollar was certainly making life difficult for many exporters. While it is tough for some at the moment, Australian exporters have shown their resilience through thick and through thin, he said." And their capacity to build export markets, nurture relationships and find new ways of creating value and improving productivity will continue even if it means living with a higher dollar. But he said there were opportunities, particularly in countries with young populations such as China and Indonesia, for Australian exporters. Customer service standards, product quality, brand building, marketing, management ability, levels of education and training and the capacity to build long-term relationships with overseas clients, customers and business partners are all factors that have helped Australian businesses to achieve export success on a sustainable basis, he said. "All of these factors require long-term commitment, whatever exchange rate fluctuations maybe occurring in the financial markets in any given day (Aus trade, 00).

In South Korea recently, after a visit to Japan, Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA) managing director Mark Spurr said ongoing promotions in both countries had been critical to positioning Australia as a supplier of quality beef. Over the past 1 months in Japan a major MLA promotion program (funded with support from the Australian Government, processors and industry) has involved more than 4,000 in-store demonstrations, trade seminars, retail promotions and consumer awareness campaigns. He said the strength of consumer demand in Japan was evident in the stronger export prices for our beef to Japan. In Korea, the Hoju Chungjungwoo brand launched last year promoting the clean, natural and safe attributes of Australian beef already enjoys 0 percent brand awareness (Global Supermarket, 00).

From all the above comments we see that exporters are doing their best not to be dragged out of market by the exchange rates movements. Emphasis is being paid to the products being distributed and the customers (building relationships).

What strategies are required during times of adverse currency movement to cushion volume/profit volatility?

Currency risks can affect the growth and profitability of a company. If a company is exporting as seen above the strengthening of a currency can mean low competitiveness, low profits and negative growth. If a company is exporting a weak currency means the same implications as above. It is therefore important to manage or cushion the risk associated with currency movements. This can be done though the use of several strategies which we shall discuss in depth. During this discussion we are going to assume the position of an Australian agricultural company that specialises in both imports and exports of agricultural commodities and equipments.

Strategies used

Forward rate agreement This is a contract to buy or sell currency at an agreed upon exchange rate at a specific date in the future. This allows the exporter or importer to contract with another party to assume the risk of adverse currency movements (Price, 000). This is done by a financial institution mostly banks. The company gets contracted by an overseas market to export a certain bales of wool to a Chinese market at a set later date; the amount contracted may be in a Chinese currency. In this case the company can sell this currency at the present time to a bank or financial institution. These two negotiate a price and come to a standardized agreement. The negotiated amount maybe AUD million. If the exchange rate has moved against the exporting company between the date of contract and the settlement date the company is thereby protected. On the other hand the company foregoes the potential windfall of favourable exchange rate movement (Price, 00). This kind of strategy protects the growth of the company by preventing the large gap between huge profits and huge loss at different times due to currency movements. The company is assured of what to expect in the future and can be able to make other growth decisions or facts basing on this.

Exchange-Based futures In this strategy the company can "eliminate exchange risk ("hedge") by using a futures contract to offset the risk involved in receiving foreign currency as payment for an overseas sale" (Price, 00). Currency futures contracts are used primarily as price-setting mechanisms rather than for the physical exchange of currencies. The contract is cash settled; that is, following the final trading session (on the last business day of the month prior to the futures contract month), one last mark-to-market and cash adjustment takes place (Kawaller, 00).By taking this short position the exporter will make a profit if the value of the currency falls, which will offset the currency related loss of the product sale (price, 00). An example of this can be illustrated in the import of agricultural equipments, our company makes a contract with Japan and the contracted amount (in Japanese Yen) is to be paid in a 0 day period, the rate specified is the exchange rate at the day that the contract is made. If we pay before the end of the 0 day period, we can buy the Yen in that day exchange rate to pay the amount it would cost in Japanese Yen. If the Aus dollar is higher we make profit if it is low, we might as well wait for the payment date.

Future hedging between companies In this kind of hedging unlike the one mentioned above does not involve a financial institution. It is a contracted agreement between two trading partners. During the wheat of season our company might decide to enter into a contract promising to sell a certain amount of wheat for a certain price in Aus dollar to Saudi Arabia. At that particular time none of the parties know the exchange rate but a decision is reached when the two partners negotiate and reach an agreed rate. At the time the actual exchange occurs if the Aus dollar is high we make a loss if it is high we profit. This way we protect ourselves from unexpected huge losses.

Options Financial Insurance Foreign Currency Options can provide a fixed exchange rate for a future date if rates move adversely, but also provide the added flexibility of being able to use the prevailing spot rate if rates have moved favourably. If you buy a foreign currency option, you get the right to choose, on an agreed future date, whether you want to exercise the option and transact at the option's exchange rate or not. If the spot rate is more favourable than the option's exchange rate, then you will choose to transact at the spot rate. However, if the spot rate is less favourable you will use the option. (ANZ, 00). This can be illustrated in a case where our company decides to sell dairy products to Japan at 5million Yen on a 60 days terms. If the value of the Aus dollar rises in this period, the value of sales falls and therefore our company makes a profit, if the value of the dollar falls, our company has the financial insurance (option).

One strategy that can be used to protest against surging in growth due to adverse currency movements is when a country decided to open up companies in other country to serve the domestic market it important to invest with the countries currency rather than your own. For example for every country that our company has opened up a dairy produce outlet all the products are sold in the local currency. This way each country is given its own growth standards.

In an exports level however it is advisable to use one currency to make sales. Example use of the Aus dollar regardless of the country of buyer. This buffers the risks associated with dealing with too many currency exchange rates.

Reference

• J.Gans, S.King, R.Stonecash, N.Mankiw.(000) Principles of Economics. Harcourt Australia NSW (000).

• Patrik Grady(17), Fiscal Policy Relevancy. The 18 Canadian Encyclopedia.

• Thecourier-mail (no date), Shoppers push up economy The courier-mail news [online] Availabe

http//thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,56,654010%55E170,00.html (August 00)

• John Kavanagh (unknown date), Dollar Good for some. [online] Availabe http//brw.com.au/Stories/00061/1557.aspx

• Buyusa.com(no date), Economic Trends and Outlook for Australia [online] Availabe http//www.buyusa.gov/australia/en/economy.html#_section8

• AAP (May, 00), $A a danger for exporters AAP News. [online] Available http//www.optus.net/news/story/aap/00050/07/business/dollar-companies-fed.inp

(August 00).

• ANZ (no-date). International trade Forward Exchange Contracts. Retrieved on Retrieved 1st August 00

Available http//www.anz.com/business/international_trade/INT_forwexcontracts.asp

• Ai Group (May 00), Big Issues call for Big Ideas The Implications of the rising Australia Dollar. Australian Industrial Group. Available www.aigroup.asn.au/.../publications/reports/general_reports/ publications_report_nat_aust_dollar_pu_05080.pdf

• Aus trade (September, 00) News Exporters can survive higher dollar. Available http//www.ferret.com.au/articles/d/0c0180d.asp

• Price, J (no-date). Managing Currency Rate Movement Weighing the Options. Stock market Software and Education [online]. Available http//www.sherlockinvesting.com/articles/currency.htm

• Farming economic news (June, 00). Dollar strength cost $bn Farming economic news. Available http//www.ipmworld.com.au/articles.php?rc=8

• France-Presse, A (August, 00). News Interactive Wine exports soar. The New Courier mail. Retrieved 8th August 00. Availablehttp//www.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,4057,68600%55E41,00.html

• Gettler (June, 00). Sydney Morning Herald Strong dollar erodes wine export profits. Available http//www.smh.com.au/articles/00/07/10/105778118.html

• Global Supermarket (June, 00).Logistics Dollar and sense. Global Supermarket. Available http//www.globalsupermarket.com.au/logistics.html

• Global Supermarket, (June, 00),. Marketing Beef promotions drive sales. Retrieved on th August 00

Available http//www.globalsupermarket.com.au/marketing.html

• Parker, D (00), Business travel High-voltage dollar a buyer bonanza. The Australian. Available http//www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,6548466%55E557,00.html

Please note that this sample paper on Australian dollar boom is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Australian dollar boom, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Australian dollar boom will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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RELATIONSHIP MARKETING

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the dyadic relationship of a buyer and a seller, bonding can be described as a dynamic process that is progressive over time (Dwyer et al., 187; Ganesan, 14; Levitt, 18). The bonding process begins with the very basic force of the need for a seller to find a buyer for their product, and the desire for a buyer to purchase a product that will satisfy their needs. As time goes on, this relationship then advances toward interdependency between the buyer and the seller, which will finally lead to a situation between the two where there is total commitment on the part of both parties. Termination costs now restrict or almost prohibit an easy dissolution of the bond. At this advanced stage in the relationship, the bonds are so solidified that they are almost impossible to break (Heide and Weiss, 15).

At the lowest or most rudimentary level, bonding begins as a result of the fulfillment of a basic business need on the part of both parties involved, and then grows as a social relationship develops between the vendor and the customer. One has a product/service to sell and the other has need of purchasing a product/service. Whether or not a bond will develop between the two parties, depends on such factors as the fit between the vendors product/service and the sellers needs, the price of the vendors product/service (Berry, 15), the expertise of the vendor at providing a quality product/service and quality follow-up service (Sheth, 14), and the ability of the seller organization to make and keep realistic promises to the customer (Bitner, 15).

The influence of some of these factors mentioned above was reflected in the study done in the mainframe computer market referred to previously. When asked what factors were important to their satisfaction with their mainframe vendor, a majority of the participants offered the following a high level of technical knowledge of the account representative, post purchase follow-up by the vendor (other than to sell an ancillary product), and a vendor who maintains good communication with the customer (Cann, 15). It is believed that these intangible factors brought forth by the focus group participants are a reflection of what they expect from a basic business relationship with a vendor. At this level of the relationship, the bonds that hold the two parties together are rather weak and can be broken without a great deal of disruption or cost to either party. After the basic business relationship is established, and, if the two parties like each other, a social bond begins to develop as time progresses and the two parties experience more and more satisfying interaction (Dwyer et al., 187).

Social bondingCustom writing service can write essays on RELATIONSHIP MARKETING

The social bond is an outgrowth of personal relationships that develop between the parties involved from both the buyer and the seller organization. The better the personal fit between the parties, the stronger the social bonds. Wilson (15) explains that studies that have been done on social bonding reveal that if a strong personal relationship develops between the buyer and the seller, both parties will be more interested in continuing the relationship.

One example of social bonding also comes out of the focus group interviews that were done for the mainframe computer industry. An overwhelming number of participants answered that less turnover of account representatives made them more satisfied with their vendor (Cann, 15). The reason for this was that when the customer became familiar and comfortable with the account representative, they did not want to have to go through another period of adjustment with someone new. The participants added that often they liked their current representative and were never sure if a new one would fit in as well.

Czepiel (10) emphasizes how important closing social distances are for a long-term relationship in service situations. He states that, The three-Martini lunch does have a real purpose. Gaining a buyers trust is a critical task in many marketplace settings . . . , and establishing a social relationship parallel to the professional is a more `natural approach than a legal contract (p. 04).

Proposition The stronger the social bond between the buyer and the seller, the greater the possibility that the relationship and the bonding process will continue.

Step eight add value to the relationship

As the two partners experience repeated business exchanges that have resulted in satisfying outcomes, the relationship begins to move toward a new level (Ganesan, 14; Webster, 1). Anderson (15) suggests that these repeated exchanges or business strands add value to the relationship. It is this authors contention that it takes more than just successful repeated exchanges between the buyer and the seller to add value to the relationship. The author believes that to attain an even stronger bond, the seller must do more than provide a quality product and service. The seller must make an extraordinary effort. Social bonding in the relationship creates added value to some degree by creating a comfortable, trusting atmosphere to do business in. However, to add real value to the relationship requires the seller to provide exceptional service.

The author proposes that the ultimate service support is provided when the vendor aids the customer with implementation of a new product. This process of implementation consists of all of the necessary changes the organization needs to make to prepare for acceptance of a new product (Cann and Burger, 16). The implementation process also involves learning to use the product to its full potential (Cann and Burger, 16). In the case of a high technology product such as a mainframe computer, vendor involvement with implementation can provide much needed help to the customer organization. Tornatzky and Fleischer (10) indicate that implementation is one of the most critical aspects of new product introduction and acceptance into an organization, but yet it is often the most overlooked. The changes that implementation can bring with it can involve everything from resistance to change by users to the redesigning of departments or divisions to changes in human resource policies and procedures to changes in the physical plant. The author contends that it should be part of the service relational marketing effort of the seller to help the buyer to overcome these substantial and risky changes so that the implementation process will be less invasive, meet with less resistance, and cause fewer disruptions to the buyer organization. It is suggested that this type of extraordinary marketing effort on behalf of the seller adds value to the relationship by satisfying the customers need for a vendor who provides solutions, helps to solve problems and offers a true partnership.

Proposition 4 The greater the participation by the seller in the implementation process of the new product into the customers organization, the greater the added value to the relationship.

This is also the stage of the relationship where trust begins to mature between the two parties, as they become involved in a tighter more sophisticated relationship (Wilson, 15). As Ganesan (14) explains, trust in the relationship occurs over time and is a consequence of repeated satisfying interactions between the buyer and the seller.

Outcomes

Satisfying the customer should be a primary goal of the marketing strategy. Studies have demonstrated that customer satisfaction leads to customer loyalty and positive repeat purchase intentions (Anderson and Sullivan, 1; Fornell et al., 16; Patterson et al., 17). However, since satisfaction is cumulative, as explained above, it takes an effort both inside and outside of the selling firm to ensure customer satisfaction.

Satisfaction

The promises made to the customer from signaling can be equated with expectations. Disconfirmation, or the difference between these expectations and the actual performance of the product or service, strongly influences the customers satisfaction (Patterson et al., 17). The results of research into business-to-business, high involvement, professional services by Patterson et al. (17) indicates that ...consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction is the crucial link in establishing longer-term client relationships and thus the strategic wellbeing of the organization (p. 14).

It is satisfaction that allows a basic business relationship to progress to the point where a high level of commitment exists between the parties involved, and where the dissolution of the relationship becomes increasingly difficult because of the strong bond that has developed. Under these circumstances, satisfaction is cumulative in nature (Boulding et al., 1). Anderson et al. (14a, p. 54) describe cumulative customer satisfaction as . . . an overall evaluation based on the total purchase and consumption experience with a good or service over time. As an example, the quality of the service that the buyer receives from the seller during the ongoing relationship may be considered a factor in influencing the customers overall satisfaction with the relationship (Anderson and Sullivan, 1; Cronin and Taylor, 1; Fornell, 1).

Proposition 5 The greater the satisfaction of the buyer and the seller with past interactions, the more likely it is that the parties involved will become more committed to the relationship.

As indicated above, satisfaction with previous outcomes can lead to a continuance of the relationship between the two parties. Ganesan (14) indicates that studies have found that commitment in a relationship is significantly related to satisfaction with past outcomes.

Commitment

Please note that this sample paper on RELATIONSHIP MARKETING is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on RELATIONSHIP MARKETING, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on RELATIONSHIP MARKETING will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Capital Punishment

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Capital Punishment. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Capital Punishment paper right on time.

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Capital Punishment a.k.a. the death penalty is an extremely controversial question in todays society. The number of people who are for it still believe in the saying, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. These are the people who feel if you intentionally take the life of someone else, then yours should be taken as well. But then there are the other number of people who feel the death penalty should be banned because of its cruel and unjust way of punishment. Should we keep it or not? And if it is kept, how do we determine who should be sentenced to death? An easy way to answer these questions is to totally nullify capital punishment completely.

One reason why the death penalty is so controversial is because many feel its cruel ways of punishment are unnecessary, even if the crime is murder, whether it be premeditated or unintentional. They believe there are other ways of condemning a person besides execution. In the case of an unintentional death feelings are that the killer should have the right to live, but have to face each day with the fact that they killed someone weighing on their conscience. On the other hand, such as with a voluntary murder, the ideas are somewhat similar. They believe the murderer doesnt deserve the death penalty. Chances are if a person is insane enough to kill another human being in the first place, they arent going to care what happens to them. They realise that their execution, in most cases, is going to be short and painless. This isnt a just punishment for someone who has inflicted severe pain upon another life a they may have put their victims through severe trauma and pain, not to mention the mental anguish that may have been put on the victims family, while the murderer is for example in the case of Lethal injections, put to sleep so they dont feel any pain.

Our court system, even though they do not afflict the death penalty on conflicted killers should change their way of going about making the sentence a lot harder for the convicted killer to go through. After initiating a life sentence without parole, they should not offer these killers the comforts they have in jail. They should be treated more or less like animals. I feel they should have life as hard as possible while keeping to certain boundaries i.e. food supply. Murderers, however, that are committed unintentionally should not be dealt with such harsh conditions and should just be made to serve their sentence and given a second chance when their time is done. In short, let the ones who institute a crime unwillingly live, but do not let the punishment be as severe as it would for a voluntary criminal. The argument that the public are paying for convicted murders how only set about to wreak havoc on society to be kept in prisons and that the problem of overcrowding in prisons could be solved with the death penalty is a weak one. This is so as their have been many examples in the past were people have been convicted and killed for murders of which evidence after their death will show they did not commit these crimes.

There are a vast number of people who believe that increasing the use of the death penalty will abate the crime rate. Not true. While a criminal is in the process of committing a crime, chances are that he is not contemplating what his punishment will be for his actions. More than likely his thoughts are upon getting what he wants, such as money, or something as valuable as ones life. There have been studies done in areas by criminologists who have been trying to find a direct relationship between use of the death penalty and the murder rate. Their results? Negative. They have failed to discover any connection between the two. Therefore, use of capital punishment will not affect the crime rate of an area in any such way. Another reason why the death penalty should not be allowed is simply due the fact that it goes against one of the ten commandments which states I shall not kill. It goes against the Christian religion and of that of pretty much every other religion their is and they concept of what Jesus said in the bible let he without sin cast the first stone when many were getting ready to stone a girl who was a prostitute complies with the concept of the death penalty as even though the murderers are in the wrong, no one should have the right to decide when and how some other person is going to die.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Capital Punishment

In conclusion I feel the death penalty should not stand any were anywhere in the world as it is inhumane, goes against pretty much every religious grounds in the world, allows the killer an easy way out without having to deal with their conscience over their actions and criminological tests have shown their is no link between how the killer will go about his actions in relation to the extent of his punishment if caught.

Please note that this sample paper on Capital Punishment is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Capital Punishment, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Capital Punishment will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Censorship

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on censorship. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality censorship paper right on time.

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Imagine yourself as a current-day writer, who is frozen and wakes up in the United States 100 years from now. The country has changed a lot from what you remember. Technology has advanced, language seems to have evolved more, and nothing looks the same. As you roam the streets, you try to gain a somewhat understandable perception of this advanced country around you. You pick up a newspaper, and notice something rather strange about every article the only source of information is the U. S. Government. As you read further, you notice very little information is given at all. All the details published are provided by the government's opinions.

Thinking back to the year 00, you remember that high school publications were already censored and college censorship was in progress. The trend, unfortunately and surprisingly, may have moved all the way to professional journalistic organizations, such as newspapers and magazines. Even though this fabricated outlook of the future is no definite reality, it gives examples of the likely outcome of the patterns that are being set today. If nothing is done, trends of censorship in high school and college may lead to full censorship in the United States regarding all aspects of our country, thus violating the First Amendment of our Constitutional Rights.

The First Amendment of the Constitution clearly states that congress shall pass no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. A journalist, writer, editor, etc., believes in this right and uses it in order to perform for the public. However, with the courts starting to take away these rights, it affects both those willing to share information with others, and those striving to learn about events affecting our country.

Using censorship greatly affects tragic outcomes in our country, one target greatly affected terrorism. If censorship enables the public to be blinded by unrealistic perceptions of a perfect world, then any tragedy could result in great confusion. Dennis Jeff, a writer and a former U. S. ambassador to Peru wrote, "The U. S. is not unique in being threatened by terrorism, and it will not be unique if the response is for the majority to accept the violation of the rights of a few in exchange for the promise of greater security. Some would argue that this has already happened." If censorship was used to the extent of harboring information from the public regarding terrorism, we are not giving our country a fair chance to work in unity and form an open-mind. Edmund H. Mosca, chief of the Old Saybrook Police Department, said that "…the misleading information distorts the successful strategies that have both preserved every citizen's civil liberties, while also neutralizing potential terrorist activities." In doing this, intelligence of our country is at its disadvantage and given little opportunity to be useful.

In an article published in The Day on Sunday, August 1, 00, it says that "Blatant lies and manipulations are rained upon us regularly, but when they become a hailstorm we must know that the cloudmakers are worried." I believe this means that censorship is strongly growing throughout the United States, and with its increase, it is foolishly making situations worse. By not sharing information with the public, it causes little preparation, and who said that the Government knows how to make all the right decisions? Censorship should be denied in the aspects of current events affecting our nation, because we are one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all… and if this is what we pledge every morning, we should apply it to our daily lives no matter the situation.

So this brings us back to you, 100 years from now. You have the opportunity to stay. The great technology is tempting, but staying would mean settling with a life of delusion. The people here do not realize they are cheated every day by their government. They don't even know their president died two years ago because the government thought that sharing that information would create chaos. You also have the option of returning to your own time with this new knowledge and continuing your life as if nothing happened. You know that if you go back you will have to take advantage of your freedom of speech, which is slowly disappearing, and you'd have to tell the public what could happen in the future because of censorship and increased governmental control. In conclusion, you have to make a decision. The answer is obvious when you recall upon a famous figure in history, Thomas Jefferson, when he said these words Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate to prefer the latter.

Please note that this sample paper on censorship is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on censorship, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on censorship will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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HCI FOR KIDS

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on HCI FOR KIDS. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality HCI FOR KIDS paper right on time.

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Introduction

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Children today are much more exposed to technology. Kids learn math & history, play games, chat with friends and even download encyclopedia from the world-wide-web. Almost all activities they indulged in, can all be supported by technologies. Thanks to great researchers who contributed time, effort and knowledge in constructing and designing effective system for young target audience. Technology advancement has changed the way children live and learn.

Dealing with children is not an easy task. Kids especially very young ones have difficulty verbalizing their thoughts. It adds challenges to designers in creating an effective, usable, purposed-served system. However, methodologies and framework for understanding the various roles of children can have in the design process, and how these roles can impact technologies are created.Cheap Custom Essays on HCI FOR KIDS

Designer have to always bear in mind that young people are not just short adults but an entirely different user population with their own culture, norms, and complexities (Berman, 177). Their own set of thinking, psychological reaction patterns and intellectual abilities differs from adults. It is common for designer to speak to parents and teacher asking what their kids or student wants instead of asking the kids directly. Adults may think that their kids need something but to a kid, that is not a need. There are advantages to solicit information from children because they can be extremely honest in feedbacks concerning technology.

With the emergence of children as an important new consumer group of technology (Heller, 18), it is critical to support children in ways that are useful, effective, and meaningful for their needs. Allison Druin believe that understanding the role children play in technology design process would lead to the answer. The better designers recognize user, the better the design of such system to serve needs.

This research paper analyzes methodologies in working with children & investigates similarity and difference between children and adults. By understanding this framework in regards to the child's role, it is easier to development practices that can have lasting effects for the future. Usability tools are use to examine HCI for kids.

Methodology in working with children

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Methodologies has been developed to observes and understand users. Individual differences, age & intellectual capabilities should be taken into account during the design. Designer and researchers came out with successful techniques to tackle problem in developing HCI for kids. Context below explain practical techniques that has been carried out in countries like Europe and United States.

Based upon reviews of literature and some exploratory studies done by Druin, there are different ways to collect data from children.

1) Contextual Inquiry techniques (CI)

) Technology Immersion (TI)

) Participatory Design techniques (PD)

Contextual inquiry technique (Bey er & Holtzblatt, 17; Holtzblatt & Jones, 1; Holtzblatt & Jones, 15; Holtzblatt & Beyer, 17) calls for researchers to collect data through observation. Children below 5 year-old have difficulties expressing themselves & verbalizing their thoughts. Therefore, designers of kid's system decided to carry out a series of observation in order to understand and capture kid's activities.

Participants would be 1 child, 1 interactor and note takers. Interactor usually initiate discussion and asked questions such as " what is this?, why do u like that? ". Interactor never took notes because child may feel uncomfortable and it is very distracting. It makes child feels like school. Interactor should act as a friend instead of steering the entire observation. Both interactor and note takers should dress in casual, informal clothes to keep away the "authority impression". Video is never used because research shows that kids tend to pretend & perform, not being themselves when confronted with camera. Note takers divide their job into categories, one will be taking down child's action (what the kid does) and the other will note down child's speech (what the kid says).

Results that were captured in quick notes will be converted into diagrams task & bubble diagrams. After a digestion period of one day to a maximum of one week, research team regrouped to chart or diagrams the experience. Later, spreadsheet or cell-based diagram in which the information is broken up into six columns Time, Quotes, Activities, Activity Pattern, Roles, and Design Ideas (Druin, et al., 17) is created.

Second methodology to be used with children is technology immersion (Boltman, et al., 18; Druin, et al., 16), an extension of CI. Druin quoted that observation on children's activities alone is not sufficient because many times children have minimal contact with technology in their homes or public area. Therefore it is recommended and wise to place children in a technology-rich environment during the observation period.

Here in a observation centre, child is provided with a technology-rich environment where they will become the decision makers. A room filled with all sort of printers, digital cameras, Macs, PCs, software(s) games and Internet access allow children to explore which is their liking or dislike. Technology Immersion is a combination of technology, time, and freedom of choice that offers researchers more opportunity to understand what children do and want with technology. The example of an on going TI experience is at CHIkids. This club supports up to 100 kids range from age -1 year-old. Children will have chance to explore technologies provided. Adults and teenagers participated and join some of their activities to act as a "facilitators", they approach children to work with them.

Participatory design technique (Bjerknes, Ehn, & Kyng, 187; Muller, 11; Muller, Wildman, & White, 14), stresses on creating opportunity to incorporate kids ideas into their design. Kids are given chance to work with researchers in developing low-tech prototype using paper, glue, string, crayon and etc. Working together with them allows designers to hear kids' idea & being able to produce what children wants in the future. Both children & adult work as design partners. At the same time, children who are not well -skilled in the development process can be inspired and empowered by their collaboration with adults to generate new ideas.

Simple guidelines for designing Children's HCI

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A Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget shows that children are lack of knowledge and experienced. Kids see the world in a dissimilar point of view which adults have doubts on what they are thinking. He divided children development into a series of stages

Sensory-motor (birth to year-old) dependent on senses.

· Software for children this young is difficult to design. Less interaction expected from babies. Input channel should be easy. Child cannot read, will need presence of an adults.

Pre-operational (-7 year-old)

· Memory can only store one thing at a time. Sequential actions confused child.

Concrete operational (7-11 year-old)

· Kids have gone to school. Knowledge and experienced gain could help in building technology. Most suitable age to work with researcher and help designer in developing prototype.

Formal operational (11 yr old and above)

· Children after this age is hard to teach because their mindset is has been molded by parents, teacher and friends.

Context below indicates CSF of a system.

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Ø Usability of System

In order to achieve Maximum performance & effective interaction, there are needs for researcher to identify their target user. In this case, working with children age 7-10 is an ideal, and treating kids as design partners allow designer to uncover the critical success factor of a successful system.

Ø Keep operation single step. Do not merge task.

Children may easily get confused with sequential operation. They tend to loose interest in a task very quickly. There is no "pause" for kids. Children usually stop playing with a system and continue when they feels like it. Avoid multi -treading task, children have short term memories.

Ø Use different sound & sight effects as feedback.

Children are sensitive towards responses; unexpected sound and action will catch kid's attention. It encourages kids to stay longer with the system, prevent them from getting bored.

Ø Use appropriate font size, color and layout.

Kids tend to collect memory easily with the presence of color. Researcher believes that the younger the target audience, the larger the font size should be. Layout of the system should be simple, complicated design does not appeal to kids because they may not find familiarity (past knowledge to support them) like adults do.

Ø Do not use metaphor that is used by common system.

HCI for kids requires different set of metaphor. Children do not have as much experienced as adults do. Lack-age of experience in outside world does not make them understand representative icons. Example, a kid may not know what is a picture of diskette has to do with this game.

Ø Avoid complicated input channels

Kids cannot use "drag & drop" function effectively. Their small hand has problems holding the mouse tightly to drag figures. Point-and-click will be more efficient.

Ø Perform user testing

Always carried out user testing stage before launching the system. Get target users to play with the system and comment on experiences. Comment and feedback shall be stated down. Consider revising and do final construction to enhance the system.

Please note that this sample paper on HCI FOR KIDS is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on HCI FOR KIDS, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on HCI FOR KIDS will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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THe Cadence of Silk

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"The Cadence of Silk"

"The Cadence of Silk" is a narrative that is written in plain language about the game of basketball. Instead of focusing on the basic aspects of the game it elaborates on the more complex and poetic aspects that make the game intriguing. This poem is about the reasons people watch basketball but especially those that are not so obvious.

"The Cadence of Silk" reveals why people are attracted to the game of basketball. This is shown right from the beginning of the poem,

I loved watching the Sonics play basketball; something about that array of trained and energetic bodies set in motion to attack a more sluggish, less physically intelligent opponent appealed to me.

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These lines show that the Sonics were so much better than their opponents that they tended to come off quite "sluggish" and overmatched. Also the Sonics "attacked" their opponents thereby, treating the competition without mercy. This is interesting because by the Sonics dominating their competition, they gained fans.

After the domination of the Sonics was the uprising of the Los Angeles Lakers. Their style and demeanor on the court made them a public favorite. "Their players the league's quickest, most intelligent, and my opinion the most cool". The choice to the word cool in italics indicates that these Lakers were popular with the fans. Their excited style of play is also mentioned. "Few bruisers, they are sleek as arctic seals". These two metaphors are excellent ways of portraying the players and their style of play. "Few bruisers" means they don't play rough. Instead, "they are sleek as arctic seals" meaning their play is slick and smooth like that of the smooth skin of a seal. These descriptions convey the Lakers and their appeal effectively.

The game of basketball is interesting not only by the teams but the set offenses and plays they run to score points. These aspects of the game are conveyed quite a few times throughout this poem. "He dodges through the key, away from the ball, rubbing his man on the screen, setting his shot". This illustrates how the players get open to take their shots. Thus explaining a play that most people don't realize is occurring in order for points to be scored.

In many of these plays, a certain appreciation can be found in the motions of the players. The off guard breaking free before the rebound, "releasing" as is said in the

parlance of the game, getting the center's down court pass and streaking to the basket for a scoop shot lay-up off the glass, all in rhythm, all in perfect declensions of action, smooth and strenuous as Gorgiasian rhetoric.

The word "releasing" is used to describe the speed at which this player sprints to get open down the court. Then when it refers to the Gorgiasian rhetoric to portray just how strenuous it can be to make a basket. The Gorgiasian was the art of persuading people that nothing exists.

Besides the excitement of the teams, the strategy of the plays, and artistic movements of the players is the emotion of a completed basket. The last few lines of the poem deliver the emotion and sounds of a basket being made.

As he jumps, popcorn-like, in the corner, while the ball, launched,

slung dexterously with a slight backspin, slashes through the basket's

silk net a small sonorous splash of completion.

The motion of the ball is described by "slight backspin" of the ball when shot by a player. The last two lines refer to the title of the poem, "The Cadence of Silk." The "sonorous splash of completion" is the impressive sound of the ball going through the net. The cadence of silk actually means the sound of the net and these lines reflect what emotion is caused when the ball goes through the net.

"The Cadence of Silk" has an alliteration of constantans that pervade through out the whole poem. As I read through the lines in this poem I find many "s" sounds in each one. This adds a little rhythm yet more of a music. The tone of enjambment is very intense. The exhilaration of the phrases makes you want to jump out of you chair and play basketball.

The image of what the author is trying to make you see is very clear. You can almost feel the excitement of the fans and the anxious basketball players eager to win the game. Reading this poem makes you curl your toes and bite your nails to hear the out come of the slam-dunk about to happen.

Many people watch the game of basketball for the similar reasons of pure excitement and entertainment. It is actually these things that attract them to the game. The competition of the teams, the fluid movements of the plays and the players who run so well and the overwhelming sound of the ball as it passes through the net all provide the excitement of the game of basketball.

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