Tragedy strikes again in the tale of macbeth

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Macbeth is a tragic play written by William Shakespeare in the poetic form of

iambic pentameter. In Poetics, written by Aristole, through a summaryof this

work, written by Mrs. Barbara Prendergast, it is said, "the purpose of a tragedy

is [to] arouse the emotions of fear and pity in the audience and then to produceOrder Custom Essay on Tragedy strikes again in the tale of macbeth

a catharsis of these emotions." Only through a tragic hero can this be achieved.

A tragic hero is the central character with whom the audience identifies. In

Macbeth, the tragic hero is none other than Macbeth himself. The story of

Macbeth is intertwined with the traits of a tragic hero, which are goodness,

superiority, a tragic flaw, and realization that he/she is the reason of his/her

own downfall. Macbeth is a perfect example of a tragic hero because he contains

all the necessary traits of a tragic hero goodness, superiority, a tragic flaw

(which is ambition), and realizes that he is at fault for his own downfall.

A tragic hero must contain some goodness within their character or the audience

would never identify with him or pity his downfall, for only the good arouse

pity. "…that suggestion Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair And make my seated

heart knock at my ribs," (Act 1, Scene ; lines 15-17) Macbeth states that the

thought of murdering Duncan cause his hair to stand on end and his heart to

pound. "The service and the loyalty I owe, In doing it, pays itself. Your

highness' part Is to receive our duties and our duties Are to your throne and

state children and servants; Which do but what they should, by doing every thing

Safe toward your love and honor." (Act 1, Scene 4; lines -7) Macbeth is

saying that the pleasure of serving Duncan is enough pay in itself and by doing

everything possible to protect Duncan, he is merely completing his obligations

as a servant to his king. These two quotes tell us that Macbeth was, at least at

the one point in time, appalled at the thought of killing Duncan (as any normal

person would be) and even a loyal servant to Duncan.

A tragic hero must have an aura of superiority so the audience will pity his

destruction even more, which is the destruction of something so beautiful and

awesome. "For brave Macbeth�well he deserves that name�Disdaining fortune, with

his brandished steel, Which smoked with bloody execution, Like valor's minion

carved out his passage Till he faced the slave; Which nev'r shook hands, nor

bade farewell to him, Till he unseamed him from the nave to th' chops, And fixed

his head upon our battlements." (Act 1, Scene ; lines 16-) The Captain is

saying Macbeth is a brave soldier whose killed many a man, especially

Macdonwald, who he cut from navel to jaw then placed the head on the

battlements. "The King hath happily received, Macbeth, The news of thy success;

and when he reads Thy personal venture in the rebels' fight, His wonders and his

praises do contend Which should be thine or his. Silenced with that, In viewing

o'er the rest o' th' selfsame day, He finds thee in the stout Norweyan ranks,

Nothing afeard of what thyself didst make, Strange images of death. As thick as

tale Came post with post, and every one did bear Thy praises in his kingdom's

great defense, And poured them down before him." (Act 1, Scene ; lines 0-101)

Ross is telling everyone how the king wishes to praise Macbeth for his heroics

in battle and his prowess in combat. These quotes both demonstrate, from other

character's points of view, how Macbeth is a person of superiority.

A tragic hero must possess a tragic flaw, which is a character defect that

brings about the downfall of the character. It would be difficult for a

character with goodness and superiority to go about creating his/her own

downfall without a tragic flaw. In Macbeth's case, the tragic flaw is ambition.

"Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor The greatest is behind…" (Act 1, Scene ; lines

118-11) Macbeth through an aside speaks of how he has two titles but now wishes

for the one still out of his grasp, the title of king. "The Prince of

Cumberland! That is a step On which I must fall down, or else o'erleap, For in

my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep

desires The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be Which the eye fears, when it

is done, to see." (Act 1, Scene 4; lines 48-5) Macbeth is saying, again through

an aside, that he must become king by action if he will not achieve it through

chance. These two quotes spoken by Macbeth state his desires and ambitions to

become king at any cost; in other words, they state his tragic flaw.

A tragic hero must realize how he/she contributed to his/her own downfall.

"Seyton! �I am sick at heart, When I behold�Seyton, I say! �This push Will cheer

me ever, or disseat me now. I have lived long enough. My way of life Is fall'n

into the sear, the yellow leaf, And that which should accompany old age, As

honor, love, obedience, troops of friends, I must not look to have; but, in

their stead, Curses not loud but deep, mouth-honor, breath, Which the poor heart

would fain deny, and dare not."(Act 5, Scene ; line 1-8) Macbeth dialogues

about how he is ready to die. His way of life has withered like a yellow leaf

crumbling in the wind, and he has lost honor, love, obedience, and troops of

friends in the process. "She should have died herafter; There would have been a

time for such a word. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow Creeps in this petty

pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our

yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!

Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon

the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of

sound and fury Signifying nothing." (Act 5, Scene 5; lines 17-8) Macbeth talks

about how his wide should have died at a better time because his down is soon.

The brief candle of his life and rule are about to be blown out. Life is empty,

he states, one is heard for a moment then never more. Life is the tale of an

idiot, full of sound and fury, but meaning nothing. Both of these quotes

demonstrate how Macbeth came to the realization that he is the cause of his own

downfall.

The traits of a tragic hero are fully embraced in the play Macbeth, written by

William Shakespeare, by the character Macbeth. Macbeth is a perfect example of a

tragic hero. His character epitomizes the four traits of a tragic hero

goodness, superiority, a tragic flaw (ambition), and realizes that he is at

fault for his own downfall.

Please note that this sample paper on Tragedy strikes again in the tale of macbeth is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Tragedy strikes again in the tale of macbeth, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Tragedy strikes again in the tale of macbeth will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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McDonalds and the hotel industry

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in McDonalds and the hotel industry, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your McDonalds and the hotel industry paper at affordable prices!

Hand-in Assignment # McDonald's and The Hotel Industry

1.0 Key Issues 1

.0 Recommendations 1

.0 Analysis

.1 The category

. Brand Extension

..1 Advantages 4

.. Disadvantages 4

. Target Consumer 5

..1 Target consumer profile 6

.4 Segments 6

.5 Features 6

.6 Location 7

.7 Pricing 8

Exhibit # 1

1.0 Key Issues

The most important issue is to examine the possibilities for McDonalds to extend in to the hotel business. As pointed out by the industry observer the key issues in relation to the extension are

• Identification of target market

• Identification of segments to compete in

• Decision on which features the hotel should have

• Recommendation of possible location

• Price level of rooms

.0 Recommendations

A number of strategies can be pursued to establish a category extension. The strategy McDonalds is recommended to choose is to introduce a product that capitalizes on the firm's perceived expertise. This expertise is closely related to servicing families and creating a good and fun atmosphere for children. It is recommended that McDonald's introduce the hotel product building on the parent brand but with its own identity. A hotel is more than a fast-food restaurant and should be perceived as such. The recommendations for each key issue are based on the analysis and are shown in the table below

Key Issue Recommendation

Target Market Travel vacationers and lodging guests. Age 0-50 with children. Prefers to travel by car and enjoys various kind of entertainment

Segments The Midprice and Economy segments. Focusing much on families, building on the parent brand attracting consumers from both segments.

Hotel Features In-room appliances, Internet, Newspapers, breakfast/lunch restaurant with recognizable McDonald�s products.

Location Located near highways, in vicinity of theme parks, golf cources, and shopping malls.

Price Level $7 person/per day

.0 Analysis

.1 The category

The hotel industry is a very attractive category in terms of market potential measured in sales. The industry is closely related to the tourism industry which contributes considerably to the volume and being a globally recognized brand McDonalds could benefit even more from the tourism if they engaged in the hotel business. The category is expected to pick up positive growth ratio in the short term. As mentioned, the hotel industry is related to the tourism which makes seasonality a topic to consider when evaluating the attractiveness of the category. Even though the amount of tourists is not distributed evenly over the months of the year it is assumed that the amount of tourists in any given month is substantial making a potential business profitable.

Looking at the category attractiveness in relation to the product life cycle the hotel industry is mature. At this point the last stages of the cycle can shift from time to time between low growth and slight decline. Due to the size of the category a slight decline do not result in category unattractiveness. The overall attractiveness is summed up below

Category attractiveness Analysis

Factor Attractiveness

Aggregate Market Factors

Market size $108.5 billion +

Market growth Slight decline 0

Product Life Cycle Maturing +

Profits Good +

Seasonality Some + /0

Category Factors

Power of buyers High, low switching costs 0

Category rivalry Dependent on segment, intense 0

Category capacity Future growth makes space for new players +

. Brand Extension

McDonalds is faced with a serious issue in the fact that the McDonald brand is closely tied to a product class which limit it's potential to extend . The extension of the brand must be credible to the consumers and have ties to the parent brand. It is therefore important that a new product set forth by McDonald is perceived by the consumers in much the same way as the McDonald restaurants are perceived.

The difficulty arises from the nature of the extension which is a category extension and not a line extension where McDonalds have a large amount of expertise in adding new products. In this case McDonalds must use the parent brand to enter a new category where the customers are not used to the presence of McDonalds. For the extension to be successful it must build off one or more of the following positioning components and communicate it successfully

Positioning Component Communication Challenge

It extends McDonalds target market By moving in to the hotel business McDonalds must serve a new group of consumers whose needs differ from the traditional restaurants guests.

It extends McDonalds business definition The extension will move McDonalds from a family oriented fast-food chain to a business that must be able to satisfy other needs of families i.e. accommodations for weekend trips, short vacations.

It extends McDonalds point of difference By extending in to the hotel business McDonalds is increasing it points of difference compared to both businesses in the fast food category and established hotels.

It extends the entire positioning The extension will make it very visual that McDonalds is now a business not only focusing on fast meals but other areas as well.

In regarding to how McDonald's is going to manage its new product they must use the parent brand the master brand and through that create the value proposition. With a different product in a new category McDonald�s can be considered to be a Branded house .

..1 Advantages

There are some advantages in a future brand extension. The McDonald brand is very recognized and that could facilitate an acceptance of McDonald's hotels. Even though McDonald's has struggled with health issues it is still recognized as a family friendly place and this recognition could be helpful. In addition, the risk perceived by the customers could be reduced by the fact that McDonald's is very oriented towards families. In terms of marketing McDonald's can use their experience from the parent brand when planning for the new category. The extension in to hotels is a way of achieving multiple customer contact points which can lead to a stronger tie between McDonald's and their customers.

The extension could also be used as a platform for revitalizing the McDonald's brand in times where consumer's preferences have changed. As mentioned the target market must be extended and this could be beneficial for the McDonald's restaurants leading them to an increase in market coverage. If the brand extension is successful the experience gained could open the door for future extensions.

.. Disadvantages

The disadvantages are to be taken seriously because they can hurt the traditional business model. Consumers could get confused by McDonald's entry into a new category. This would probably foremost hurt the hotel business and not so much the restaurants. If the extension fails due to bad service, lack of management, intense competition the parent brand could suffer from this and ultimately dilute the brand identity.

. Target Consumer

The travel market in Illinois is divided in to leisure and business consumers served by all seven kinds of hotels. The most significant difference between the two types of consumers is their level of income and their subsequent spending on lodging. This difference must be taken in to consideration because of the gap between what is spend by the two types of consumers on lodging. The profiles of the two types of consumers are summed up below

Spending/day Spending/lodging Primary activity Size of party

Leisure $8 $ Dinning out .

Business $155.0 $17 Dinning out .

The amount available for lodging differs greatly but the leisure market is twice as big as the business market and based on the figures above the profitability is also higher here. Prices have been increasing in every class of hotels but the average price in Economy and Budget is still compatible with the amount spend by leisure travelers. This kind of customer is important to be aware of because Illinois is the point of entry for McDonald's hotels.

There is a great potential in reaching the foreign vacationer market and this segment is considered to be price sensitive which makes it possible to couple it with the local leisure traveler. The average price paid by vacationers are higher than that of the local leisure traveler but the price structure is very much affected by the premium prices paid in the top segment. The lower end vacationer is therefore considered to match the local leisure traveler.

For McDonald's to be a success in the hotel business they have to leverage their business strengths and focus on which kind of customers they want to serve. In identifying the target consumer McDonald's must look at the experience they have in serving families. McDonald's stronghold in the fast food market as a family friendly restaurant should be used in the extension in to the hotel business. McDonald can make use of the advantage that it is recognized as a family restaurants and attracting this kind of consumers to the hotels.

..1 Target consumer profile

The target consumer is aged 0-50, married and with children living at home. The yearly household income is approximately $60.000. The target consumer prefers to travel by car, be in the vicinity of various kinds of entertainment, and dinning out.

.4 Segments

The segments given all live up the key criteria that defines segment which is; sizeable, identifiable, reachable, different responds, coherency and stable.

The segments chosen to be targeted by McDonald's must comply with the target consumer and the parent brand identity. From a price perspective McDonald's could match the segments of Midprice, Economy and Budget. The most important factor is that it must be affordable for families with children and offer a range of services similar to those offered by the Economy and Budget segments. The segment chosen has a high impact on the price charged it is therefore very important that the hotels do not over match the needs of the consumers. If that is the case the consumers will think of it as paying a premium without wanting that level of comfort.

Even though the target consumers are families the McDonald's hotels should also serve business travellers who often has a family and can use the experience with McDonald's hotels as a reference when deciding how to spend the family vacation. Of course the business segment is a substantial source of potential revenue which is the main reason for serving this consumer.

.5 Features

When deciding which features to offer at the hotels McDonald's must look what is demanded by consumers in the similar segments and as important identify points of differentiation where McDonalds's hotels can distinguish itself from the competition and add value to the consumer.

It is paramount that the features live up to the needs and expectations of a family such as different in-room appliances. In addition, there must be different sources of information available required by both families and business travellers.

One way to establish a point of differentiation is to use some of the traditional McDonald's products that are familiar to most consumers. This is however, a difficult decision to make because the hotel must foremost be perceived as a hotel otherwise the brand extension becomes a disadvantage that confuses the consumer. When focusing on families an obvious product to offer is the Happy Meal for children and foods to go for excursions.

Extending the range of offerings makes the hotels capable of competing at other competitive levels i.e. the generic and budget level.

.6 Location

The choice of location is an integrated part of developing the new product. For McDonald's to be able to best meet the needs of the consumers the hotels must be located near highways making the access to entertainment centres easy. The target consumer uses the car as the primary means of transportation and a hotel located outside the major cities can act as a base for the consumer. Given these criteria the primary locations should be outside the major cities but still close enough to make them an option for travellers that want to experience Chicago.

Both Illinois and Chicago have a high level of tourism which makes this an ideal entry point for McDonald's. Taking the risk associated with the extension into consideration, a one-state entry could provide McDonald's with experience and results that allows them to evaluate if the business and brand extension is successful. On the basis of these results the hotels could be introduced in other states starting with those that resemble Illinois the most.

.7 Pricing

The level of pricing is in someway a function of the all of the above mentioned factors. Those factors are perceived by the consumer as an entity and shape the value of the hotel in the mind of the consumer. McDonald's can use the existing price structure of the industry to help them understand how much the consumer is willing to pay. To help decide the price level it is necessary to establish some objectives that must be accomplished and construct a scenario based on the objectives. The price can then be derived from this scenario combined with what the consumer is willing to pay for a substitute product in the category .

It is assumed that McDonald's can capture 1% of the sales of the total sales worth $108,5 billion making McDonald's sales worth $1,085 billion. In order to reach this goal various assumptions must be made. In order to penetrate the market McDonald's must set up 60 hotels in Illinois each with 75 rooms running 50 days a year. With room occupancy of 60% 4 rooms are available and the average party of guests will be persons staying for 4 days. The price derived from this scenario is as follows

Rooms occupied(Open Days/Days staying) Party sizeDays stayingHotels =

54(50/4) 450 = 1.80.000 consumers paying an average price of $7 per person/day.

This price corresponds with the average price paid in the Midprice segment even though it is slightly higher. The hotel can differentiate the prices according to the season and charging higher prices when the level of vacationer is highest and lower in the off-season to better fit the local lodging guests.

Please note that this sample paper on McDonalds and the hotel industry is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on McDonalds and the hotel industry, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on McDonalds and the hotel industry will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Economics

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Economics, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Economics paper at affordable prices!

Economics

The Monetary and Fiscal Policies are the ways that our economy is kept under control. Both policies have their strengths and weaknesses, some situations favouring use of both policies, but most of the time, only one is necessary. The monetary policy is the act of regulating the money supply by the Central Bank. One of the main responsibilities of the Central Bank is to regulate the money supply so as to keep production, prices, and employment stable. The Central Bank has three instruments to manipulate the money supply. They are the reserve requirement, open market operations, and the discount rate. The most powerful instrument available is the reserve requirement. The reserve requirement is the percentage of money that the bank is not allowed to loan out. If it is lowered, banks are required to keep less money, and so more money is put out into circulation. If it is raised, then banks may have to collect on some loans to meet the new reserve requirement.

The instrument known as open market operations influences money and credit operations by buying and selling of government securities on the open market. This is used to control overall money supply. If the Central Bank believes there is not enough money in circulation, then they will buy the securities from member banks. If the Central Bank believes there is too much money in the economy, they will sell the securities back to the banks. Because it is easier to make gradual changes in the supply of money, open market operations are use more regularly than monetary policy. When member banks want to raise money, they can borrow from Central Bank. Just like other loans, there is an interest rate, or a discount rate, the third instrument of the monetary policy. If the discount rate is high, then fewer banks will be inclined to borrow, and if it is low, more banks will borrow from the reserve banks. The discount rate is not used as frequently as it was in the past, but it does serve as an indicator to private bankers of the intentions of the Central Bank to constrict or enlarge the money supply.

The monetary policy is a good way to influence the money supply, but it does have its weaknesses. One weakness is that tight money policy works better that loose money policy. Tight money works on bringing money in to stop circulation, but for loose policy to really work, people have to want loans and want to spend money. Another problem is monetary velocity. The number of times per year a Euro changes hands for goods and services is completely independent of the money supply, and can sometimes contradict the efforts of the Central Bank. The benefits of the monetary system are that it can be enacted immediately with quick results.

The second way to influence the money supply lies in the hands of the government with the Fiscal Policy. The fiscal policy consists of two main Instruments. The changing of tax rates, and changing government spending. The main point of fiscal policy is to keep the surplus/deficit swings in the economy to a minimum by reducing inflation and recession. A change in tax rates is usually implemented when inflation is unusually high, and there is a recession with high unemployment. With high inflation, taxes are increased so people have less to spend, thus reducing demand and inflation. During a recession with high unemployment, taxes are lowered to give more people money to spend and thus increasing demand for goods and services, and the economy begins to revive. A change in government spending has a stronger effect on the economy than a change in tax rates.

When the government decides to fight a recession it can spend a large amount of money on goods and services, all of which is released into the economy. Despite the effectiveness of the Fiscal policy, it does have drawbacks. The major problems are timing and politics. It is hard to predict inflation and recession, and it can be a long period of time before the situation is even recognised. Because a tax cut can take a year to really take effect, the economy could revive from the recession and the new unnecessary tax cut could cause inflation.

Politics are another problem. Unlike the monetary policy run by the Central Bank, the government initiates the fiscal policy, and so politics play a key role in the policy. When the concerns of the government are viewed, it becomes obvious that a balanced budget is not the primary objective, anyway. The fiscal policy can also be used as a campaign tactic. If tax cuts are initiated and government spending is increased, then the T is more likely to be re-elected, but has first to deal with the inflation his tactic caused. Monetary and fiscal policies are what helps keep the nation's economy stable. With them it is possible to control demand for services and goods and the ability to pay for them. It is possible to manipulate the money in private hands without directly affecting them. The policies are simply a myriad of Instruments used to prevent a long period where there is high unemployment, inflation, and prices, along with low wages and investment.

In Ireland the fiscal policy is based on wage agreements and unions for management and workers to slow wage growth while increasing job creation. There is a ten- percent corporate tax rate in international manufacturing and service companies in Ireland. The policy also includes high government expenditures for education, training programs, and the physical infrastructure. Finally, reform of tax and welfare to increase work incentives centred on supply-side reforms focused on trying to increase foreign investment and increase the competitiveness of goods produced in Ireland in the international marketplace. The EU also provides investment in Ireland, largely to improve the infrastructure. This policy continues to help Irelands economy prosper. The real GDP growth for Ireland has averaged about nine percent since 14, and Irish incomes have risen by over two-thirds since the early nineties. Unemployment has gone down drastically from 16 percent in 1 to below six percent in 1. This is due partly to former emigrants moving to Ireland and joining the labour force. The reduction in unemployment problems has, however, led to other problems brought about by such a fast growing economy. These include shortages of skilled and unskilled labour and overcrowded roads and houses.

Participating in the EMU has taken away Irish control of monetary policy and has thus moved the governments focus to fiscal policy. A main fiscal policy used by the government has been to cut income tax in exchange for relatively stable wages to increase employment. Now, as the economy is moving toward full employment, they hope to move toward more flexible union pays policy while still giving tax cuts to low and medium income earners. Monetary policy is under control of the European Central Bank. The Irish central bank still exists to implement the common European monetary policy through actions such as adjusting liquidity at the ECB set interest rate. Since 1, price stability has been a goal of the EMU. There is a yearly zero to two- percent increase in the consumer price index. The European Central Bank operates its monetary policy through buying and selling government securities. Ireland accounts for only one percent of economic activity among the Euro countries.

The Central Bank of Ireland came into being in 14 following the passing of the Central Bank Act 14. It replaced the Currency Commission, which functioned as the national currency issuing authority from 17 to 14. The Bank is now a member of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) whose primary objective is the maintenance of price stability in the Euro area. The maintenance of price stability is also enshrined in the Central Bank Act, 18. The basic tasks of the ESCB are to define and implement the single monetary policy; to conduct foreign exchange operations; to hold and manage the official foreign reserves of the Member States; and to promote the smooth operation of the payment systems. The ESCB is also called upon to contribute to the smooth conduct of policies relating to the prudential supervision of credit institutions and the stability of the financial system.

The Governing Council of the European Central Bank is the central decision-making body in charge of monetary policy for the Euro area. The Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland is one of the 18 members of the Governing Council. The implementation of monetary policy decisions rests with the Euro system, comprising the ECB and the national central banks of the 1 member states, which have adopted the Euro. The Bank's other tasks include acting as agent for and banker to the Government. The Bank is statutorily responsible for the supervision of most financial institutions in Ireland including banks, building societies and a broad range of non-bank firms, exchanges and collective investment schemes. The Bank reports annually on its activities to the Minister for Finance, and a statement on the Bank's annual accounts, as audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General, is also published.

The Governor of the Central Bank appears before joint committees of the Oireachtas when requested. The Bank's Annual Report and Quarterly Bulletins, together with the Bank's Monthly Statistics, are a primary source of banking and related financial statistics on the Irish economy. Ireland is one of the member countries that now use the single European currency, the Euro. On January 1, 1, use of this new currency went into effect. The transition to a single currency has affected both the macroeconomic performance and policy of Ireland. There is strong control of public spending which reduces the need for government borrowing and increased taxes.

Irelands macroeconomic policy and performance must be formulated to fit the goals of the European System of Central Banks. The ESCBs objectives include balanced development of economies, growth without inflation, convergence, increased employment, elevating standard of living..The transition to the Euro has moved Irish policy focus from monetary to fiscal policy. The fiscal programs instituted by the government will hopefully allow Ireland to reach these goals.

The unemployment rate in Ireland has been declining due to the fiscal policies aimed at boosting employment. This lower unemployment rate is a result of Irelands efforts to improve their output and efficiency to meet standards for joining the EMU. The short-term interest rates have been declining. This encourages investment spending and boosts GDP. Irelands interest rates are affected by their involvement in the EU.The Irish Government has improved its fiscal policy and has moved out of a deficit and into a surplus. The 1 figure represents the planned budget, not the actual result. This change, from a deficit to a surplus, represents increased effort by the government to improve the economic conditions.

The Maastricht Treaty mentions EMU and refers to it together with the Single Market as one of the means by which the Union will promote economic and social progress that is balanced and sustainable. The treaty refers to the fixing of a single currency, the ECB, and a single monetary policy and exchange rate policy. The first stage began on 1 July 10 with the removal of exchange controls in 8 of the then 1 Member States, the inclusion in principle of all currencies in the narrow band of the Exchange-Rate Mechanism (ERM), and measures to encourage convergence. No new institutions were required. The second stage began on 1 January 14, with the newly created European Monetary Institute (EMI), based in Frankfurt, gradually assuming a coordinating role. Those countries that qualified undertook stage of EMU in early 1. At the beginning of Stage the participating states adopted the irrevocably fixed rates at which the Euro was to be substituted for national currencies. Stage also entailed the creation of a European System of Central Banks (ESCB), composed of the European Central Bank (ECB) and representatives of the national central banks.

The EMU gives birth to a market as big as the United States and backed by a single currency. It represents twenty percent of world economic output and eighteen percent of world trade. The Euro has quickly lead to huge capital flows in Ireland, making the Irish firms more competitive in the global marketplace. Businesses will save money; the costs of changing currencies from country to country will be sharply reduced. Comparing prices are quicker and interest rates are stabilised. All this will make long-term planning easier. The member countries are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.

On 1 January 00 Euro notes and coin were put into circulation in all Euro zone countries and the process of withdrawing national currency notes and coins began. In Ireland the dual circulation period, during which both currencies were to be legal tender, lasted from 1 January 00 to February 00. During the dual circulation period retail outlets had to accept both Irish pounds and Euro but gave change as far as possible in Euro only. Following the removal of legal tender status from Irish pound notes and coins was on midnight on February 00, retailers were no longer be obliged to accept Irish pound cash as a means of payment. Bank of Ireland continued to accept Irish pound cash for a period after this date.

The value of the Euro was determined by economic conditions in the Euro area and particularly by maintaining price stability. Countries will only be allowed to join Economic and Monetary Union when their economic conditions have converged toward those in the Euro area so that their entry should not impact significantly on the value of the Euro. During the three-year transition period, 1-00, European companies converted their accounts to Euro. Then, in 00, Euro notes and coins were circulated in the different countries. In May 18, bilateral exchange rates between participating currencies were introduced.

Since World War II, Europe has been moving toward integration and with the creation of the Euro, they have made a giant step toward uniting Europe. The Euro will have immediate benefits. People travelling or simply shopping among participating European nations will immediately benefit from being able to compare prices for similar goods without needing a calculator. Not only will the exchange rate become irrelevant, but the costs of converting between currencies will also be eliminated. Because of the savings related to currency conversions, one-third of firms expects short-term earnings gains from the introduction of the Euro, and three-quarters expect long-term benefits to the bottom line. The Euro will make life easier for the people of Europe.

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The second Gulf war

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After the Camp David Accords between the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli premier Menachem Begin, Egypt gave up its guiding role in the Arab world. This leading role was passed on to the Iraqi dictatorial president Saddam Hussein. The western powers did not begrudge him this honor as long as he challenged Islamic fundamentalism. And in May 180, Hussein combated Islamic extremists by starting a war with fanatical neighbor Iran. With economic and military aid from from other secular Arab countries and the West, Hussein predicted the war would end very quickly. Instead, it was an exhausting war of attrition, which lasted for nine years.

In 188, a UN brokered truce ended the conflict, but by then Iraq was armed to the teeth with hi-tech weaponry; mostly supplied by the U.S. However, the nation was burdened with debt. Given his economic situation, Hussein set his sights on the neighboring oil rich country of Kuwait. He accused the Emir of Kuwait of breaking agreements that limit oil production in the Middle East. According to Saddam Hussein, this brought down world oil prices severely and caused billions of dollars in lost Iraqi revenue. So, on August nd, 10, on Saddams orders, Iraqi military forces invaded and occupied the small Arab state of Kuwait.

By invading Kuwait, Iraq succeeded in surprising the entire world. By releasing a statement demanding he withdraw his troops immediately, the U.S. ended its policy of accommodating Saddam Hussein. The Iraqi leaders demonization was taking place in the international press and President Bush confronted little difficulty in winning Americans support for the potential war against Iraq. Negative attitude toward Iraq was soon a worldwide phenomenon.

The United Nations Security Council passed 1 resolutions condemning the invasion, and approved the use of force. President Bush also sent his defense minister Richard Cheney to Saudi Arabia to show King Fahd reports revealing Iraqi intentions of invading his country, thus obtaining permission to send Allied troops and planes to Saudi Arabia. It took very little time for the United States to form a coalition of countries, including the Arab countries Syria, Egypt, and Morocco, and more than $5 billion was pledged and received. The ultimate decision was to use military force if Iraq did not withdraw unconditionally by January 15, 11. When the deadline was set, it was time to start preparing for the worst; 500,000 soldiers (including 00,000 Americans) positioned themselves at the Saudi-Iraqi border.Custom writing service can write essays on The second Gulf war

And on January 17, 11, war replaced words, as five successive waves of bombers armed with HARM (High-speed Anti-Radiation Missiles) and cruise missiles launched the first attack on Iraq. The missiles wreaked terrible destruction on Iraqi forces. However, the missiles not only hit military targets but also the center and outskirts of Baghdad, killing hundreds of innocent civilians.

To minimize casualties of the coalition forces, under the command of U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf, a strategy with five weeks of intensive air attacks and ending with a ground assault was planned and initialized. Besides the tremendous air power, the coalition deployed technologically advanced weapon systems, never before engaged in combat, such as the U.S. F-117A Stealth bomber, advanced infrared targeting that illuminated Iraqi tanks buried in the sand and laser-guided smart bombs. The large-scale usage of air force and the latest technology made the war short and saved great numbers of Allied soldiers lives.

After establishing air superiority, coalition forces disabled Iraqs command and control. This caused communication to fail between Baghdad and its troops in the field. The next stage was to relentlessly attack Iraqs infantry, which was dug in along the Saudi-Kuwaiti border, and the elite 15,000 man Republican Guard in southeastern Iraq and northern Kuwait.

In retaliation, Iraq started launching SCUD missiles at Israel. Saddam was counting on the fact that the Israeli government would react and enter the war. Given the Arabs hatred of the Jews, he hoped to incite the whole of Islam in a Jihad against Allied forces. But the maneuver failed, Israels anti-missile defense intercepted and destroyed the SCUDs in mid-flight.

Every move Saddam made was unsuccessful. His last attempt was when Iraqi soldiers set three Kuwaiti oil wells on fire and sent hundreds of thousands of burning oil into the Persian Gulf, creating an ecological disaster, and brought down the disapproval of the entire world.

The ground war began on February , after a last ditch attempt at mediation, and featured a massively successful out-flanking movement of the Iraqi forces. The Iraqis apparently anticipated that they would be attacked frontally, by a large Allied amphibious landing and had heavily fortified those defensive positions. Schwarzkopf instead moved the bulk of his forces west and north, and in a major use of helicopters, attacked the Iraqis from their rear. The five weeks of intensive air attacks had greatly demoralized the Iraqi front-line troops, causing widespread desertions. Iraqi commanders had already lost much of their ability to communicate with Baghdad, which made their situation even worse. Remaining front-line forces were quickly killed or taken prisoner with minimal coalition losses.

President Bushs decision to terminate the ground war at midnight February 8, 11, was criticized, because the United States left Saddam Hussein in power, instead of taking him prisoner and trying him before an international tribunal. It allowed Baghdad to rescue a large amount of military equipment and personnel that were later used to suppress the postwar insurrections of Iraqs Shiite and Kurdish citizens. In his own defense, the president asserted that the war had expelled the Iraqi forces from Kuwait and reestablished Kuwaiti independence. Bushs decision was probably influenced by his desire to maintain coalition unity. A particular reason was to keep on board the Arab members, who were increasingly unhappy at the devastation inflicted on Iraqs infrastructure and civilian population.

Iraqi representatives accepted allied terms for a provisional truce on March , and a permanent cease-fire on April 6. Iraq agreed to pay reparations to Kuwait, reveal the location and extent of its stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons, and eliminate its weapons of mass destruction.

Operation Desert Storm was perhaps the most efficient war in American History, at least when considering the cost in American lives. It also marked a new stage in world affairs in which there would be only one superpower, a power that was prepared to put its military might to use to dissuade any country attempting to disrupt the world order.

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Dss

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MIS-745 Decision Support Technologies

School of Management, Syracuse University

Fall 00, Wed. 700 - 45

ProfessorOffice Hours

e-mail

Telephone

URL

Michel Benaroch

Wed. & Thur. 40-50 (or by appointment) room 46

mbenaroc@syr.edu

(15) 44-4/18

http//sominfo.syr.edu/facstaff/mbenaroc/courses/mis-745/syl-f0.htm

Course_Objectives Readings Grading Tentative Schedule

Team Project Group-Case Assignments Downloadable Software Links to Useful Resources

Last updated 8/5/00

• NEW …

Whats new until 8/15/0?

Course Objectives

This course studies the use of advanced technologies in managerial decision-making and business data mining. The

technologies covered include Genetic Algorithms, Neural Networks, Decision Tree Induction, Expert Systems, and

Fuzzy Logic. The course looks at how the theoretical foundations of these technologies apply to business decision

problems involving quantitative models, heuristic (symbolic) models and data-driven models, and focuses on

providing hands-on experience with commercial Excel add-ons and PC-based software tools that employ these

technologies. Attention is also given to key issues organizations face in developing and deploying DSS applications

using these technologies.

Prerequisites only basic spreadsheet skills; no programming skills are required.

By the end of this course, students will

1. understand the process of developing a DSS application;

. know the theoretical foundations of the target decision-support technologies;

. understand the practical basis for applying these technologies to business decision-making problems that

involve reasoning with quantitative models, data-driven models, and heuristic symbolic models. (Sample

problem areas include risk analysis, investment analysis, trading, economic prediction, target/direct

marketing, marketing research, learning consumer choice models, product design, production planning,

scheduling, distribution under constraints, human resource evaluation, engineering, and so on.);

4. gain hands-on experience with several commercial software tools implementing the target technologies

o Excel -- advanced spreadsheet capabilities,

o Generator genetic algorithms,

o ThinkPro, MATLAB neural networks,

o See5 decision trees induction,

o VP-Expert rule-based expert systems,

o QubiQuick, MATLAB fuzzy logic;

5. build a full-scale DSS prototype using one (or more) of the above tools.

The course achieves these objectives through class lectures, computer demonstrations, student presentation and class

discussion of case applications, homework assignments, and a group term project entailing the development of an

actual DSS prototype.

Readings

• Benaroch M., Advanced Decision Support Technologies From Spreadsheet Models to Web Mining, selected

draft chapters will be distributed online.

• Additional lecture notes, cases and articles will be distributed online.

Grading (tentative)

Assignments (individual)

Case presentation (team)

Final Project (team)

Bonus

40%

0%

40%

10%

• Case Presentation. Each group consisting of - students will present 1- cases. The presentation should be

about 0-0 minutes long. The presenting group is not required to submit a written analysis.

General suggestive case questions (try to address question 5, if possible)

1. What is the "business" problem being addressed and why is it challenging?

. Why was it necessary to use the solution approach (or advanced technology) discussed in the case?

. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the solution approach presented in the case?

4. If relevant, how "scalable" is the solution approach presented in the case to real-world setting?

5. How "costly" (time, effort, money) is the solution approach to the particular context discussed in the

case?

• Final Project. The final team project is described in the last part of the syllabus. Students are to work on the

project in their pre-assigned teams. Except for extremely unusual circumstances, no extensions will be given

past the 1/5/00 submission deadline.

• Bonus. A 10% bonus will be given to every individual who finds an "interesting" web-based DSS

application that is described at a sufficient level of detail for everybody to understand its "workings".

Academic Integrity Policy

Students are expected to abide by principles of academic honesty.

The faculty of the School of Management has adapted an Academic Integrity Policy emphasizing that

honesty, integrity, and respect for others are fundamental expectations in our School. The Policy

requires all students who take SOM courses to certify in writing that they have read, understand, and

agree to comply with the Academic Integrity Policy. SOM students will soon receive information

regarding this procedure. All non-SOM students enrolled in this course are required to complete a

certification statement available in the Office of Graduate Programs (Suite ). Completed

statements will be kept on file in the Office of Graduate Programs.

Tentative Schedule

Class Topic & Readings

1 8/7 Introduction to Decision Support Systems (DSSs)

• notes-1

• Benaroch M., Chapter 1 Decision Support Technologies, Draft version

• Benaroch M., Chapter Decision Support Framework, Draft version

• (optional) Dutta S., Wierenga B, and Dalebout A., Designing Management Support Systems Using an Integrative Perspective,

Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 70-7, 17.

/ Traditional decision support models and how advanced technologies fit HW #1-a Due /10

• notes-

• Benaroch M., Chapter 4 Formal Models in Decision Support, Draft version

• (case) Moynihan G.P, Purushothaman P., McLeod R.W., and Nichols W.G., DSSALM A decision support system for asset and

liability management, Decision Support Systems, Vol. , pp. -8, 00.

• (case) Recio B., Rubio F., Criado J.A., A decision support system for farm planning using AgriSupport II, Decision Support System, 6

(00) 180

/10 ----------------- ------------------------- HW #1-b Due /17

4 /17 Genetic Algorithms (GA) & (Generator) HW #-a Due /4

• notes-

• Benaroch M., Chapter 5 Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications, Draft Chapter

• (case) Vergara E.F. et al., An evolutionary algorithm for optimizing material flow in supply chains, Computers & Industrial

Engineering, Vol. 4, pp. 407-41, 00.

5 /4 --------- " -------------- & Genetic Programming (GP) HW #-b&#c Due 10/1

Project abstract due /4

• (case) Sarker R. and Newton C., A genetic algorithm for solving economic lot size scheduling problem, Computers & Industrial

Engineering, Vol. 00, pp. 000-000, 00.

6 10/1 Data Mining Overview

• notes-4-0

• (case) Daskalaki S., Kopanas I., Goudara M., Avouris N., Data mining for decision support on customer insolvency in

telecommunications business, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 145, pp. �55, 00.

• (case) Cooper L.G. and Giuffrida G., Turning Data Mining into a Management Science Tool New Algorithms and Empirical Results,

Management Science, 000.

7 10/8 Supervised Neural networks (NNs) & (ThinkPro, MATLAB) HW #-a Due 10/15

Data for HW #

• notes-5

• Benaroch M., Chapter 11 Supervised Neural Networks, Draft Chapter

• (case) Leigh W. et al, Forecasting the NYSE composite index with technical analysis, pattern recognizer, neural network, and genetic

algorithm a case study in romantic decision support, Decision Support Systems, Vol. , pp. 6177, 00.

8 10/15 ----------------- ------------------------- HW #-b Due 10/

10/ Supervised & Unsupervised Neural networks (NNs) & (ThinkPro, MATLAB)

• notes-5-1

10 10/ Decision Tree Induction & (See5, CART) HW #4-a Due 11/5

Full project proposal due

• notes-6

• Benaroch M., Chapter 10 Decision Tree Induction, Draft Chapter

11 11/5 ----------------- ------------------------- HW #4-b Due 11/1

• (case) Kim J.W. et al., Application of Decision-Tree Induction Techniques to Personalized Advertisements on Internet Storefronts,

International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. , pp. 45�6, Spring 001.

1 11/1 Expert systems (ESs) & (VP-Expert) HW #5 Due 11/1

• Notes-7

• (case) Lazarov A. and Shoval P., A rule-based system for automatic assignment of technicians to service faults, Decision Support

Systems, Vol. , pp. 460, 00.

1 11/1 Fuzzy Logic & (CubiQuick, MATLAB)

• notes-8

14 11/6 Thanksgiving no class

15 1/ Student project presentations and course summary Complete project due 1/5

Team Project

The term project is to be done in groups of -4 students. Students are free to choose the topic for the project based on their interests,

experience, majors, etc. Important mile-stones are

1. One-page project abstract due on /4/00

The abstract should include a short description of the decision problem to be addressed, explanation of why this problem

is suitable for a DSS application, in what ways is the proposed DSS supposed to be used and by who, and what decisionsupport

technologies and software package are likely to be suitable for implementation.

After the project abstract is approved, each group will work closely with the instructor to expand and refine the abstract

into a full proposal (i.e., conceptual formulation of the problem, data requirements, data collection plan, implementation

strategy, testing and validation, etc.).

. Full project proposal due on 10//00

The structure and content of the full proposal usually depends on the type of problem solved, the problem-solving

approach, and technologies used. Therefore, each group must work closely with the instructor to develop the full

proposal. However, you can get an idea of what is the full proposal might include by looking at the following outline.

. Complete project due on 1/5/00

Each group has to hand in the disk(s) containing the entire working DSS prototype, and an accompanying 10-15 pages

paper (proposal enhanced by implementation details, users' manual, etc.). For the same reason explained above, each

group will have to work with the instructor to decide on the exact structure and content of the accompanying paper. Note

since the instructor reserves the right to keep both the disk(s) and paper, each group must make sure that they keep a copy

of these.

Each group will give a 15 minutes presentation of their project, so that the other students can benefit from their experience

and insights.

Downloadable Software

Software Tools

• Generator genetic algorithms (download, unzip, and run file install.exe)

• ThinkPro neural networks (download, unzip, and run file install.exe)

• See5 decision trees induction

• VP-Expert rule-based expert systems (download, and unzip into a directory named VPX)

• QubiQuick, MATLAB fuzzy logic

Spreadsheet Files Class Examples & Assignments

• Local-Optimum demo illustrating how Excel's Solver gets stuck in a local optimum

• Optimization Examples all the optimization examples provided in class

• Worker-Task assignment assignment-type problem to run with GAs.

• Portfolio Balancing for problem in the GA homework assignment.

• Trading-Rules demo illustrating how GAs are used to find optimal trading rules

Links to Optional Readings and Useful Resources

Traditional Decision Support Systems

• (case) Forgionne G.A., Selecting rail grade crossing investments with a decision support system, Information Sciences, Vol. 144, pp. 75�

0, 00.

• (article) Plane D.R., How to Build Spreadsheet Models, MSOR Today, February, 17.

• (article) Bhargava H.K., Sridhar S., and Herrick C, Beyond Spreadsheets Tools for Building Decision Support Systems, Computer, Vol.

, No. , March, 1.

Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming

• (case) Suer G.A., Vazquez R., Santos J., Evolutionary programming for minimizing the average flow time in the presence of non-zero

ready times, Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 45, pp. 1-44, 00

• (case) Balasubramanian R. and Bui T., GPR A Data Mining Tool Using Genetic Programming, Communications of the Association for

Information Systems, 5(6), 001.

• (case) Karuga G.G. et al., AdPalette an algorithm for customizing online advertisements on the fly, Decision Support Systems, Vol. ,

pp. 85�106, 001.

• (case) Oliver J.R., A Machine Learning Approach to Automated Negotiation and Prospects for Electronic Commerce, Working paper,

Wharton, U. of Penn, 000.

• (case) Allen F., and Karjalainen R., Using Genetic Algorithms to Find Technical Trading Rules, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol.

51, pp. 45-71, 1.

• (tutorial) Introduction to Genetic Algorithms (general overview & Java applets with good visuals)

• (tutorial) Experimenting with the parameters of Genetic Algorithms (Java Applet -- very effective)

• (tutorial) The Genetic Programming Notebook (useful introduction and links to rich sources)

Data Mining

• (case) Chakrabarti S. et al., Mining the Web's Link Structure, IEEE Computer, pp. 60-67, August 1.

• (case) Gerritsen R., Assessing Loan Risks A Data Mining Case Study, IEEE IT Pro, pp. 16-1, December, 1.

• (article) Spiliopoulou M., Web Usage Mining for Web Site Evaluation, Comm. Of the ACM, 4(8), 000.

Neural Networks Supervised Learning

• (case) An-Sing Chen, Mark T. Leung, Hazem Daouk, Application of neural networks to an emerging Financial market forecasting and

trading the Taiwan Stock Index, Computers & Operations Research, 0 (00) 01�

• (case) Montagno R. et al., Using neural networks for identifying organizational improvement strategies, European Journal of Operational

Research, Vo. 14, pp. 8-5, 00.

Neural Networks Unsupervised Learning (self-organizing maps)

• (case) Restaurant Location in Hoteling Business

• (case) Voice Recognition

Knowledge Induction (and Machine Learning)

• (case) Sorensen et al., The Decision Tree Approach to Stock Selection, Journal of Portfolio Management, 000.

• (case) Theusinger C. and Huber K.P., Analyzing the footsteps of your customers, WEBKDD'000, 000.

• (case) Fawcett T. and Provost F., Adaptive Fraud Detection, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, pp. 1-8, 17.

Expert and Knowledge-Based Systems

• (case) Mustafa Ozbayrak, Robert Bell, A knowledge-based decision support system for the management of parts and tools in FMS,

Decision Support Systems, Vol. 5, pp. 487-515, 00.

• (case) Lazarov A. and Shoval P., A rule-based system for automatic assignment of technicians to service faults, Decision Support

Systems, Vol. , pp. 460, 00.

Fuzzy Logic

• (case) L. Rizzi, F. Bazzana, N. Kasabov, M. Fedrizzi, L. Erzegovesi, Simulation of ECB decisions and forecast of short term Euro rate

with an adaptive fuzzy expert system, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 145, pp. 6-81, 00

• (case) Yuan Y. et al., The development and evaluation of a fuzzy logic expert system for renal transplantation assignment Is this a useful

tool?, European Journal of Operational Research, Vo. 14, pp. 15�17, 00.

• (case) Deinnichenko V., Bikeshera G., and Borisov A., Fuzzy Approach in Economic Modeling of Economics of Growth, in Artificial

Intelligence in Economics and Management, Ein-Dor P. (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, 16.

• Machacha L.L. and Bhattacharya P., A Fuzzy-Logic-Based Approach to Project Selection, IEEE Transactions on Engineering

Management, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 65-7, FEBRUARY, 000.

• Kunsch P.L. and Fortemps P., A fuzzy decision support system for the economic calculus in radioactive waste management, Information

Sciences, Vol. Xxx, pp. xxx-xxx, 00.

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Impact of Two Sociological Theorists on Society

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Impact of Two Sociological Theorists on Society

Morgan Alley

Sociological Theory

April 17, 00Write my Essay on Impact of Two Sociological Theorists on Society

Two theorists, Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead, use sociological theory to develop their views on the interactions and structures of society. Sociological Theory relies on evidence from senses and from the social world itself to arrive at its conclusions, it is an abstract, symbolic representation of, and explanation of, social reality, and a disciplined manner about the social world (Adams, Sydie 001, p1,4). Everyone uses sociology in some way of thinking when guessing why someone acts in a certain way, or why something happened, this is just a couple of things that we as people do everyday. Sociologist however, have more in depth thought and do more research, as well as gathering evidence to support these thoughts and then hope to present them in publications for society. Cooley and Meads views have made a significant impact, not only in sociological world, but also in the view of the world. Each theorist has made different contributions to society but, they also have similarities in some aspects of sociology.

Charles Horton Cooley, our first theorist, was born 1864, in Ann Arbor, Michigan the son of a law professor at University of Michigan. Cooley was inspired by William James, John Dewey, as well as Darwin, and the developments in German Psychology. Herbert Spencer also influenced him but fell away from his views, as did most theorists. Cooley suffered from ill health, and as a semi-invalid, he read extensively and indulged in "much day-dreaming" (Reiss 168). He was unenthusiastic about engineering, and did a graduate degree in political economy and sociology at Michigan

(Adams, Sydie 001, pp10,11). Cooley was making his contributions at the turn of the twentieth century with a main focus on the self and primary groups.

The self in a very large and interesting class of cases is the social reference that takes on the form of a somewhat definite imagination of how one's self appears in a particular mind, and the kind of self-feeling one has is determined by the attitude toward this attributed mind. A social self of this sort might be called the reflected or looking glass self

"Each to each a looking glass

Reflect the other that doth pass

(Cooley, 10, pp.17-185,

www.Pfeiffer.edu/~Iridener/DSS/Cooley/LKGLSSLF.HTML)

He felt that this looking glass self has three elements "the imagination of out appearance to the other person; the imagination of his judgment of that appearance, and some sort of self-feeling." The last element is critical cause the feeling of pride or shame is not simply the reflection of the self but the "imagined effect of this reflection upon another's mind" (Cooley 10184-185,Adams, Sydie p1). Cooley suggested that the meaning of "I" is grasped when the child becomes aware of "self-feeling" accompanying the use of I, me and my by other" and this awakens ones "own self-feeling already existing in and inarticulate form," and they "come to stand for self lacerative feeling or attitude, for self will and appropriation" (Cooley, 100,1,Adams,Sydie p.1). Society exists in and individuals mind because of interactions with many other individuals, so that "self and society are twin-born and the notion of a separate and independent ego is an illusion" (Cooley, 10 0,1,Adams,Sydie p1).

Intimate face-to-face association and cooperation characterize primary groups. Primary groups are primary in the sense that they give the individual the complete experience of social unity, and also in the sense that they do change in the same degree as more elaborate relations, but form a comparatively permanent source out of which the latter are ever springing. However they are not independent of the larger society, but to some extent reflect its spirit (Cooley 10 pp5-1,www.Pfeiffer.edu/~Iridener/DSS/Cooley?PRIMGRP.HTML). Cooley felt that these primary groups are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual (Cooley 156, p). The most important spheres of these groups are the family, play group for children, and the neighborhood or community group of elders (Cooley 156, p4). These groups are the basis for which the individual develops and it also sets the morals that one must follow through out the various stages of life. Ideas of love, freedom, and justice also had their part in primary groups. Primary groups, however, "need to be watched and cherished with very special care" so they do not decay or disappear, because they are basis on which higher imaginations, "moral unity," and "brotherhood" are built (Cooley 10,Adams,Sydie p14). Cooley maintained that human nature is not something existing separately in the individual, but a group-nature or primary phase of society, a relatively simple and general condition of the social mind. It is something more than the mere instinct that is born in us �though that enters into it- and something less than the more elaborate development of ideas and sentiments that makes up institutions. It is nature that are developed and expressed in those simple face-to-face

groups that is somewhat alike in all societies. In these types of societies that human nature comes into existence. Man does not have human nature at birth; he cannot acquire it except through fellowship, and it decays in isolation (Cooley 10, pp5-1, www.pfeiffer.edu/~Iridener/DSS/Cooley/PRIMGRP.HTML).

Cooley saw caste, or rigid inequalities between groups in society, as perpetuated by three conditions "likeness or unlikeness in the constituent of the population; the rate of social change and the state of communication or enlightenment" (Cooley 1017,Adams,Sydie p.16). A more open and free society promotes divisions based on competition rather than heredity and marked a transition from caste to class society. (Adams, Sydie 001, p.16).

Cooley understood that the self and the acceptance of others led to primary groups, that in-turn help to develop a better understanding of the self. The relationship of the self and primary groups develop society and install the morals and a since of the "we-feeling." It was the we-feeling he wished to see prevail in society at large. The we-feeling he wished to see prevail in society at large. The we-feeling broke down caste and "wipes out conventional distinctions," leaving only those that was functional for the organic whole (Cooley 1561-1).

George Herbert Mead was born in South Hadley, MA on February 7, 186, and died in Chicago, Illinois, on April 6, 11. Mead entered Oberlin College and earned a Bachelors Degree. He earned a Masters Degree in Philosophy at Harvard University and lived with William James during this time. He later worked at the University of

Michigan and worked with and was influenced by Charles Horton Cooley, William James, and John Dewey which gives them some of the same views of the development of the self. Mead and Dewey moved to the University of Chicago where Mead taught mostly social psychology and took major roles in the time of Pragmatist movement in Chicago. Mead's major contribution to social psychology was his attempt to show how the human self arises in the process of social interaction, especially by way of symbolic interaction (www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/mead.htm).

The process of social interaction use symbolic communication whish is the use of signs, such as gestures, to convey meaning. When the gesture is more than a reflex action that stimulates a response in the other, it becomes a significant symbol. A significant symbol is a gesture that has a meaning behind it, such that the symbol "answers to the meaning in the experience of the first individual and also calls out the meaning in the second individual (Mead, 164a157,Adams,Sydie p1). Mead supports the view that an analysis of the various meanings of objects and situations depends finally on role taking and the use of significant symbols. Analysis requires a mind having a social component, which is constitutive and necessary to every individual mind (Mead, 18,p11). Meads illustration of a dog fight, in which each dog's action is a stimulus for the other dog; as the act is "responded to by the other dog; it in turn, undergoes change" (Mead 164a154,Adams,Sydie p1). However, conversations of gestures do not have to be significant gestures. Gestures become significant when there is attitude behind them (Adams, Sydie 001,p1). Therefore "A conversation of gestures consists simply

in continued readjustment of one individual to another" (Miller, 18,p10). Mead viewed the social self as a social object dependent on communication through symbols and gestures. Through such communication humans take part in social interaction, and this brings about actions and reactions by others, this view by others cause the self to develop. People taking the attitudes of others became known as the generalized other (Mead 164b5-84,Adams,Sydie p). The role taking of others develops in two stages the play stage and the game stage. The play stage involves the child taking the role of others, such as role of parents, it represents relatively simple role taking because one role at a time is played and the relationship between roles is not clearly understood (Adams,Sydie 001,p). The game stage deals with the ability to understand connections between roles. At this stage the child must "not only take the role of other, but must assume the various roles of all participants in the game, and govern his actions accordingly" (Mead, 164b85,Adams,Sydie p). In the game stage, the child learns to "function in the organized whole, and this tends to determine his relationship with the group to which he belongs"(Mead, 14160,Adams,Sydie p). The game stage is the ability of the person to take the role of the generalized other and developing the self emerges from these stages.

The self that emerges from taking the attitudes of others Mead is referred to as the "Me." The "Me" represents the attitudes of others that the self is aware of and to which the "I" responded (Mead, 164a0,Adams,Sydie p5). The "Me" contains the social knowledge of roles, structures, values, and beliefs and their implications for social action.

The "Me" represents self-control as the "expression of the 'me" against the expression of the 'I'" (Mead,164a8-,Adams,Sydie p5).

The full nature of these levels of "me" comes into proper relief only when we understand the meaning and function of the "I" (Natanson, 17 p16). The "I," is the creative, imaginative part of the self, which Mead believed is evident in artist (Adams, Sydie 001,p5). Mead understood the "I" as a transcendent act in which the unique self, the person, adds to or goes beyond traditional or typical behavior. In this sense, the contribution of the "I" to the individuals behavior is that of an emergent, novel quality that transcends the "me." The "I" also "both calls out the 'me' and responds to it" (Natanson, 17,p16).

Both "I" and "me" relate necessarily to social experience without the common-sense world of other persons with whom the individual interacts, without "society" with its economic, moral, and cultural organization, it is not meaningful to speak of a "self," let alone the special aspect of the self termed the "I" and "me" (Natanson, 17,p16). The individual takes the attitude of the "me" or the attitude of "I" according to the situations in which one finds themselves (www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/mead/htm). The "I" and the "me" is a dynamic relationship that involves the constant interaction of both to develop the self. The process of determining the self puts society in a constant changing atmosphere, described as social change.

The constant interaction of the "I," "me," and social change, Mead felt, is a dialectical relation between individuals and society and the self emerges out of these

interactions. For Mead society is the product of reflexive individuals' taking account of others, and mind and self can only develop in society (Adams, Sydie 001,p7). Society then is based on social acts, which the occasion or stimulus which sets free impulses is found in the character or conduct of a living form that belongs to the proper environment of the living form that whose impulse it is (Natanson,17,p18).

Cooley and Mead shared a lot of views and have some of the same ideas. This could be due to the fact that they were colleagues at the University of Michigan between 181 and 18. Both were also influenced by William James and John Dewey, as well as Darwin and his developments. Mead was influenced by Cooley's ideas on the interactive, communicative nature of society, and the ideas that the self was created from such interactions, beginning in attachment to small, primary groups, through which links to larger social structures are established (Adams,Sydie 001,p1). Mead and Cooley were both concerned with the self, but also with the solutions to the many social problems that hand resulted form industrialization, urbanization, and mass immigration to the United States. Both felt that scientific sociology is the answer to the problems that challenge a democratic society (Adams, Sydie 001, p10). Cooley and Mead's views of the self had and still has great impacts on how we develop in society today, it also set the stage for the development of symbolic interactions, which is the explanation of interactions through the use of symbols for communication. Both also stressed the need to preserve and enlarge democratic freedoms. Mead and Cooley believed that the success of reform efforts depends on the use of scientific methods, with the sociologist having great contributions to make (Adams, Sydie 001, p). With both theorist coming

through at the same time and having the same Pragmatic influence, one can see why there contributions to the sociological world have similarities.

Bibliography

Adams,Bert N. & Sydie, R.A. (001)

Sociological Theory

Thousand Oaks, California, Pine Forge Press

Cooley, Charles H. (156)

Social Organizations

Glencoe, Illinois, The Free Press

Cooley, Charles H. (10)

Human Nature and Social Order "The Looking Glass

Self," New York Scribner's Sons

www.Pfeiffer.edu/~Iridener/DSS/Cooley/LKGLSSLF.HTML

Cooley, Charles H. (10)

Social Organizations "A Study of the Larger Mind"

New York Scribner's Sons

www.Pfeiffer.edu/~Iridener/DSS/Cooley/PRIMGRP.HTML

Miller, David L. �Edited by (18)

The Individual and the Social Self

Chicago, The University of Chicago Press

Mitchell, William C. (167)

Sociological Analysis and Politics

Engelwood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall, Inc.

The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

George Herbert Mead

www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/mead.htm

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To kill a mocking bird

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English Advertising Assignment

Hypothesis

What strategies different charity organizations use to persuade you to donate money to their cause?

Summary of resultsCheap College Papers on to kill a mocking bird

In the field of advertising, language has a powerful influence over people and their behaviour. The choice of language to convey specific messages (with the intention of influencing people) is vitally important in gaining their support and contribution. In the field of a non profit organization I found that the strategies to gain support all fell under two categories 1 techniques to provoke sympathy

techniques to provoke guilt

In this field it is so important to engage all readers' attention as they usually need all the help they can get. The aim of my assignment was therefore to research what were the most common syntactical features and their effects.

Generally all the advertisements persuading the reader to donate money had no specific audience. The aim of each ad was to gain as much support as they could so they could not afford to leave out any particular group of people. Sometimes what may have limited their audience was either the necessity in having a credit card number or needing to have your own home with a letterbox and address etc.

I expected to find that advertisers used a variety of techniques to lure the readers into contributing towards their fund. So the devices used to provoke guilt were different to that which provoked sympathy but instead I found that they generally all used similar devices to gain attention.

Firstly ads that provoked sympathy all had similar patterns in the vocabulary they used. Their modifiers were very emotive trying to gain the readers sympathy. There were a lot of words put into describing the situation and the feelings of the people involved. In a WWF ad they described "our island is one of the most biologically important places on earth and one of the most threatened. " We must "conserve what's left of our critically endangered species." They use stories full of nouns and adjectives to give the facts and information to appeal to our senses and emotions. "but here in New Zealand thousands of families live in substandard or overcrowded housing conditions."

The verbs used are generally all imperatives. They need to add a sense of urgency in the ad and promote immediate action. Often we see words such as "Call…" "Give…" "Help…" "Save.."

The syntax in ads that provoked sympathy also had more of a range in the sentence types it used. I found that when they were gaining your sympathy and telling the story the sentences were longer, (complex) to list the situation. "caught up in conflict, fleeing in terror, in need of urgent medical care." But when it came to the last few sentences (where they were talking to the reader directly) the sentences were simple or minor. This was used to achieve brevity and a more direct, urgent tone. "Please give all you can…Call now."

In terms of syntactical features things common in these ads were repetitions used to emphasize an idea "Many will be injured…Many more will be separated…" antitheses to show contrasting situations "New Zealander's love their ¼ acre section…sadly though for some owning their own home isn't as achievable." and definitely the use of imperatives in wanting the readers to contribute. Another common technique is the use of personal pronouns such as "you" or "we". It makes us fell included and that we are helping to improve the situations in the world today.

Thirdly all these ads did have something extra to make their campaign unique and different from other charities. With "Save the Children" their simple sentenced slogan is short and sharp to create memorability. With "Gregg's Red Ribbon Roast" a common device used was alliteration and the repetition of "build better." These technique were not only used to increase memorability it also established a rhythm.

On the other hand looking at ads which provoked guilt onto the reader there were many similar syntactical features as mentioned above but also some differences.

The biggest differences were the lexical features. The majority of them still had stories full of facts and information but when it came to involving the reader the verbs chosen were slightly different. They all denoted a positive action starting of with a personal pronoun "you can…" "You will…" and answers such as "Yes, I want to.." all to include the reader and make them feel as they are making "a world of difference." Adverbs such as "Just…" or phrases such as "Yes I want to join the I care programme…" all contribute in provoking guilt. It successfully makes us feel bad, as if we don't "care" if we do not contribute and donate money. Once again the personal pronouns are clearly present in the text.

A very effective syntactical technique used to provoke guilt is the use of rhetorical questions. They immediately engage the reader's attention and generally we know what the answer of the question should be. For example "Like to tell you daughter she has to work in a brothel?" we know the answer is no and we realize that if we don't donate we will force children into that situation therefore guilt on our part. Parallel structure can also be found in the ads. "While that's not enough to go far here in New Zealand, it's enough to make a life saving difference for children in Iraq." Though this does not make us feel guilty directly but it carries connotations that suggest $10 a month is not much at all. Repetition has also been cleverly used to emphasize an idea and trigger guilt "Don't blame the government…Don't blame industrialists…Don't blame oil companies…Blame yourself". This ad strongly accused us as the reason for the environment putting the blame on ourselves. Another clever technique was the use of personification in an animal protection ad. In this ad it gave animals simple human necessities such as "respect and protection" instead of "a life of misery, depravation and torment." This makes us realize that animals like humans have emotions and basic needs and need protection just like us and thus once again triggering the guilt.

Lastly there is once again the use of imperatives promoting action from the public, adding a sense of urgency in words such as "Call now" "Help" "save" which are all commonly found.

From doing my research I was able to find the various techniques non profit organizations used to persuade the reader to donate money. Though there were limited differences between ads that triggered guilt and sympathy I found the ads which provoked guilt to be more successful in gaining the readers contribution as a result of better vocabulary chosen and more clever syntactical features.

Please note that this sample paper on to kill a mocking bird is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on to kill a mocking bird, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on to kill a mocking bird will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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