To Kill a Mockingbird

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To Kill a Mockingbird is definitely an excellent novel in that it portrays life and the role of racism in the 10s. A reader may not interpret several aspects in and of the book through just the plain text. Boo Radley, Atticus, and the title represent three such things. Not really disclosed to the reader until the end of the book, Arthur Boo Radley plays an important role in the development of both Scout and Jem. In the beginning of the story, Jem, Scout, and Dill fabricate horror stories about Boo. They find Boo as a character of their amusement, and one who has no feelings whatsoever. They tried to get a peep at him, just to see what Boo looked like. Scout connects Boo with the Mockingbird. Mrs. Maudie defines a mockingbird as one who …dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They dont eat up peoples gardens, dont nest in corncribs, they dont do one thing but sing their hearts out for us (4). Boo is exactly that. Boo is the person who put a blanket around Scout and Jem when it was cold. Boo was the one putting gifts in the tree. Boo even sewed up Jems pants that tore on Dills last night. Boo was the one who saved their lives. On the contrary to Scouts primary belief, Boo never harms anyone. Scout also realizes that she wrongfully treated Boo when she thinks about the gifts in the tree. She never gave anything back to Boo, except love at the end. When Scout escorts Arthur home and stands on his front porch, she sees the same street she saw, just from an entirely different perspective. Scout learns what a Mockingbird is, and who represents one. Arthur Radley not only plays an important role in developing Scout and Jem, but helps in developing the novel. Boo can be divided into three stages. Primitively, Boo is Scouts worst nightmare. However, the author hints at Boo actually existing as a nice person when he places things in the tree. The secondary stage is when Mrs. Maudies house burned to the ground. As Scout and Jem were standing near Boos house, it must have been rather cold. So, Boo places a warm and snug blanket around Scout and Jem, to keep them warm. This scene shows Boos more sensitive and caring side of him, and shows that he really has changed after stabbing his father. The last and definitely most important stage is when he kills Bob Ewell to save Scout and Jem. This stage portrays Boo as the hero and one who has indefinitely changed his personality and attitudes. After the final stage, Boo does not deserve to be locked up inside his house. Atticus Finch is a man of strong morals. He follows them exclusively, and does not hold up to the Finch family name, as defined by Aunt Alexandria. Atticus is the most pure and good-hearted person one may ever `see.` Although it does not seem like it, Scout will evolve into her father; Jem will not. Scout finally understand all the things he says. For example, in the beginning Atticus tells Scout, You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view…until you climb into his skin and walk around in it (4). She then realizes that Mrs. Caroline did not know Maycomb, and could not just learn it in one day. Scout comes to terms that it was wrong to become upset with Mrs. Caroline. Scout learns several other lessons. For example, on page 4, Atticus says his most important line in the book, …remember its a sin to kill a mockingbird. Through clarifications from Mrs. Maudie, Scout accepts her fathers words. Atticus also teaches his kids a lesson when he defends Tom Robinson, an innocent black person. Although Atticus knew from the instant he accepted the case that Tom had no chance, he had to do his duty as an honest and impartial citizen of Maycomb. Atticus poured his heart into defending Atticus, and did a damn fine job. He taught his kids the right thing, that all individuals are created equal. If Aunt Alexandria had raised Scout and Jem, they might have not cried at the end of the trial; they would not want to hurt the Finch family reputation. It was Atticus who received a standing ovation from the Blacks Balcony. It is because of Atticus good heart that Cals black church accepted the children. Atticus has probably built a better name for his family than Aunt Alexandria would have, had she lived with the Finches. Before reading To Kill a Mockingbird, the title itself means nothing. The title is the foundation of a house. It is just a slob of cement, and cannot be interpreted. While reading the book, pieces of wood fit together and the house starts to stand up. After reading the book, the house is fully painted and decorated. The landscaping is complete, and the house is beautiful. Several things and people represent the Mockingbird throughout the novel. The understanding of the Mockingbird can bee seen in three steps. The first step is in chapter 10. Atticus tells Jem to never shoot a mockingbird, because it causes no harm. At this point, neither Jem nor Scout understand what Atticus is saying. Secondly, Scout finds a roly-poly in chapter 5. In answer to Scouts desire to kill the bug, Jem says, Because they dont bother you… (41). At this second stage, Jem, not yet Scout, has understood Atticus holy words. The last depiction is in the final chapters of the book. This Mockingbird is Arthur Boo Radley. Boo ends up to save both Jem and Scouts lives, by killing Bob Ewell. At this final stage in the book, Scout, as well as Jem, understands Atticus and his saying. Scout realizes life. To Kill a Mockingbird is a very inspirational book. Not only is it a book for pleasure, it shows us today how far we have come, and yet the long journey ahead. Boo Radley and Atticus were very important characters, for both the developments of kids in the book and reader. The title is something that can be interpreted in many ways. Each one will be different, based on the readers philosophy and beliefs. Injustice is a problem which everyone faces. Nobody likes to suffer from injustice, yet they do it to others. In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird written by Harper Lee, there are three characters who suffer the most injustice. They are Atticus, Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. Atticus, a man with great wisdom, suffers from the fact that he had taken on a Negro case. He was constantly persecuted for his decision, which made him work even harder at winning the case. Even though his family was made after the trial was over. fun of, he stuck with his choice and worked the hardest he could to ignore the threats and harassment. He did very well to ignore all the abuse and was greatly respected Another person who suffered from injustice was Tom Robinson. He was charged with a crime he did not commit. His side of the story was not believed because he was black, which really shows the amount of injustice during the time the novel was set in. Through the whole trial, he did not retaliate at the white people, he did not get mad because he was improperly accused, he just showed the level of respect which everyone deserves. He handled the injustice with a manner reserved only for gentlemen, which is a good description of what he really was.The third person to suffer injustice in the novel was Boo Radley. Many accusations were claimed about him even though they were untrue. Just because he didnt leave his house, people began to think something was wrong. Boo was a man who was misunderstood and shouldnt of suffered any injustice. Boo did not handle the injustice because he didnt know about it.In conclusion, the person who deserves the deepest sympathy is Tom Robinson. He did nothing wrong but his crime was being nice to white people. This type of injustice is the worst because everyone puts up with it. Therefore, Atticus, Tom Robinson and Boo Radley suffered the most injustice in the novel. To Kill A Mockingbird was published in 160 then it went on to win the Pulitzer prize in 161 and was later made into an Academy Award winning film. Harper Lee always considered her book to be a simple love story. Today it is regarded as a masterpiece of American Literature. There are so many characters in this book that I cant name all of them. Here are most of the characters. The Finch family contains of Atticus (The head of the household), Aunt Alexandra (Atticuss sister), (Jem) Jeremy (The oldest of Atticuss two children), (Scout) Jean Louise (The youngest of the two . She also trys to be a boy by doing boy things). And you cant forget their black maid. Her name is Calpurnia. Miss Rachael is Dills aunt that lives in Maycomb. Dill is a friends with Jem and Scout. According to Scout they are married. (Boo) Arthur Radley is the person that takes Jem back to his house after Jem gets hurt by Bob Ewell. Tom Robinson is a black man that was accused of raping Mayella Ewell. Bob Ewell is Mayellas father. He is out for revenge on Atticus for what he did to him and his daughter. Mayella is Bobs daughter who supposedly got raped by Tom Robinson. Judge Taylor is the Judge of Maycomb County. Heck Tate is the county law official. I think the protagonist in the story is Atticus Finch because he has the main part and he has the biggest decision to make. The decision being whether to defend or not to defend Tom Robinson. To Kill a Mockingbird is set in Maycomb County, an imaginary district in Southern Alabama. The time is the early 10s, the years of the Great Depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread in the United States. The story begins during the summer when Scout and Jem meet a new playmate named Dill who has come from Mississippi to spend the summer with his Aunt Rachael. Dill is fascinated by the neighborhood gossip about Boo Radley. Egged on by Dill, Jem and Scout try to think up ways to lure him out of his house. Soon it is Summer again , and Dill returns for another visit. The childrens plans for making contact with Boo Radley grew bolder this year, and on Dills last night they decide to sneak up onto the Radley porch and spy on Boo. Jem goes first, but just as he reaches the window, Nathan Radley catches site of them and scares them off with a blast from a shot gun. Jem realizes that Boo is not a monster after all, but has been playing along with them. Scout does not figure this out until the winter, on the night that the house of their neighbor burns to the ground. While Scout is standing outside in the cold, someone sneaks up behind her and places a blanket around her. Later, Scout and Jem realize that there was only one person in town who has not already at work fighting the fire and that was Boo. Now that Jem and Scout realize that Boo is basically a kind person, their interest in the Radley family begins to fade. In the meantime, they learn that their father has become the defense lawyer for Tom Robinson, who is charged with raping Mayella Ewell. As the trial of Tom Robinson grows nearer, the children become more aware of the strong feeling it has aroused in everyone in Maycomb. One day their housekeeper takes Jem and Scout to visit her church, and the children realize for the first time that the black parishioners are supporting Tom Robinsons wife. Two nights before the trial is to start, a group of men come to the Finch house to tell Atticus about threats against Tom Robinsons life. Atticus spends the next night camped out at the jail to defend Tom from the mob. Jem, Scout and Dill go downtown to check on Atticus and arrive at the same time as a group of men, who have come to kill Tom. Scout recognizes one of the men in the group as Walter Cunningham. Her friendliness embarrasses the man so much that he and the mob leave. The next day, at the trial, Atticus questions make it clear that Mayella and her father are lying about the rape. Neverless the jury convict him because their prejudices prevent them from taking a black mans word against two whites. Atticus is now a hero in the black community of Maycomb, but Bob Ewell, vows to get Atticus for showing him up as a liar in front of the whole town. Tom Robinson has give n up hope and trys to flee the prison, but while doing it he gets caught and shot. By the time Halloween comes around, the Finch family has begun to put Toms death behind them. There is a pageant planned and Scout much to her dismay has been cast as a ham. After the pageant Scout decides to walk home still dressed in her bulky costume, with Jem leading the way. The cowardly Bob Ewell. seeing an opportunity to get revenge on Atticus through his children. He follows the children down a dark street and tries to kill them. In the side. It is none other than Boo Radley, who had seen the attack from his window. Boo stabs Bob Ewell to death, and carries the wounded Jem home. The sheriff decides to file a report that Bob fell on his own knife and died, thus sparing Boo the publicity that would be sure to follow. Scout never sees Boo again after that night, but she has learned that he was a good man all along. She has learned a lesson about understanding and tolerance. And through the sheriffs action she sees that sometimes there can be justice and compassion in the world. The title of the book, To Kill a Mockingbird is a key to some themes in the novel. The title is first explained in Chapter 10 at the time that Jem and Scout have just received air rifles for Christmas. Atticus tells his children that it is a sin to shoot a mockingbird. Later Miss Maudie explains that Atticus meant that Mockingbirds are harmless creatures who do nothing but sing for enjoyment. It is easy to see that the mockingbird in this story is Tom Robinson a harmless man who becomes a victim of racial prejudice. Like the mockingbird, Tom has never done wrong to anyone. Even the jurors who sentence him to death have nothing personal against him. They find him guilty mostly because they feel that to take the word of a black man over two whites would threaten the system they live under, the system of segregation. Tom himself is guilty of nothing but being in the wrong place at the wrong time

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Procrastination

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Many of us lead a dull and unproductive existence, which we are bound to regret towards the end of our life. Sooner or later, we will recite our own endless litany of �I could have”- �I could have be more educated, more successful, more fulfilled, more loved, happier, richer, etc.” and �I should haves,” �I should have done it while I was young; I should have acted fast; I should have grabbed the opportunity, etc.”

If we look at our lives, one habit surfaces as the most self-defeating and counter productive. It is the habit of procrastination. Procrastination is a major deferent to living a full, highly effective, vibrant and successful life. It is one of the major failure anchors that keep us from achieving our goals and realizing our conquest and wildest dreams. Studies shows that about 85 percent of people procrastinate and 0 percent fall under the category of chronic procrastinators, those desperate entangled in procrastination’s incapacitating web.

Procrastination is the act or habit of postponing an activity or its completion to a future time. It is also referred to as the manana habit or the tomorrow trap. The net results of procrastination are wasted time, missed opportunities, poor performance, low productivity, self-deprecation, low self-esteem and increased stress.

Procrastination is allowing low-priority task to get in the way of high-priority ones, instead of facing a task of great importance you opt to do something of lower significance that’s easier, more comfortable, and even frivolous. It is socializing with friends when you know that an important deadline is due, watching a movie instead of reviewing for a school exams, buying something unimportant instead of paying off a major, overdue payment, it is letting things get worse - postponing a much needed medical check up, not confronting your mate about relationship problems, or leaving something that you have started unfinished.Order Custom Essay on Procrastination

When we perceived tasks as difficult, scary or bothersome, we conveniently shift into our procrastination mode. Postponing a task is the easy and cowardly way out of our duties and responsibilities. We procrastinate because

1. We are lazy. I’m too lazy to even start. I want to take it easy first �Oh, I don’t feel like doing it. I do not want to deal with it yet.”

. We are afraid. �Oh, no. It’s so scary and frightening!”

. We are not yet in the mood. �I don’t feel like doing it yet. I’ll just wait till I’m in the right mood.”

4. We hope to be better at it at some future time. �I will have to get ready for it. Let me practice first.”

5. The task is unpleasant. �Oh it is too difficult. I can’t even begin to t think where to start.”

6. We don’t realize the value of time. �It’s okay. There’ll be plenty of time for it in the future.”

7. We hope that fate would do it for us. �The right time will come. Bahala na! (Let fate take care of it!)”

To rationalize our procrastination, we have become experts at coming up with a hundred and on brilliant excuses. Clever psychologist as a disease called �excusitis” refers to this process in jest. Here are some typical rationalizations we declare to defend ourselves whenever we procrastinate

It’s all right to eat, drink and celebrate. I’ll just start my diet tomorrow.

My health problem isn’t that this pain will be gone in no time.

I’m overworked. It’s not fair.

It’s okay. I’m sure I’ll have another chance to do it.

I’ve got too many things to do first.

Oh, that’s life. Win some, lose some

To make things worse, we also developed a complimentary disease called �someday-itis”

We say

Someday when I have the time, I will.

Someday when I have the energy, I will.

Someday when the economy is better, I will?

Sure…. If that someday will come. Don’t bet on the sun shining tomorrow. It might rise for someone else, but not for you.

If procrastination plagues your life, and as a result your career, finances, education, health or of this self-defeating habit. Although some people perform well under the pressure of a deadline, there is nothing like planning and finishing your task in an organized and less stressed way. You will be doing your heart a big heart a big taro by avoiding the unnecessary psychological and emotional tensions as well as the arterial blockages that come as a result of procrastination. So how do you beat the �I’ll do it later”, blues?

1. Act on it. Just do it and finish it!

. Set a deadline for your project. Be strict and enforce it.

. Put yourself in the right mood. Psyche yourself up for it.

4. Do the hardest task first. Everything else will be easy after it.

5. Erase all negativity towards the task Think of how good you’ll feel if you get out of the way.

6. Delegate. Have someone do it for you! Pay him if you must.

Remember Parkinson’s Law? �Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion” setting a deadline for your goal puts your task on a definite time frame.

This will impose a positive pressure on you to finish it on or before the due date. Delegating work and responsibility to someone else is another vital technique that you can use to lighten your load when you have a number of projects going on.

Please note that this sample paper on Procrastination is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Procrastination, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Procrastination will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Drinking

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Drinkning Life to the Lees

The lees of a drink implies alcohol content. The lees are the sediment that settle to the bottom of wine during fermentation. Drinking life to the lees could be taken several ways. The context of this quote is very important. Fortunatley, I have no way of knowing in what context this quote was spoken so I will be allowed to explore this in two ways.

First and formost I will venture in a abiblical direction. Psalms 758 proclaims that "In the hand of the Lord is a cup full of foaming wine mixed with spices; he pours it out, and all the wicked of the earth drink it down to the very dregs." The dregs of wine is synonymous with the lees. One could infer that the person giving the advice of drinking life to the lees is an embodiment of the Devil. The drinking life to the lees in this context is sinful. It exemplifies greed and gluttony. However, this is probably not the way I am supposed to take this quote.

So to get back on topic I will lean towards the metaphorical. Drinking life to the lees is to take full advantage of what has been set in front of you. In this sense, everyone should drink life to the lees. With life comes the good and the bad. One can't expect to only have the good. The lees of life are necessary to get to the best parts. Just as wine canty be fermented without lees, the bad parts of life are what puts us into position to enjoy the good. From hard work comes reward. With out hard work, the reward isn't as sweet.Custom Essays on Drinking

In short drinking life to the lees is taking every opportunity thqat comes your way. A wise person drinks life to the lees. The ones that understand the circular flow of life drinks life to the lees. Life is relative, and good would have no meaning if there isn't bad.

Please note that this sample paper on Drinking is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Drinking, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Drinking will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

The Spanish Inquisition - Root causes and underlying motivations

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The Spanish Inquisition

The Spanish Inquisition represents one of the darkest periods of terror and bloodshed that our world has ever seen. Many scholars have tried to explain the reasoning behind the implementation of the Inquisition and none can produce a definitive answer. Most suggest that the Spanish Inquisition, like all other inquisitions before it was implemented for the sole purpose of eliminating deviation from the Catholic faith. The purpose of this essay is to show that this is certainly not the main purpose for its use, but rather, that the Inquisition had more sinister racial, political, social and economic motives behind it.

The origins of the Inquisition is a question that has been asked by many historians. The most accepted theory is that during 11 ce - 141 ce, in Spain, strong feelings of anti-semitism (hatred of Jews) existed in Europe. In these years, many Jews were killed and Jewish people were ultimately forced to convert to Catholicism to avoid persecution . These Jews became know as New Christians or conversos. Over the years the conversos became powerful, held influencial positions and married their sons and daughters to Spanish nobles. It was thought that these conversos, because they were forced to convert, were secretly practicing Judaism and teaching it to their children. When the Spanish Crown realized that these conversos were tainting the Spanish nobility's bloodline, they asked Pope Sixtus IV in 1478 to sanction the use of the Inquisition in Spain to root out the heretics and purify them before God.

This view of the origins of the Inquisition was widely accepted, until the turn of the 18th century, when modern methods of viewing history replaced it with another theory. This theory included many details, which contradicted the old explanation. They found that, unlike all the other inquisitions, the Spanish Inquisition was ruled more by King Ferdinand, and not the Pope . The King was given more papal powers, such as appointing inquisitors and cardinals. He rejected the Pope's condemnation of the excessive persecutions and he used the confiscated income from the Inquisition for his own needs, rather than the needs of the Catholic Church. "Thus they concluded that the Spanish Inquisition was a royal rather than a papal Inquisition, that its real aims were secular rather than religious, and that it was actually introduced to finance the King's ventures and promote his absolute power." This theory was, however regected by historians as it failed to explain why King Ferdinand would dream up a plan so needlessly complicated to promote his power in government.

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In 144, novelist and historian Benzion Netanyahu found documents that discredited the above view of the Inquisition. The documents he discovered showed that around the year 1460 ce, many of the conversos were actually practicing Christians and intended to teach their children Catholic values, not secretly practicing Judaism as many thought . The number of Christian conversos was rising from generation to generation and the number of Jews was rapidly decreasing to the vanishing point. In 1481 when the Inquisition began, the Jews represented only a small minority at the time. What would be the reason to implement force to eliminate something that was being naturally eliminated in only a matter of time? The establishment of the motives of the conversos is difficult because it involves finding some documentation from the period that was free from the Inquisition's influence. Only after finding these answers could a definitive conclusion about the origins of the Inquisition be reached. Jewish sources from 1481 were free from the Inquisition's threats. These books establish that the conversos were regarded by Jewish authorities as renegades and traitors to their religion. If the conversos really were practicing their religion secretly, the writers would have written that this was the case. Although some writers indicated this to be the case, as their works progressed, they described them as traitors because in the Jewish writers' minds this was what they were. Old Christian writings from the time also state that most old Christians accepted the conversos and genuinely believed in their conversion. If the reason for the implementation of the Inquisition does not prove to be religious, then I believe that the reasons behind it are seeded in political and social reasons.

Given that the facts seriously question the religious motives for the inquisition, we must look at the social and economic reasons that would explain the Inquisition's use. At the turn of the 1th century, tensions between old Christians and conversos grew to an unprecedented level . Old Christians were jealous of the success the conversos were having and the amount of the country's wealth they possessed. Conversos held positions of importence and high social standing such as clerical and even royal positions. Conversos commonly worked as royal treasurers and were more often accused of economic crimes rather than religious ones .

The first extreme example of tensions between old and new Christians came in 144 ce in the town of Toledo when they passed the Sentencia-Estatuto which barred all conversos from holding current and future public office. By the 15th century, conversos made up 1/ of the entire population of Castile. Since conversos were not allowed to hold public office, they were forced to work in private practice such as law or medicine. The old-Christians felt that they were stealing their jobs in law and medicine, so the government passed a bill that changed the sentencia-Estatuto from not only barring conversos from public office, but private office also. All this lead to stiff opposition from the conversos and skirmishes broke out between conversos and old-Christians. The Spanish Crown needed a way to appease the old-Christians and make sure civil war did not occur, which no doubt would have been very costly to the Crown. Even though there is evidence of extreme tensions between old-Christians and conversos, there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions as to why the Spanish Crown would step in and use such drastic measures to calm what was nothing more than a petty rivalry between the two groups.

This brings us to our final topic area, where we explore the racial reasons for the Inquisition. The racial reasons for the Inquisition seem to be more compelling than any other reasons. One of the first theories about the rise of racism in Spain came from the Spanish scholar Americo Castro. His theory was that Spanish racism actually stemmed from the Jewish treating the Spanish as inferior because they believed they were God's chosen. In response, the Spanish simply reversed these feelings . This theory has been seriously doubted because Jewish writings from the period do not describe the Jewish people as superior to the Spanish. In 147 , a letter adressed to Pope Eugene IV from conversos in Spain, claimed that the old-Christians were refusing to establish congugal ties with them based on the presumption they were inferior. It appears obvious now that the Spanish felt the Jewish were inferior but we must ask the question why did they feel the Jewish were inferior? And what led to them thinking this way?

In the 14th and 15th century, there were groups of writers who wrote "atrocity propangda", which meant they wrote about horrible things and acts that the Jews were alleged to be doing. As a result, the general public reading this would condemn the Jews and the writers would gain support for their campaign. There were three racist theories that the writers used to gather support for the cause. The first was that all the conversos were conspiring to overtake the government of Spain. The second was that the conversos were polluting the Spanish bloodlines. The third was that the only way to deal with these dangers was to use a genocidal solution like the Inquisition. The Spanish racist attitude towards the Jews came from historical rivalries between Christians and Jews and regardless of whether or not they genuinely practiced it, the Spanish still saw them as Jews.

With all of this information, we can draw some conclusions and begin to identify explanations as to why the Inquisition was deemed necessary. When the Jews became conversos, the job market was opened up to them. Previously Jews, were only fit to do two jobs (money lending and tax farming). When they became conversos, they could hold jobs in trade and other professions. The old-Christians felt they were being muscled out of jobs they deserved and that their everyday lives were being threatened by the presence of the conversos. Politically, the old-Christians had successfully banned Jews from office and royal positions, but these laws did not yet apply to the conversos and the number of conversos who had government positions was rapidly increasing. With these positions, the conversos attained a higher social standing. Political leaders such as King Juan II opted to appoint new-Christians to administrative duties because he trusted them more that the old-Christians, in whom he had little faith . Many old- Christians believed that if the Crown had its way, all old- Christians would be under the authority of new Christians. This obviously raised opposition to the social position of conversos in everyday Spanish life. After the rebellion in Toledo in 144, anti-conversos feelings spread throughout Spain. It was theorized that the Jews were so evil and immoral by nature that it would be impossible for them to convert to Christianity, which was seen to be the most moral religion.

The old-Christians saw that the conversos were rapidly gaining power in every aspect of their society and that something had to be done to stop them before they completely took over. However, they remained protected from persecution as long as they were Catholic. The old- Christians used the claim that some conversos still secretly practiced the Jewish faith to rally public support for their cause. There is significant evidence indicating that the Inquisition could not have been launched without this claim.

As this essay suggests, there have been many different reasons and explanations for the use of the Spanish Inquisition. It seems that the Spanish Inquisition was motivated more by greed and hate than anything else. My research should not be taken as the final word on this subject, I have attempted to highlight some important writings that explain a summary of some facts I have found during my research of the real reasons behind the use of the Inquisition. As I stated at the beginning of my essay, the Inquisition is a very fascinating period in history. The readings that were part of my research have given me a good appreciation of this difficult and troubling period. I would strongly recommend you to take a look at them before you make up your mind regarding this sometimes touchy, but always interesting topic.

Bibliography

1. Spielvogel, Jackson J, Western Civilization Fourth Edition, Scarborough, Canada, Nelson/Thomson Learning, 000.

. Not Cited. The Spanish Inquisition. [Online] Available http//www.bbc.co.uk/dna/hg/alabaster/A6008, 11/7/00

. Slade, Jason L. The Spanish Inquisition-A bible study. [Online] Available http//www.bibletopics.com/biblestudy/64.htm, August 6, 16

4. Kreger, Kristan. The Spanish Inquisition. [Online] Available http//campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/ May 5, 17

5. Netanyahu, Benzion. The Origins of the Inquisition, New York, Random House Inc. 15

6. Mariejol, Jean. The Spain of Ferdinand and Isabella, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 161

7. Parker, Geoffrey. Philip II, Toronto, Little, Brown and Co., 178

8. Kamen, Henry. The Spanish Inquisition An Historical Revision, Great Britain, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 17

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Long Day's Journey inot Night

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"Yes, forget! Forget everything and face nothing! It's a convenient philosophy if you've no ambition in life…"(1).

Tyrone says this quote near the beginning of the play. Jamie is talking about Mary's situation and he thinks that the family should just forget the whole situation. Tyrone responds that it seems all that Jamie does anymore is try to forget. Since this is so early on in the book it is a good quote to show Jamie's personality. He would much rather drink himself into a world of fantasy than face any type of reality.

"All right. Have it your way. I think it's the wrong idea to let Mama go on kidding herself. It will only make the shock worse when she has to face it. Anyway, you can see she's deliberately fooling herself with that summer cold talk. She knows better"(0).

Custom Essays on Long Day's Journey inot Night

This is a quote from Jamie when he is talking with his father about Edmund's condition. It is rather hypocritical because normally Jamie just likes to deny the truth, but here, he wants to just tell his mother flat out that Edmund has consumption. It shows that Jamie's views change very readily, especially when it comes to his mother. Sometimes he wants to hurt her feelings and at other times he wants to help her.

"You've never known the value of a dollar and never will! You've never saved a dollar in your life! At the end of each season you're penniless! You've thrown your salary away every week on whores and whiskey!"()

Tyrone says this quote during one of several arguments he has with his oldest son, Jamie. One huge part of Tyrone's character is his value of money. He is so obsessed with saving money because he grew up in a home without a father, where he had to work at the age of 10. He is obsessive about not wasting money on material things. These feelings lead to his strong work ethic and strong financial caution.

"Still, the Chatfields and people like them stand for something. I mean they have decent, presentable homes they don't have to be ashamed of. They have friends who entertain them and whom they entertain. They're not cut off from everyone."(44)

Mary is arguing with Edmuund about how his father never wants to spend any money. Money is a recurring theme in the book. James Tyrone is obsessed with saving money, and his wife Mary thinks it is necessary to own your own home, which is only possible through money. This quote shows how unhappy she is with her own life, and how much she longs to be like another class of people a group who can afford to achieve the dream she will never have.

"None of us can help the things life has done to us. They're done before you realize it, and once they're done they make you do other things until at last everything comes between you and what you'd like to be, and you've lost your true self forever"(6)

This quote from Mary is in response to a criticism of her by Jamie. She believes he needs to have more respect and that his life has made him the way he is. When she says this quote she is not really talking about Jamie, but rather about her own self. As we see in the rest of the play, Mary has led a life full of regrets, and this quote shows her feelings on how life's journey shapes the way we end up, and it isn't usually how we wanted it to be.

"Oh, I'm sick and tired of pretending this is a home! You won't help me! You won't put yourself out the least bit! You don't know how to act in a home! You don't really want one! You never have wanted one…"(6).

This is one of Mary's lines in the play in which she is most sober. Finally, she is seen as clear-headed, and it's able to perceive why she resorts to drugs to abandon her lifestyle. She obviously wanted more out of life than being an actor's wife. She envisioned the perfect life in a home of her own. This lifestyle is a recurring motif for Mary in the book. She has given up the dream of having her own home, and instead relies on the morphine to put her in a trance in which she is so intoxicated, she can think the delusion is a reality.

"There's little choice between the philosophy you learned from Broadway loafers, and the one Edmund got from his books. They're both rotten to the core. You've both flouted the faith you were born and brought up in The one true faith of the Catholic Church and your denial has brought nothing but self-destruction!" (7)

Tyrone is criticizing his sons when he declares this proclamation of religion. His strong Irish Catholic background is what got him through life, so the fact that his sons have abandoned the religion offends him personally. He believes that their mistakes in life are a direct cause of deserting the church they were raised in. Both sons were trying to find an escape by learning from Broadway and philosophers, but Tyrone sees the change in religious beliefs as a denial of their relationship with their father.

"You can't talk to her now. She'll listen but she won't listen. She'll be here but she won't be here. You know the way she gets." (80)

Jamie is explaining how his mother reacts under the influence of morphine. Drug addiction is a serious issue in this play. The fact that Jamie talks about it in such a familiar way shows that it is not something new. The sons have obviously grown up with a mother who has resorted to drugs in order to find a way out of normalcy. The trance that Jamie describes is obviously used to show how Mary is suddenly oblivious to reality under the power of the morphine.

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Cloning

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A clone is a group of organisms that are genetically identical. Most clones result from asexual reproduction, a process in which a new organism develops from only one parent. The one process of cloning, called nuclear transfer, replaces the nucleus of an immature egg with a nucleus from another cell. Most of the work with clones is done from cultures…….. When the nucleus has been inserted into the egg cell, the cell is given an electric shock to initiate the development ……An embryo has about thirty or forty usable cells but a culture features an almost endless supply.. Traditionally this is the sperm's role. There are some advantages of different types of clones, such as they are useful for research.

In contrast there are also some disadvantages and different techniques that result from the cloning of different organisms.

The modern era of laboratory cloning began in 158 when F.C. Steward cloned carrot plants from mature single cells placed in a nutrient culture containing hormones. The first cloning of animal cells took place in 164. John B. Gurdon took the nuclei from tadpoles and injected them into unfertilized eggs. When the eggs were incubated, Gurdon discovered that only 1% to % of the eggs had developed into fertile adult toads. The nuclei containing the original parents' genetic information had been destroyed with ultraviolet light. ….Scientists from Switzerland and the U.S. successfully cloned mice using a method similar to Gurdon's, but required one extra step. After the nucleus was taken from the embryos of one type of mouse, they were transferred into the embryos of another mouse who served as the surrogate mother. This mouse went through the birthing process to create the cloned mice. ….In 1 the first human embryos were cloned using a technique that placed individual embryonic cells (blastomeres) in a nutrient culture where the cells then divided into 48 new embryos. Cloning can do many good things for our wild life and for our economy. The process of cloning can save us a lot of money. A crop that is imported to our country can instead be cloned here. It would also make the product cheaper. Cloning would also develop stronger plants, resistant to disease, parasites, and insect damage. …We would also be able to keep a type of animal from overpopulating its environment. We would be able to keep an animal within a controlled number. Another possibility for cloning would be the creation of new organs for someone who is in need of a transplant. The organ could be cloned from someone matching the person's type.

This way people would not need to wait for someone to die to find a replacement organ. These ideas have not been put into effect yet, but that does not mean that they are far away in the future. The ideas for cloning are infinite.

There is no telling what the possibilities can be. Edward Squires, an equine reproduction biologist at Colorado State, says, You could blow your mind thinking about the possibilities. These are just a few of the awesome possibilities in the world of cloning.

Beside the advantages, there are also some of the disadvantages of cloning. Cloning of certain crops will increase the yield and quality. However this will also increase the danger of a disease being able to destroy the entire crop

Ian Wilmut, a researcher in Roslin Scotland says, The more you interfere with reproduction, the more danger there is of things going wrong.

Another possibility for disadvantage of cloning is that people might take advantage of cloning. Of course, a few reasons people might go to the trouble, and so its worth pondering what they think they might accomplish, and what sort of ethical quandaries they might engender. Consider the hypothetical example of the couple who wants to replace a child who has died. The couple doesnt seek to have another child the ordinary way because they feel that cloning would enable them to reproduce, as it were, the lost child. But the unavoidable truth is that they would be producing an entirely different person, a delayed identical twin of that child. Once they understood that, it is unlikely they would persist. ……But couple so persistent in refusing to acknowledge the genetic facts is not likely to be daunted by ethical considerations or legal restrictions either. If our fear is that there could be many couples with that sort of psychology, then we have a great deal more than cloning to worry about.

Is cloning ethical? That is a question that will be with us for a long time. Are there benefits of cloning? The answer to that is a resounding yes. Is there a bad side to cloning? This is another irrefutable affirmative. Should we Clone? This is where things start to get a little shaky. The answer is more of a yea kind of, answer. Most scientists agree that we ought to do more research on clones and even use some of the benefits that come through cloning. However, most scientists also agree that lines should be drawn. ……………………..Where should we raw those lines? Everyone has an opinion in this category and they are all different. The ability is there, at conception, to clone a human. Should this person be allowed to grow and be a genetic backup for the real person. So if the real person was to need a transplant of some organ there would be an exact copy ready and waiting.

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A report into the costs and benefits of winter sports in Courmayeur and - suggestion for improvements

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Winter tourism, often incorporated with winter sports has pros and cons to all three main aspects of tourism economic, cultural and environmental. Courmayeur is located in the mountains region of Italy where winter sports such as alpine skiing and cross-country skiing are the main attraction. And like a chain reaction, winter resorts are constructed to house these tourists.

Firstly, winter sports in Courmayeur are beneficial to the locals economically. With these new constructions of winter resorts for active tourists, employment increased especially among the younger population. This halted the migration of local inhabitants from the region. Since better and more efficient roads, water supplies, and sewerage are needed and built by the resorts to satisfy their international visitors, the local inhabitants also benefit from these new improved infrastructures. Indirectly, the standard and quality of the life of the local people have raised as better wages outtakes the earnings from traditional farming and forestry. Lastly, the facilities provided for tourists such as swimming pools and ice rinks, are also entitled to the local residents.

It is true that it is generally positive that the standard of the resident's life has improved. However, with salaries that pays much higher than traditional farming and forestry, there will be much more leisure time, disposable income, and car ownership. The area already being affected by global warming, increasing the numbers of car ownership will only worsen the problem. The government did attempt to build public and less polluting forms of transportation, such as the train, however only one in every six tourists will travel by train.

However, the constructions of winter resorts greatly affect the mountainous environment and the community's traditional way of life. Many small mountain villages were stressed by the increased demand for water, adequate sewage disposable, communications systems such as telephones, television and mail, as well as medical services, improved road services, shops, and restaurants, etc. Overbuilding and stressing the system will cause damage to the environment. Water quality and levels are changed, large portions of forests are destroyed for ski slopes and roads may easily cause erosion to mountain topsoil, mud slides, avalanches and disturbing the local flora and fauna. Therefore, several hundred species of animals and plans face possible extinction. Furthermore, although improved roads will make traveling more convenient, the presence of roads in these mountainous areas will lead to other problems such as traffic congestions, and heavy emissions of carbon dioxide, which may trigger acid rain.

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With recent effects of global warming, the recent winters in Italy were drier with less amounts of snowfall. This increases the skiing tourists to travel higher up the mountain to ski, which is the most fragile part of the mountain. Therefore, as a solution, artificial snow was created. However, the snow cannons that creates the man-made snow, other than causing noise pollution, it uses millions of gallons of water, altering the water levels suddenly in nearby lakes, disturbing the animal and plants life around and in the lakes such as hibernation cycles.

Normally five million beds are needed in winter resorts, which indicate Italy has ignored the carrying capacity of the mountainous region.

Winter sports itself is not a sustainable activity. However, we could create many plans to make winter sports more sustainable to the region. Areas that could be improved on are acid rain, artificial snow, ski lifts, traffic control and 'tourists' control. Although trains are provided in the region, once again, only 1/6 or 16.6% of the tourists are helping the environment. Therefore, ski resorts must not allow individual traveling but promote the uses of their shuttle buses. This way, roads do not need to be expanded, less cars are used which lowers the emission of carbon dioxide, which decreases the effect of acid rain. Artificial snow should not be carried out anymore. It is just too damaging to the environment and it is very impractical to sacrifice the natural environment for a few flicks of snow. Ski resorts should minimize their construction of ski lifts because it wastes unnecessary space. 1.5 million skiers an hour use ski lifts at the height of winter season. This is an overload. Finally, I think Courmayeur need to monitor the amounts of arriving and departing tourists and identify how many is too much for the mountain.

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