Change

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in change, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your change paper at affordable prices!

Bird uses emotive language to elicit our sympathies for their situation. Her description of the children gives a contrasting image of sadness, sorrow and downcast.

"Her companions look shyly, sadly at the camera; but her eyes are downcast."

Furthermore, these horrific descriptions allow us to imagine the situation, such as

"High domed forehead"

Do my essay on change CHEAP !

And

"Gently pouting upper lip"

These convince the reader that these children are suffering from emotional, attitudinal, social and cultural differences.

Metaphorical language

Bird uses violent metaphors to describe previous government attitudes towards aborigines.

Bird descriptively writes that "the evils of the past always come back to haunt us and to deny the past is to cast a dark shadow, to cripple the future, infecting it with the nature of those evils"

This metaphorical statement implies that

- assimilation is not an error or misguided, but evil

- the government will have the past haunting them about to infect and cripple their future

Bird describes her stories as "delivered from the heart and written in tears"

- provokes sympathy and compassion

- very emotional

Bias

- world of cruelty and evil

The whole introduction is a clich�. Bird refers to all the loss of culture and relations of these aboriginal children as a "tragedy". Not until the end of the introduction did Bird mention some positiveness of child removal, that

"not all indigenous children who were removed from their own families suffered at the hands of the adoptive families."

Modesty

- rhetorical, prolific, crafting of words

Bird recalls that she is "an ordinary person writing…from my heart"

- provokes emotions

Childhood

Bird uses the impact of assimilation in her life to give a personal tone. It distinguishes her unique point of view.

Other people's perspectives

- backup for Bird's arguments

- similar to Bird's views

"True reconciliation…it not achievable in the absence of acknowledgement by the nation of the wrongfulness of the past dispossession, oppression and degradation of the aboriginal people." sir William Deane

Purpose

- cathartic purpose

o cathartic relief of strong feelings or tension

- expiate the past, approach towards a new future

· expiate amend wrong doing in the past

Convince the reader to elicit sympathy towards the stolen generations. The lengthiness and detail of it positions us to accept her perspectives as the only logical reaction to the stories that follow. She clearly gains her intention through visuals, metaphorical languages, emotive language, rhetorical questions, selection of other perspectives, modesty, instructive tone, perspectives for Australia, and childhood references.

Sky-High" by Hannah Robert is a story of a persona who reflects life and compares the joys of childhood to the responsibilities of adulthood. Hannah makes use of figurative language and emotive language to bring her vivid descriptions to life. The use of present tense immediately shows the perspective of an adult reflecting childhood. The alliteration "silver skeletal arms" is a personification of a clothesline which the persona recalls her childhood on. In the presence, the clothesline has transformed into "sun warmed metal." The metaphorical "Jigsaw" was used to piece together the persona's life. "Other details come back, piece by piece, slowly filling the gaps." In her childhood, the persona is free and hence "Sky-high" but as she becomes older, there are responsibilities "and too many things tying me to the ground". She wants to return to the freedom of childhood but change is inevitable and can't be resisted. Initially as she describes her childhood, the tone is warm and elevated but as the story comes to an end and the persona returns to the presence, the tone is cold and hardened. Readers feel that Hannah Robert's story shows that one should enjoy their childhood and make the most of it for the years of adulthood to come. It changes their opinions and may even reverse their thoughts about the way they view life. The persona's childhood was full of freedom and happiness whereas Paul's and William's were miserable and taken away by the assimilation.

Present opinions about the world have continually been reversed and changed. The meaning of change is an alteration, a movement from one form to another or a transformation. The catalyst of change is time which is inevitable.

Overall, a person's perspectives, opinions and thoughts are changed radically or even dramatically over various composer materials and the literal and visual techniques used. Techniques such as alliteration, assonance, metaphors, similes and wit were used to arouse the reader's personal emotions. "The Stolen Children Their stories" conveyed how the government tried but failed with assimilation. The story "Sky-High" promotes nostalgia and the regretting of inevitable changes.

+ Material one's message

+ Material two's message

In conclusion, a person's perspective may change much or little depending on the way they interpret different readings.

Introduction

1. answer the question agree/disagree

. define change / definitions + catalyst + changes + effects + response to change

. raise issues + characters from text + state resources

4. state changes to be discussed

Body

Text 1//

1. state main idea + detail

. quote + explanation

. introduce resource + date + composer + content

4. quote + explanation

5. link text and material

6. concluding statement + reference to question

Conclusion

1. review the 4 discussions of texts

. reiterate review with reference to the question

. concluding statement to validate your argument

Sample Essay (number 1) rating = bad, too long! Too detailed!

"Change is part of life. It cannot be escaped and instead should be welcomed." Discuss this statement with reference to your electives for the area of study

Change is a stage in life, appreciated and hated yet inevitable. From the birth of life to modern 1st century civilisation, society has changed without slightest notice. The dictionary definition of change is "an alteration", "a transformation from one to another", or "to become different." There were good consequences of change such as innovations towards civilisation, yet society had to suffer political changes which led to war. The prescribed text "The Stolen children their stories", the poem "The Door." The four materials all deal with changing perspectives, how sometimes society tries to avoid change for good or bad, but can't stop it, it's inevitable! The prescribed text and the other supporting material deal with emotional, relationship and cultural changes.

The report "the Stolen Children their stories" edited by Carmel Bird, 18 Australia, is composed of short stories and hopes to make society listen to the stolen generations and feel their plight, cultural loss and the changes. Its purpose is cathartic. In hope that Australian people and the government will sympathise and apologise, by saying "sorry", to them. Bird's perspective is distinct as she insists "An apology is due to those who have come to be known as the stolen generations." The report's purpose is to expiate the past, approach towards the future.

In the 1st story, Paul and his mother were admitted to hospital, recovering from an illness. Only then, did doctors and officials note that Paul's mother was "unable to provide adequate care" care for her son. As a result, Paul was adopted and placed into a foster home where he suffered verbal abuse. The children of the foster parents called him "their little abo", as a result Paul was stressed and constantly angry. Through his life, Paul has undergone social, emotional and cultural changes. "I had no identity; I always knew I was different", this emotional change made him feel inferior to even his own people today. He disgusts the changes as they separated him culturally as if he had lost part of his life "Although we try we still don't really know each other, we're still like strangers." The only happiness in him were "The next six years were the happiest, most cherished years of my life", when he was reunited with his family. That was when he spent the six years with his mother before she died at 45. Through the separation, Paul learns how truthfully he loves his family, and how he regrets the loss of a cultural relationship. This reflects how one should welcome change as stated in the question.

Another compelling story was Millicent's story. Millicent was taken from her family and placed in Sister Kate's Home in WA. As she worked by a farm, she was sexually and physically abused. Soon after, she was pregnant and had a baby, which was also removed from her. The matron told her that her baby was dead. However, in 16 January Millicent was contacted by the SA welfare that her daughter was searching for her, they were reunited. The social and attitudinal changes she suffered were severe as though "All they contributed to our upbringing and future was an unrepairable scar of loneliness, mistrust, hatred and bitterness." Her life was filled with fear and pressure that "I was scared and wanted to die." Definitely, she did not welcome the changes that happened. As traumatic as it was, she had no where to go and had to overcome this time of physical change, where "the farmer and one of his workers raped me several times" Millicent's story was just one of many which contradicted the idea that change should be welcomed. Most stolen children weren't treated with love. They were used as slaves or for sexual treatment!

William's story is filled with sorrow and sadness. When he was 6, his mother died and he was sent to an orphanage. He then lived with Mrs. R, where he was repeatedly raped. He then left home and got involved with alcohol and drugs. Now, he still suffers emotionally. The serious repetitive staccato effect of short sentences shows his anger and frustration as he reflects his changes in life. How his separation led to relationship changes, "I wish I was blacker", William's lost his culture, language and bond with his own people. He feels ashamed, "I drank myself stupid. I drank to take pain, the misery out of my life…I am so ashamed of what I've done." His mental hopelessness makes him lost, lonely and sorrow. He tried escaping the changes through drug and alcohol abuse, but that led to his own depression.

The lengthiness and details of Carmel Bird's report is so intense that she changes the reader's perspective towards the aboriginal generations. The contrast of the stories is supported by 1 perspectives, voices and recommendations which suggest restitution. "The Stolen Children Their stories" show how some unfortunate people struggle to resist the changes but it is inevitable, unable to escape but forced to suffer. Rarely some welcome the change; it gives them hope of wisdom and worthiness of love and life.

"Go and open the door" repeats the poem "The Door" as it encourages you to open it to see something new, if not then "even if nothing is there, go and open the door, at least there is a draught." Microslav Holub's poem implies that physical changes are bound to happen, they should be welcomed. The poem insists that there is a chance that changes bring good consequences. In the poem, "the door" is the boundary, or the challenge to overcome, the fear people have to approaching new things. The words "Maybe" and "if" show the wonderful possibilities of opening the door. The poem consists of 4 stanzas, each with indents to show the action and then the consequences. The reader is placed into a situation and can well imagine, due o the language of a poem, what the listener's reactions might be. The door acts as an intimidating barrier and the speaker must diffuse the phobia of his companion. The themes of the poem is simple, it relates with human fear, challenges and changes. Note that the perspectives of the speaker and the listener are markedly different and the poet, who is a master of brevity, sketches in the reasons that they are held.

+ Material of your own choosing, preferably a film

+ Material of your own choosing, preferably a book

"Change is part of life. It cannot be escaped and instead should be welcomed", is a true statement in life. looking back into the past does not help the future, regardless of what has happened. Carmel Bird's "The Stolen Children Their Stories" shows how negative changes should be overcome, by "Recommendations". How John's Howard's resisting to an apology shows how determined he is to saying that the past cannot be blamed onto this generation. Or on the other hand how an apology is due to sympathise indigenous plight. The inevitability is present hence the changes cannot be blamed for but should be accepted and welcomed to make negative times better.

Please note that this sample paper on change is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on change, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on change will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Biomechanics of tennis

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An Investigation Into How Biomechanical Analysis and Research Has Aided Research and Development In Racquet Sports

Introduction

Until the 170's virtually all tennis racquets were made of wood with leather grips. Typically, the racquets were 7 inches in length, had a head size of about 65 square inches and weighed about 1 ounces. Manufactoring innovations have radically changed the racquet in modern tennis. The modern racquet is larger in both head length and head width. It is also considerably lighter, less flexable and made of new materials such as graphite and Kevlar.

Biomechanics has also influenced the development of the strings, tennis ball, injury reduction and stroke production.Order Custom Essay on biomechanics of tennis

Biomechanics of stroke production

When you watch more proficient young tennis players compeating you can see quite clearly that the style of tennis strokes has changed. Over a period of time the classic, smooth flowing ground strokes that were displayed by the tennis champions of the first two thirds of this century has been replaced. Todays game emphaasizes power from the baseline and the ability to end the point with a single swing anytime the opponent is slightly out of position. The "power" enphesis in the game has evolved shots such as the now dominent overhead serve originating from the clasic underarm serve. It is possible that stroke mechanics are a direct result of the changes in racquet technology, (Brody 00)

Adopting a kinesiological anaalysis approach to tennis strokes (elliot et al;17) identified two major strategies of coordination used in tennis, shown in table 1 below.

He concluded that in strokes where power is required for example in a service or groundstroke a number of body segments must be coordinted in such a way that a high racquet speed is generated at impact. Where precision is needed the performer must reduce the number of segments and move segments more as a unit for example a volley at the net.

Recent studies on the serve (Elliot et al.,15) and the forehand drive (Elliot et al 17) have provided coaches with an appreciation of the role of individual segments in developing racquet velocity illustrated in table below.

The above table shows that the number of segments if coordinated correctly leads to an effective stroke. However this research must be treated carefully since the calculations does not acknowledge the roles of other body segments. For example the legs in the service play an important role prior to impact, while others can act in a way that enable other segments to operate more effectlively.

As (W.Ben Kibler states) the high percentage attributed to the upper arm in part reflects the energy transferred up the kinetic chain from the lower extremities and trunk. This again emphasises the importance of the other body segmants as well as the shoulder, arm and hand in playing a shot.

A Longer Back-swing?

Biomechanical research has also aided in the evolution of a longer backswing of the racquet before ball contact. The main reason for having a backswing is to increase the distance over which velocity can be developed during the forward swing. In groundstrokes it was commonly taught that 'the racquet should be pointed at the back fence' (Hohm, J et al.,187), Whereas today advanced players frequently rotate the racquet 45 degrees beyond this point for the forehand (Elliot et al., 18, Takahashi et al., 16) and 0 degrees beyond this point ("parallel with the back fence") for a backhand groundstroke (Elliot et al., 18).

The tendaancy to keep the racquet behind yet away from the back in the service action or to position the racquet passed the hitting shoulder in preperation for a volley at the service line are further evidence of players increasing the distance of the forward swing to impact.

The Use of Elastic Energy

Research has shown in a stretch shorten cylcle of movement elastic energy stored during the eccentric phase of action (lenghening) is partially recovered such that the concentric phase (shortening) is enhanced. This is also supported by the fact that the concentric action begins with the appropriate muscles under higher tension than could be created purely concentrically. Research by (Wilson, G.J et al,.11) has shown that the benefit to performance from these two factors is critical for success in tennis.

Examples from selected strokes are

Service

A coaching point in maximising power in the serve is the timing of the 'leg drive' with the racquet preperation. The eccentric stretch of the shoulder muscles is maximised by a vigorous 'leg drive' that is combined with the effects of gravity and the inertia of the racquet. The off centre 'leg drive' also helps to rotate the trunk forward (flexion, shoulder over shoulder and rotation) in preparation for impact.

Groundstrokes

Rotation of the shoulders greater than the hips and the positioning of the upper limb relative to the trunk during the backswing phase of these strokes, place appropriate muscles on stretch. In the backhand groundstroke this is why the racquet is parallel to the baseline in preparation for the forward swing.

In conclusion biomechanics is a key area in coach education and player development because all tennis strokes have a fundamental mechanical sructure. Successful performance of the tennis strokes is greatly affected by the technique the player employs. A coach who understands the key mechanical features of a stroke, can analyse movement will provide the best opportunity for optimal player development.

Tennis Racquet Strings

One of the factors that determined the overall performance of a tennis racquet, and one that can be selected by the player, is the string tension (Groppel et al.187; Bower & Sinclair 1; Knudson17; Cross 000). Since string tension is a factor in determing performance outcome biomechanical reseach in this area is quite extensive.

The effect Of String Tension

The variables affected in the formulas for string tension are dwell time and coefficient of restitution. Dwell time has been identified as the length of time the ball stays on the strings. Coefficient of restitution is the measure of the elaticity of the collision between the ball and the raquet. High coefficient of restitution produces a more elastic and livelier bounce.

Longer dwell time means lower torque and impulse reaction on impact, which means better accuracy. Dwell time decreases with increasing string tension, which has a negative effect on performance accuracy. After a point as string tension increases, coefficient of restitution goes down. Lower coefficient of restituion means higher

Please note that this sample paper on biomechanics of tennis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on biomechanics of tennis, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on biomechanics of tennis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Raising free children

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I have always had an opinion about how the world is so different for men and women. Even as an adolescent, I remember taking every opportunity to express my opinion in the matter. I had little hope of making any changes to the way my parents raised us, but I talked and thought about it a lot. I sure thought about it some more when I had my first son, but it has become a serious issue since I had my daughter. Not all girls like to play Mommy, and not all boys can be strong and brave.

Raising children to fulfill traditional female and male roles has a negative effect in their adult life. Gender based play during childhood, the poor promotion of womens achievements throughout history, and an accepting attitude towards gender-based stereotypes, are three important factors that cause low self-esteem in girls and a feeling of superiority in boys. These practices teach men that their place in the world is that of control, and train women to be submissive and accepting of their disadvantaged position in the world.

Promoting play based on gender has justification only if we believe that there are exclusive roles for women and men. If we understand that there are only two roles where there can be no crossover, the ones of mother and father, then there is no reason to limit childrens play founded on a biological circumstance. Women can only be mothers, never fathers, and viceversa, but biologically and intellectually, both genders are capable of performing well in any occupation.

According to Kathy Reyes Smith, a Kindergarten teacher of 5 years, almost exclusively boys play with boys and girls with girls from kindergarten on. At home and even at daycare, children classify people in two categories adults and children. After age five, they recognize two other categories boys and girls. Childrens gender identity is not threatened by exploring all arenas of life. Not only we can, but we must encourage children to know themselves, find their vocation and develop their potential, intellectually and emotionally. During early childhood, parents and society begin to establish differences based on gender that strengthen a culture of stereotypes. From birth girls and boys have a dress code to match a certain expected behavior? Pastel colors, flower prints, hair ornaments and earrings, go well with a tranquil and docile conduct expected from girls. Blue in various shades and other dark colors, along with prints of machinery, tools, and wild animals constitute the boys dress code. Later, girls can identify pink as the feminine assigned color, due to its generalized use in their clothes, toys and school supplies. As expected, boys very much stay away from this color.

It is common knowledge that girls mature at a younger age than boys. In fact, girls are expected to be potty trained earlier than boys are. Around the toddler years parents begin to exclude a number of games and pretend play from their childrens activities. Very physical play or ones that involve guns are reserved for boys. If girls are allowed to participate, they are not permitted to actually use the guns; their involvement in the game is limited to be spectators. For girls, dolls and dishes substitute trains, construction equipment, war toys, and action adventure heroes, which belong in the boys world.

By age six, parents, relatives, marketing and society introduce the concept of exclusive occupations to childrens play. Girls are provided with toys to support pretend play suitable for girls, like cleaning utensils, kitchen items, and craft supplies. The roles of nurses, teachers and stay home parents are not so much imposed on girls, but they are promoted by being discouraged from boys play. Society considers inappropriate for boys to assume these roles in their pretend play. At the same time, certain other occupations fitting to heroes and leaders are promoted to boys, such as soldiers, engineers and policemen. This practice teaches children that occupations are gender adequate. Not by accident, the professions and occupations of power are appropriate for men, and those positions that follow orders are appropriate for women. Sadly, parents support all or some of these apparently innocent practices. Has anyone seen the male nurse Halloween custom, or, the male ballet dancer Halloween custom? All of these things send a message and they acquire the idea that femininity is synonymous with weakness, lack of ability and low intelligence.

My five-year-old son has been playing Monopoly for a little over two months now, and his ability to handle money went from to 7 in a scale of 1 to 10. He can practice addition and subtraction, and he is learning to make decisions. Catering to adults, Monopoly has come up with versions such as NFL and NASCAR. In the childrens market Parker Brothers introduced Pokemon Monopoly, which is the version he likes to play. All toy makers could start creating or modifying games and toys to make them inclusive of both genders. How about a Monopoly version with famous buildings in the world, or another with invention patents by men and women.

By the time children reach adolescence, they have accumulated 1 years of gender discriminating training. Now, fashion, societys expectations and their developing sexual identities separate the boys from the girls even more. Girls are encouraged to be good, and boys not to be good. Parents foster in boys the instinct of defense, to protect oneself and others, to fight for ones property and rights. But there is a totally different perception of girls when they present the same behavior. Girls are considered unfeminine and too aggressive. Boys are considered manly and brave. Girls are punished and boys rewarded for doing exactly the same thing. A girls reputation depends upon her control over a sexuality she hardly understands, and a boys popularity is founded on the free expression of the sexuality he does not understand either. Boys will be boys, Boys dont cry, Boys go as far as a girls let them, are sayings that illustrate societys concept of the roles of the sexes. Men chase and rule, women wait to be chased and obey.

Besides this, generations worth of submission training create a cycle difficult to break. Children learn from what their parents do. Therefore, the decisions mothers make for their personal lives are the guides daughters will use to make their own choices. Thus, mothers who endure abuse from their partners are setting a destructive example. In all fairness, it is necessary to note that young women are many times pressured by their parents to stay in a bad marriage.

Nancy Gibbs in her essay When Is It Rape? discusses how when societies began to punish rape, it was so only in the case of virgins. Because it was viewed as a property crime, the sanction was usually to pay the father the equivalent of the girls price in the marriage market. In some early social groups like Hebrews, the fate of a rape victim was the same as that of the adulterous woman. Anybody who has lived in Latin America can testify that this is a current practice among indigenous groups.

In a society ruled by men, women have to fight not to assume a dependent role. Unfortunately due to the gender discriminatory training they have received, many only find their identity in the role they have in a mans life. It is painful to witness how many see themselves as objects of ornament. Too much emphasis is placed on a woman being pretty, slim, and youthful. The popularity of breast implants and other cosmetic procedures are a reflection of this. Women settle for bad relationships, marriages and partners. The evening news tells stories about these women almost every night. Many base their worth on being loved by a man. This consequence reinforces the fallacy of mens superiority over women. Cultures where women who do not marry are labeled Old Maids, teach from childhood that females need a man to be happy. And many men end up believing that women need them too much and love them less.

In the area of romance, the training men receive is a sure formula for failure. They need to get the money first so they can get the girl later. The more money they make, the better opportunity they have in choosing the woman they like. Likewise, the training for women in this area of relationships produces the same result. Girls dont need to worry about going to school and getting a good job, all they have to do is be pretty, thin and pleasing to be picked by a man. But women realize soon that the world works in a different way. They need to go out and get jobs. Women need to provide for themselves and their families. Even in a relationship women contribute too. Though men seem to be in a position of control, this is actually a very uncomfortable situation for them too. Because they have been made to believe that women love them for their money, a feeling of insecurity is almost sure. In their minds, the woman they set to conquer is not truly theirs. She belongs to the money and who ever has it. Suddenly, men feel they are not in control anymore. They feel threaten in their emotions and their intelligence.

Regardless of what really happens out in the world, our culture still assigns the role of provider to men. Everybody knows though, that women are providers too. As part of two-income families, or as single mothers, women can and do provide for their children and themselves. Joanna L. Strantton in her book Pioneer Women illustrates the myth that one of mens roles, as fathers, husbands or brothers, is to protect the women in their lives. Women have had to protect themselves against men and in spite of mens protection. Back in the times when women were not allowed to own property or have inheritance rights, when they were prevented from voting and disabled by the law to have custody of their own children, and could not even speak in public or attend universities, women lived at the mercy of men. This shameful reality prompted the Temperance movement, aimed to ban alcohol from communities, for it was considered the destroyer of the home. Soon after, the womens Suffrage Movement was born, championed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Unfortunately, their names and accomplishments are not well known.

One afternoon during a womens convention for the Suffrage movement, Frederick Douglass spoke in support of Congresss proposal to grant black men the right to vote. Women, through the Suffrage movement, had supported the Abolitionist cause for years. So when Congress offered the vote only for black men, women expected to have the abolitionists support for their own cause. But men turned on women and accepted the proposal. That afternoon, Anthony asked Douglass if black women did not deserve the right to vote. Douglass had no answer for Anthony. Women continued their fight alone and Ms. Anthony died before she could legally vote. This is how Lynn Sherr in her book Failure Is Impossible narrates this painful episode in history in which men put their rights above women again.

When we speak of rights, we must not forget the nurses that have served in all the wars. They cared for the wounded in extremely dangerous situations, even offering their lives to save the innocent. Yet prevented from receiving the well deserved highest honors, because only combat assignments are eligible for these most rewarding medals. Women as well as men have an obligation to correct all these cases of injustice. A crusade to right the wrongs should be sought in this millennium.

Scott Russell Sanders, in The Men We Carry in Our Minds, exonerates unprivileged men of womens inferior place in the world. In his mind, the men who work with their bodies, the uneducated, the poor, the field workers and even the soldiers because they have little financial resources do not oppress women. Russell refers to women not having to go to war or make a living. He seems to forget that women do suffer the horrors of war and fails to acknowledge the sacrifice wives make sharing their husbands misfortune. What women want and deserve is the right to choose.

It is necessary to raise the issue and provoke thought. Promote the discussion and analysis of the topic to reach the stage of action. Parents should be able to talk freely about the way they want to raise their children. Free of prejudice and only with the childrens best interest in mind. This can be the starting point of the journey to equality. The goal is to help children know themselves, so they can reach happiness. The challenge is to identify all of societys obstacles and defeat the monster of stereotypes and myths. It is also necessary to teach the real history to our children. The path consists of identifying the virtues of equality between women and men. I aim to raise a daughter not destined to suffer social submission and unnecessary physical and emotional pain. I intend to raise two sons with free minds, who will help free more women.

Please note that this sample paper on raising free children is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on raising free children, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on raising free children will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Cambodia

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on cambodia. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality cambodia paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in cambodia, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your cambodia paper at affordable prices !

Before I started my research on the Cambodian Killing Fields I did not know too much about it. All I knew was that in this small country between Thailand and Vietnam it had been taken over by a communist group and they ruled over everything and everybody. They killed people by the thousands, thus the name the killing fields.

I decided to do this event because I heard about this event awhile ago and I always thought that it was pretty interesting. So when the chance came along to research anything we want, I took the opportunity to research something I am actually interested in, and want to know more about. I knew there was a deeper story to this event other than what I knew, which was that a communist group killed a lot of people in Cambodia. And I was right. This was the first time I have ever done a project where I wanted to find out more and more. My whole life I have always been fascinated by events such as this in third world countries. It is truly amazing of how different those cultures are. Everything about them socially, politically, economically and culturally, are so different than anybody else could ever imagine. So I like to study events like the Cambodian Killing Fields to learn more about the whole world around us. I believe that myself and the people around me should know what is going on in our world and the atrocities other people have dealt with. It is a real eye opener.

This event was negative, but the after affects that everyone else got out of it were positive. Society in itself was hurt by this event, and of course not one person wants that to happen to them. The killing fields did teach society a lesson, it is just really awful that things had to go this far, just to get through to people of what really goes on outside the bubble what they live in. This did hurt so many lives, but something positive has come out of it. We now know better, and are more aware of the world that we live in. Nothing even remotely like it should ever happen again as society has treated this as such a serious and scary event. At least now the majority of the people give a damn, and actually care about others but themselves.

The Cambodian killings have definitely made a mark on a lot of people and has been influential ever since this dreadful even has happened. This significant event affected so many people during the time period of it and it still does today. So many people died and others who did not lived terrible lives, even after the reign of Pol Pot. They were always scarred from what had happened to them and their loved ones. When it happened in the past this type of thing was unheard of, according to the people that live in such countries as United States and Canada. They had no idea such things like this was going on in the world surrounding them. Everyone was so oblivious to this and was in a complete state of shock to hear that Cambodia's government was killing their own people, for no reason. Everybody was horrified by this news, but very few did anything about it. This event was so colossal that people still remember it to this day. The survivors of this have made an impact on the people of today. They have shared their painful stories to millions, which has influenced a lot of people to look outside their home, and their community to help do something for those less fortunate outside their country. I know people will never forget about this horrendous event. Talk of it still goes on today every now and then, and the stories are still spread. The people of Cambodia will be haunted by this past. Even the Cambodian people that were not even born at the time are affected by it since it did happen to either their mother, father, or grandparents. The stories will keep on being told and passed through generations making this even still influential in the future. Once you've heard the stories, and seen the pictures, I am sure you will be impacted too.Write my Essay on cambodia

This incident takes place in Cambodia and is definitely worthy of in-depth research since it was such a momentous event because most people that live in places like the United States or Canada never though anything like that could ever happen. It was such a shock to hear that this sort of thing only happened twenty-eight years ago. This event is so detailed, and the research you could find about this could go on for pages. It is really interesting to learn about, and of how something like that ever happened in the first place. I would suggest to anyone to learn more about this event as it goes to show how lucky we are to live in a country like Canada.

4.c),d)The Cambodian Killing Fields incident is best classified as social, economic, political and cultural, but the biggest category to represent it would be political. After the event the government changed significantly. For four years it was under the reign of Pol Pot. He wanted to keep the society an agrarian society, so anyone who even looked smart was murdered. He did not want his country to modernize, so he took out anything in his way. Even though Pol Pot and his people are long gone today Cambodia still has never recovered. The people are still suffering from what he did twenty-eight years ago. It was and still is very costly to clean up the countryside, so Cambodia still looks to be in the same state the Khmer Rouge left it in. And since Cambodia is a very poor country it will probably stay that way for the next while. Now the government is trying to clean up all aspects of Cambodia that they can, all of which Pol Pot created. The killing fields has had a huge impact on the Cambodians during the time of it, and after. This shocking event however impacted the rest of the people in the world, that had heard about the killing fields in Cambodia. The impact this incident created never had a positive affect on anybody. Except for the fact that it made other people really think and imagine of what other people have to endure, and that since it was such a bad thing that had happened and it did not go over too well anywhere, something like this is bound to never happen again.

4.e) The political surrounding of this time was what the whole Cambodian Killing Fields were about. The communist government took over everything, including the people. They ruthlessly tried to remake Cambodia to what they thought it should be. Led by Pol Pot, they terrorized the towns and villages. Not one person could do anything about it since it was the Government that was causing all of the problems. The people were very angered by this all. They killed who ever they felt like for no reason at all. Finally in 17, there was an invasion by the Vietnamese that out the Khmer Rouge (led by Pol Pot) to an end. But by that time they had already committed on of the century's greatest massacres and had killed between 1.5- million Cambodian people.

Please note that this sample paper on cambodia is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on cambodia, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on cambodia will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Illness and Death of a Parent

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Background Characteristics

In the United States, more then million children and adolescents (.4%) younger than 18 years, have experienced death of a parent (Christ & Siegel, 0016). In Conneticut alone 8,000 children under the age of 18 have experienced death of a parent (Emswiler & Emswiler, 0005). Raveis, Siegel, and Karus (188) discovered that background characteristics of a child, the deceased parent, and family may affect the outcome of the child's grief (Raveis, Siegel, Karus, 18167). The age and gender of the child also plays a major role in the outcome of the child's grief. Younger children, under the age of five, and early adolescence, in particular, are vulnerable to poor adjustment to parental death.

According to Donna Schuurman (00) the age of the child and corresponding developmental abilities influence their understanding, memory, and their ability to cope with the death of a parent. From, birth to two years of age, known as the sensorimotor period, If the parent died at birth, or short after, there is one less "not you" to assist in building patterns and trust. The child intuitively and instinctually senses absence of another (having spent months attached to her) and in changes of those around you. This causes and interruption in the ability to trust. To generate or regain trust depends on what happens next to your family and world. From, age two to five or six years of age, known as the preoperational period, primary tasks were developing independence and initiative. When parent's death occurs it is as if "you just began to walk and the rug was pulled out from under you"(Schuurman, 007). The child may slip back to younger behaviors, such as baby talk, wetting the bed, clinging to people, crying more frequently and insisting on their own way. From age six to eleven or twelve years of age, known as the concrete operational period, most children understand death as final. Often, they also retain belief that in some way their actions, or failure to act, may have contributed to the death. During the "raging adolescence period", also known as formal operational, children begin to have more advance reasoning. They need to find and make meaning of their parent's death. Due to the loss of parent, they may have been forced to "grow up". Due to this, they may have experienced added pressures and responsibilities, as well as financial concerns or questions about the future. If the child had a conflicted relationship with the deceased parent, he/she may have carried additional guilt and unresolved issues. During each phase of life, reprocess of loss happens. The child/children must confront reality of having no parent in life while coping with new challenges, such as; friends, dating, career choices, etc (Schuurman, 007).

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According to Willis (00) understanding grief and death begins at around or 4 years of age. She distinguishes between three periods in a child's understanding of death. Between and 5 the child understands that her parent has moved and is living somewhere else. Between the ages of 5 and , the child believes that death may have been avoided entirely. Finally, between the ages of and 10, the child reaches and understands that death is permanent, inevitable, and affects all living things. The four components of children's understanding of death, such as the irreversibility factor, the finality, the inevitability, and causality all relate directly to the child's developmental level at the time of death (Willis, 00).

Some claim that girls are more vulnerable to adverse consequences, and boys have a more problematic adjustment. Others report that they believe that there is no gender difference. These inconsistent findings may be explained through investigations that have documented factors such as child's gender and deceased parent's gender. They may operate in conjunction with one another to show children at increased risk, that is, gender match of bereaved child with deceased parent for young girls, under age 11, and adolescent boys. Some other less examined background characteristics are birth order, family size, presence of siblings, and age of siblings (Raveis, Siegel, Karus, 18167).

Some of the gender differences sited in "Guiding your child through Grief" (Emswiler & Emswiler 000) are as follows boys tend to talk less and act out more, they express grief as anger and aggression. In addition, they are more prone to having concentration and learning problems in the first year after their parent's death. Girls, on the other hand, tend to talk and cry more. They show more anxiety and are concerned about their own safety and health, and that of their surviving parent. Girls may also exhibit more physical complaints and they have more frequent disagreements with other surviving family members. They tend to remain more attached to the parent who died and tend to idealize that parent more. They certainly are more likely to hold onto items that connect them to loved ones (Emswiler & Emswiler, 00050)

In "Explaining death to children", it is claimed that if a boy loses his mother he may regress to an earlier stage of development. His speech may become more babyish, he may begin to suck his thumb, whine, and demand a great deal of attention. Later in life, he may believe that all women have a tendency to hurt men, because he was "injured" by his mother. He may avoid being hurt by leaving them before they can hurt him. A mother substitute, such as a housekeeper, aunt, or older sister may be important in supporting the child and removing these later tendencies. By the same token, a small boy who loses his father may need another male figure as a substitute (Ames et al, 16716).

Factors Associated with Parent's Death

The specific cause of parental death may be an important factor in predicting the outcome of bereaved children. For example, children whose parents who died from cancer showed symptoms of depression and such psychological problems involving anxiety, behavioral problems, decreased social competence, and lower self confidence. On the other hand, children who experienced sudden or violent forms of parental death, including parental suicide showed not only symptoms of depression, but also severe anxiety and intrusive thoughts within the first year after parental death (Pfeffer et al, 0001). (Another factor that has been found to affect a child's adjustment to the loss of a parent relates to the circumstances around death.) When sudden and unexpected death occurs, there is no time to prepare the child and therefore this could result in subsequent adjustment being problematic. The length of illness, advance knowledge of near death, or degree that a child was aware of that the parent would die, may affect the child's adjustment in the postdeath period. Other factors that may affect a child in the predeath period are stress of fatal illness and changes made due to it, such as, alterations in lifestyle, absence or withdrawal of ill parent from family functions, and household economic changes. These stresses and changes can then continue into the immediate postdeath period. Even sudden or unexpected death to a child, that had had a change or loss in the predeath period, is more likely to exhibit adjustment difficulties. Circumstances where a child was prepared for the funeral, if the child was involved in it, or was allowed to see their parent's body, also affects the child's postdeath adjustment (Raveis, Siegel, Karus, 18167).

Pfeffer et al. (00) compared the depressive symptoms, social competence, and behavior problems of prepubescent children bereaved within 18 months of parental death from suicide, and whose parents died from cancer. They found that children whose parents died as a result of suicide, reported significantly more depressive symptoms than children whose parents who died from cancer, such as negative moods, interpersonal problems, lack of self esteem, and anhedonia. A major concern that may affect children's adjustment to the sudden parental death, such as suicide, is the development of these children's traumatic expectations about the world, anxiety in social situations. Long-term clinical research of children who lost their parent as a result of suicide suggest that the psychosocial adjustment of these children when they become adults may be more problematic than after other forms of death (Pfeffer et al, 00).

In "The Grieving Child", (Fitzgerald1) when death strikes without warning, such as, heart attack or accident, there is no opportunity for the child to see the physical changes in their dying parent. The surviving parent may be in a great deal of pain and may have little time to think about the special needs of the child. It is critical for other family members, as well as health care professionals to support the child in order to resolve his/her grief. The child must have an opportunity to say goodbye to the dead parent in his/her own way (Fitzgerald,11).

Attributes of the Family Environment

Most children irrespective of their age yearn and need to talk about the death of their parent. According to Emswiler & Emswiler (000) over half of the children interviewed wanted to talk to their friends about their parent's death. Fortunately, most of their friends were willing to listen and talk to them. A third of the children wanted to talk to their teachers, who were warm and caring (Emswiler & Emswiler, 0001).

Although the world has changed over the years, funamental questions children ask about death remain the same. Such as "Why do I feel sad?", "What happens after death?" or "Am I going to die too?". Adults responses regardless, must be simple honest, consistent and loving. When introducing death to a child, real-life experiences are not the best way to begin with. Newspapers and television shows are often much too frightening and may only give the child misconceptions of the topic. A good way to introduce death is through books and other visual media. This allows us to observe others from a "safe" distance. Hearing characters express their thoughts and anxieties that the grieving child experiences can be reassuring. According to Grollman (15) when children experience the uncomfortable feelings of a protagonist, they may come to realize that not all of life's mysteries can be solved and that death and grief can be avoided.

Some attributes that may effect the child are the surviving parent's own distress and adjustment to death. The child's adjustment is also subject to the quality of care provided by the existing parent. Family communication patterns about parent's death and event leading up to it affect the child as well. When issues are spoken about and discussed, the child is more likely to adapt in a normal way. If parent does not speak of the death, the child is more likely to adapt in a bad way. This can promote denial, avoidance of the finality of loss, acting out and guilt may also result if parent's failed to communicate. Daily environment and unpredictability in daily routine may also contribute (Raveis, Siegel, Karus, 18167).

The only way for people to alter the pattern of children's grief is by being truthful, open and caring. The importance of allowing children to ask questions and of confirming the reality of their parents death and of allowing them to go through the painful yet therapeutic process of grief is emphasized by Helen Fitzgerald in "The Grieving Child" (1). Her research involving young children who suffered traumatic losses, such as, parental suicide deaths and murders combined death education in a support group. The success of this type of therapy in the later adjustment of grieving children broke new ground in the mental health field (Fitzgerald, 1).

In "Explaining Death to Children", Ames et al (167) children's questions should be answered briefly and simply without a great deal of emotion. Discussions of parental death should not revolve around myths, beliefs, or religion and should be approached gently. Most of all, fairy tales about a parent's death and such lies as "Mother has gone on a long journey", are unhealthy explanations. Such stories will contribute to a child's insecurity and inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy. Dishonesty may also contribute to the bereaved child's feeling of guilt about their parent's death. Such reactions may evolve from an earlier hostility towards the surviving parent. Finally, the grieving child should not be kept away from their parents funeral irrespective of their age. This is damaging and makes the child feel isolated from the family unit(Ames ed.16751).

Recent research (Christ & Siegel 00) has also shown that in addition to family support health care professionals can play a significant role in teaching children and adolescents coping strategies and preparing their family to facilitate the child adaptive tasks posed by their parents illness, death, and aftermath.

Please note that this sample paper on Illness and Death of a Parent is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Illness and Death of a Parent, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Illness and Death of a Parent will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"The truth isn't the truth until people believe you, and they can't believe you if they don't know what you're saying, and they can't know what you're saying if they don't listen to you, and they won't listen to you if you're not interesting, and you won'

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William Bernbach was a US advertising executive and copywriter. He trademarked subtle, low-pressure advertising in the agency he founded, Doyle Dane Bernbach, Inc., and is known among the advertising and marketing world for his clever quotes. (www.smallbusinesswizzards.com)

Using some of the thoughts of Mr. Bernbach and the Team, you will see that Apple and Kia are good examples of three basic truths

1. Creative marketing and advertising involves making products interesting by "being imaginative, original, and fresh" and gets the attention of consumers!

. Great advertising does NOT ensure brand success

. Gaining market share should not always be a primary goal in launching an ad campaign, and a low product rating doesn't always mean failure in this area.

Properly practiced creativity can make one ad do the work of ten.

-- William Bernbach

Apple is a good example of creative marketing and advertising they use tactics that give their computers a personality which is an original and very interesting way to sell personal computers and related products.

Regarding the role Apple ads play in demonstrating the personality of their products, the members of The Team seem to each have similar ideas, but different ways to express the thoughts…not unlike the personalities of Apple and their ads!

For instance, Micah's favorite new Apple commercial stars Vern Troyer (Mini-Me from Austin Powers movies) and Yao Ming (Basketball player for the Houston Rockets) both men, famous for their size, were used to advertise the new big (17") and small (1") "Powerbook" (which, incidently, are the largest, and most compact full-sized laptops, respectively). (http//www.basketball65.co.uk/apple1700.htm )

The commercial features the men on an airplane sitting next to each other. Each man pulls out his laptop, the small man's being the big laptop and the big man's being the small laptop. The humor is obvious without anything having to be said in the commercial, but it further demonstrates Apple's product "personality" in this case being that "they are both great and they are both unique" (www.basketball65.co.uk).

Monica notes that the Apple ads allow the viewer to see first hand how different this computer is from all the other computers. The ad shows you a computer that is able to think. By thinking the computer is able to interpret what the person in front of it is doing and perform the same actions. The ad is showing that it is not just a computer that will sit on the desk but will interact with the user.

The computer's flat screen demonstrates to the buyer that they can get the same advantages without the bulk of a big screen. The flat screen also shows how this computer can compete with the other computers by having a flat screen but is better than the other computers because it has a mind of its own and will relate with the user.

John sees that Apple plays a significant role in demonstrating the personality of their products. He believes the theme behind their iMac is the best example. Apple made the iMac available in colors such as indigo, ruby, sage and snow (Miles, 000). That appealed to consumers that wanted a computer with a personality, instead of a white, gray, or black computer box on the floor. Apple has introduced a host of products with personality. These include peripheral toys such as the Newton, and the iPod. In all their products, Apple has added a touch of flavor and panache.

Advertising doesnt create a product advantage. It can only convey it.

-- William Bernbach

According to the facts shown in the article the team examined for the study, no matter how creative The Team (and 4% of Harris Pollers questioned USA Today's "Ad Track", (Howard, 00, p. B06). finds Apple's advertising, this does not ensure their brand success.

Each of the companies listed in the USA Today Article (Snapple, Kia, and Apple) are all clever, even "great" advertisers, but, as you can see from their rankings, not necessarily the most successful…then again, how are we terming success? Micah thinks Apple has successfully made a strong, solid name for itself that says "we're not afraid of a little competition, we are here to stay!" As far as name recognition goes, they are every bit as renowned as Microsoft, yet with only "%5 of the share of the personal computer market (Howard, 00, p. B06). Though they are not ranked as highly in the sales department, Micah would still consider their advertisement a success!

John expands this view by saying that there are many factors, including great advertising that contribute to brand success. Some of these factors include quality, value, and price. Snapple's is a great example. Their exceptional advertising, combined with the quality, value, and price of their products helped them become number three in their respective market (Howard, 00, p. B06). Cases such as Apple and Kia are also great examples. With Apple and Kia, many consumers felt the advertisements great (Howard, 00, p. B06). However, the advertisements had no effect on their market share or market leadership. In these cases, consumers like the ads, but do not feel that the products meet their expectations or needs. In all, great advertising does not ensure brand success. Great advertising is a factor of brand success, but it does not ensure it.

Monica also makes a good point by saying that a company can have good advertisements, and many people can like watching or reading the advertisement, but watching and liking an advertisement is not going out and buying the product. The way to measure success of a product is by the sales it product and if the advertisement is good but produces no sales than it is just that, good advertising.

You can say the right thing about a product and nobody will listen. Youve got to say it in such a way that people will feel it in their gut. Because if they dont feel it, nothing will happen. -- William Bernbach

Gaining market share should not always be the primary goal. Obviously this is important, but if this is your only focus, you will have no heart behind the advertising, and as Mr. Bernbach says, above, there are really two ways to say the same truths about the product, and just as one way makes the customer feel it's worth, a customer can feel when the advertiser is only out for the money!

Some advertising campaigns might have a primary goal of customer retention

The General Motors "Road to Redemption" campaign is a good example (General Motors, 00 p. -). In this campaign, General Motors is primary focused on customer retention and secondarily focused on attracting customers.

Other campaigns, such as the Kia campaign, are primary focused on gaining market share. Kia's aggressive one-hundred thousand mile warranty and low prices, coupled with their creative advertising campaign was their attempt to gain more of a market share (Howard, 00, p. B06). However, Kia's share of the market is only one and a half percent (Howard, 00, p. B06). Though Kia's share is small, their campaign cannot deemed a failure.

An aggressive advertising campaign, such as Kia's, will not change market share overnight. Kia is new to the market, and they are competing with brands, such as General Motors and Ford Motor Company, that have been around for years. In fact, their market share of one and a half percent could be considered outstanding for the given marketplace.

In all, gaining market share should not be always be the primary goal. Some campaigns may have other primary goals related to their current business needs.

Micah also agrees that gaining market should not always be a primary goal in launching an ad campaign…let the $ signs out of our minds for a minute and think about this some times the best approach is the "get rich slow" approach! Kia may not be raking in the sales right away because of their advertising, but they are making their name known…this will pay off, maybe not right now, but as they cleverly advertise their way on down the road! This is exactly what the article was talking about with Apple. Their sales may have been less than amazing, but everyone seemed most familiar with their advertisements. They are getting their name out there, they are making people smile, making them feel comfortable. In the short term it may not bring drastic results, but maybe they aren't after the whirlwind of good advertising followed by a rush of purchases that fades like a catchy one-hit-wonder. Apple has had their catchy adverts around for as long as I can remember…they aren't trying to force sales, they are showing customers they are an established name that is going to be here for a while!

Monica's view is that it should not be the main goal but one of the most important goals. Gaining market shares should be what a company wants to achieve and so this should be what the company is striving for. The company could also use this goal as motivation to get their product out. Thinking about the company Kia. The company was a "nobody" and now their brand is ranked number twenty. They should look at this as a mild stone going in the right direction. A company has to start at the bottom and work their way up, no if they keep going in the upward direction they could reach number one.

What one should remember when reading through the three topics Team X-Factor has discussed, is that in any marketing or advertising strategy the people are what counts that is why some of these "truths" seem to defy logic people are different!

A final quote from Mr. Bernbach states, In advertising, not to be different is virtually suicidal.

The Team is of the opinion that not to be different in paper-writing is just as deathly! We hope through our thoughts have sparked an interest as you conclude this paper with a broader view of the three basic advertising truths we tried to convey.

Works Cited

Apple. (00). The new PowerBooks. Apple Computer. Retrieved from http//www.apple.com/hardware/video/powerbookg4bigandsmall_large.html

General Motors. (00). The longest road in the world is the road to redemption. Motor Trend. p. -.

Howard, Theresa. (00). Apple ads make impression; Small companies prove their spots can rival big firms. USA Today. p. B06

Miles, Stephanie and Ian Fried. (000). Apple's Jobs unveils new iMac, G4 systems. CNET.com. Retrieved from http//news.com.com/100-1040_-445.html

Other References Retrieved From

http//www.smallbusinesswizards.com/advertising_and_marketing_quotes_and_tips.htm

www.basketball65.co.uk

http//www.basketball65.co.uk/apple1700.htm

SPIDERMAN

Looking at the website for Spiderman, it seems that Sony's is trying to attract a large array of people. Having the website Creative and really involved will really make people want to see the movie. The Internet is a good way to advertise. People all across the world surf the web and enjoy what they find. If someone popped up on the Spiderman website, I think they would want to see the movie. Children will enjoy the movie because they know Spiderman as a superhero and from cartoons. Adults are targeted as well because they grew up watching Spiderman, and they want to see the movie. Overall, I feel Sony is advertising this movie to all people, and not trying to select an audience.

On the Spiderman website, it shows features for the new movie coming out in 004. It also lets people know that there is a new season of animated Spiderman coming to MTV. The strategy of the advertisement on the website is pretty good. It is giving information about the future of Spiderman. It makes people want to see the shows.

On the Sony website it allows you to buy movies online. It also advertises other merchandise such as toys that are made once a particular movie comes out. This surely does boost sales. Children always want items from characters in the movies. Advertisers know how to get the kids attention, which automatically gets the parents attention and they usually will end up buying them.

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SWOT Analysis of Soutwest Airlines

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Marketing Mix Paper

Modification of Wal-Marts Distribution Channel Center in China

Abstract

Over the years Wal-Mart Retail Stores have played a major role in managing every aspect of their marketing mix, from pricing to distribution. Their marketing mix strategies have made them the worlds leading discount retailer. This paper will highlight the history of Wal-Mart, its marketing strategy, early distribution model, and present distribution system. In addition, this paper will also identify the modification of Wal-Mart's distribution system as they entered China and the reason for choosing distribution as the element of the marketing mix.

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To successfully target a specific segment market, Multi National Corporation (MNC) must develop an appropriate marketing mix. The marketing mix includes decisions about the product, price, promotion and place. The mix influences the consumer behavior and is a combination of how to develop the firm's product, how to price those products, how to sell those products and how to distribute those products to the customers. With those influences it is important for MNC to develop marketing strategies that are aimed at understanding the customers' needs so that the product or service provides customer satisfaction and organization objectives. An excellent example is analyzed in Wal-Mart Store's distribution system.

Wal-Mart Retail Stores' History

Wal-Mart's history is based on one man, Sam Walton about 40 years ago who was convinced that consumers would enjoy a discount store with a wide selection of merchandise and individual, friendly service. Through this philosophy, Sam Walton first store in Arkansas changed the course of retailing forever. Under his leadership, Wal-Mart has garnered more than 4,700 stores worldwide, 0,000 suppliers and more than $17 billion in annual sales which makes it the number one retailer in the United States (Busse, 00).

Walton's theory on what Wal-Mart should be is "a conveniently located one-stop shopping unit where customers could buy a wide variety of quality merchandise at discount prices." As Wal-Mart grew, management sought a firm that was a "discount department store chain offering a wide variety of general merchandise to the customer." It was on these values and philosophies that Wal-Mart expanded. Wal-Mart has grown tremendously in the U.S. market and has ventured to international markets. The company boasts at having stores in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, Canada, China, Mexico, Brazil, Germany, Argentina, Asia, Europe and South Korea (Busse, 00).

Wal-Mart Marketing Strategies

Wal-Mart's marketing strategies have given them a firm and distinctive competence that is difficult to match. Their initial approach to use new ideas, knowledge and experience coupled with geographical location in rural towns help to support their everyday low prices and maintain customer satisfaction. Their state of the art distribution and inventory tracking system has helped to position them as the number one retailer in both local and international markets. They have implemented key strategic features that support everyday low prices and increase customer, employee, and stake holder's satisfaction (Busse, 00).

Other marketing strategies include convenient location, wide range of products and services, great displays, and every day low prices. Wal-Mart marketing strategies target price conscious, time pressed consumers looking for good value and good service.

Early Distribution Method for Wal-Mart in United States

Wal-Mart, the number one retailer in the United States, is known for their superb distribution system. When Wal-Mart stores began to operation in 16, the founder and owner Sam Walton was the distribution system. Sam and his family would drive or fly to get supplies for their stores. Since the 16 variety stores (including Wal-Mart) were not considerably far away the Walton family saved expensive transportation costs by doing the shipping themselves (Wal-Mart).

Once Wal-Mart became a public company and growing at an exuberant rate, it was difficult for Wal-Mart to keep the same distribution system. The introduction of an extensive distribution system was made which has been able to track merchandise and inventories across the company. The system was one of the first to the retail market. It involved a satellite, scanners in stores and new warehouse within 50 miles of most stores. The strategic placement of these warehouses is to provide maximum replenishment of inventory when a particular location runs low on an item (Wal-Mart). Present Distribution System

Today, Wal-Mart is the largest retailing company in the world and most of the credit is due to the company's distribution system. By realizing, early on that computer programs increase the rate at which stores can be restocked Wal-Mart has been able to surpass their competitors. According to an on line source, "Wal-Mart's main strategy is a focus on developing cost structures that enable competitive pricing. To reach this goal, Wal-Mart focuses on the replenishment of inventory using the method of cross docking in cross docking; goods are delivered to the warehouses and immediately dispatched to stores without ever sitting in inventory.

This method of distribution helps avoid inventory and handling cost resulting in a reduction of cost of sales allowing lower prices to the customers. In order to effectively cross dock, Wal-Mart incorporates a complex system that links its distribution centers, suppliers and stores to guarantee that an order is processes and executed in hours. This efficiency is made possible by a private satellite-communications system and a fast and responsive transportation system" (Winne, Powe, Howard, 00)

Supply Retail Link System

In addition, Wal-Mart's has implemented a supplier�retail link system that meets their supply chain management needs. The supplier-retail link is a system that is specifically designed to address the unique requirements of Manufacturers and Distributors who sell to Retail Chains. It also provides a decision support system that acts as a bridge between Wal-Mart and its vendors. Wal-Mart has focused on improving its supply chain efficiencies and has invested up to 4 billion in the retail link system. Currently there are more than 10,000 Wal-Mart suppliers who use Retail link to monitor sales and inventory for speedy replenishment if necessary. Vendors of the retail link can retrieve sales data, inventory data and Wal-Mart information on its development (Winne, Powe, Howard, 00).

China's Distribution System

The traditional distribution system in China is owned by the state. It is a multi-layer system that has four or five layers. This extended system increases the prices as each layer adds a margin ranging from 5-17%. In addition, suppliers have little control over prices, delivery quality, and the inefficiency of the inventory system. Also the technology is underdeveloped which creates a major set-back for foreign suppliers, who have to rely on the state distribution system (Chung, 00).

At present, foreign firms are restricted in many ways in the distribution process. For example, foreign firms face political and legal restrictions to distribute imported products, or to manage the distribution networks. To get around these restrictions, many firms establish their own retail outlet, by forming joint venture or merger with local wholesalers. This was done by Wal-Mart and has been proven very successful (Chung, 00).

Wal-Mart Entering China

Knowing the inefficiencies of China's distribution system, Wal-Mart utilizes most of the same distribution strategies in their local market in China. However, several modifications on how they conduct business were implemented. First, their successful opening of the first five retail outlets in the nation capital of China, Beijing, became a reality through their merger with Shijingshan Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Corp. Through this merger a strong relationship was developed with Wal-Mart and other local partners. This created a local presence for Wal-Mart which helped to keep their name and projects in front of the many decision makers and help perform much of the necessary networking. In addition, Wal-Mart invested a considerable amount of time in understanding the Chinese culture which helped them to resolve differences as they arise and maximize their chances of success (www.chinatown).

Wal-Mart buys about US$4 billion worth of goods in China every year, for sale in its outlets across the globe. Indeed, the company has done so well sourcing from China that it has decided to move its global purchasing center to Shenzhen. In contrast to competitor Carrefour, which operates hypermarkets, Wal-Mart has been very careful to seek official approval for every move it makes in China. It has also expanded cautiously. As a result, Wal-Mart has earned a reputation as a well-behaved, law abiding corporate citizen (www.chinatown).

Modification to Distribution System in China

Wal-Mart has upgraded their supply chain system by selecting and implementing Atlas Metaprise software. This new software has helped the company enhance the functions of the retail link system by advancing its current global sourcing and collaborative business processes with its suppliers throughout China. The Atlas Metaprise software to Wal-Mart's retail link represents an internet business application that lets global organizations work more efficiently with their network of suppliers and distributors. By focusing on the three areas of strategic sourcing, supply, and demand management and global commerce management, the atlas software reduce cost of goods while still ensuring consistent supply availability.

Wal-Mart Improved Inventory Tracking System

Wal-Mart's inventory information system uses UPC scanners and hand held barcode scanners to track electronically the point of sale. This information is immediately communicated to the store's computerized inventory system, which allows maximum efficiency in inventory tracking. It not only allows maximum efficiency but it helps to keep the cost down which is passed on to its customers.

Their "just in time" inventory delivery allows merchandise brought in by trucks to its distribution hub to be sorted and distributed within 4-48 hours, thus minimizing idle inventory. Wal-Marts electronic data interchange allows it to communicate with over ,600 vendors regarding inventory orders, forecasting, planning, replenishing, and transferring electronic funds. Wal-Mart has maintained these activities as a tradeoff to maximize revenues and lower costs while maintaining a leadership position as the number one retailer. Not only does Wal-Mart use information technology to lower their inventory cost but also to lower their distribution cost (Busse, 00).

Wal-Mart Success

Wal-Mart success story in the United States has extended to China and other parts of the global market not because they sell a bigger range of better products than their competitors at better prices or because they have the most elaborate distribution system, but because they sell a concept, a format and a lifestyle. They focus on their USP - Unique Selling Point. Wal-Mart's management has recognized that transplanting a concept or a format in the global village is not enough. What are important are the complexities of local customs, tastes, preferences and culture which must be catered for. This sophisticated approach has earned Wal-Mart the position as the number one retailer both in the United States and in China.

Reason I chose Distribution

The distribution system is one of the most important marketing mixes and an integral part of the total marketing strategy. This system moves the product or service from the production line to the consumer in the most efficient manner. I love shopping at Wal-Mart because of their low prices, huge selections, convenient location, and the product availability. Wal-Mart has maintained these elements through their sophisticated and efficient distribution system and has been successful in the local and international markets. In addition, my experiences shopping at Wal-Mart has been pleasant. I can always count on Wal-Mart for low prices. Wal-Mart is able to maintain these low prices because of their sophisticated distribution system.

Conclusion

Wal-Mart's modification of their distribution system has positioned them as the number one retailer in China and around the globe. They have maintained this position by easily adapting to changes in international markets to meet the needs of their customers. As they continue to expand, their distribution system both in the domestic and international markets they will maintain their position as the number one retailer, the best place to work and the first service company to rise to the top of the Fortune 500 companies. As they continue to maximize the use of their distribution system and further streamline their processes they will continue to better meet their customer's changing needs in this global environment and establish a scalable global network that not only offers a sophisticated distribution strategy but will also maintain cost savings opportunities for its customers.

References

Busse M. (00). Wal-Mart Competitive Strategy. Retrieved on August 17, 00 from the World Wide Web http//faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/meghan//Case_

analysis_WalMart.pdf

Chung, A. (00) Market Environments and Distribution Structure & Characteristics in

China. Retrieved August 17, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.retail

industry.about.com /library/uc/uc_chung.htm.

Walmart to open in Beijing. Retrieved on may 5, 00 from the World Wide Web www.chinatownsydney.com/biznews.cfm.

Winne J., Powe A., Howard W. (00) Wal-Mart. Retrieved on August 18, 00 from the

World Wide Web http//www.web.syr.edu/-dprosenb

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