'Hamlet is preoccupied with the ethics of revenge.' Discuss

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As an integral component of Hamlet, revenge provides the impetus for much of the play's action and the foundation for the play's philosophical debate. Yet to argue that the ethics of revenge are the play's preoccupation is to dismiss the myriad of philosophical and psychological questions posed by Hamlet and those that surround him. Hamlet, like all tragedies, is a play of opposites. Contrasting the ideal of an ordered life with the complexities of life tainted by human weaknesses, it presents what is best and worst in humanity. Life and death, love and sexuality, salvation and damnation, justice and revenge, reality and performance each theme is considered and contrasted during the course of Hamlet, creating a fascinating and disturbing account of the nature of humanity. This essay attempts to identify how the mechanisms of revenge influence the overall theme of life that preoccupies Hamlet the character and permeates Hamlet the play.

"The most tolerable sort of revenge is for those wrongs which there is no law to remedy" (A Shakespeare Reader P.1). Francis Bacon's words naturally draw us to the infamous 'untouchables' of Elizabethan drama; those characters whose rank or position raise them above the law and legal justice. Kings such as Macbeth or Claudius embody the very laws they have defiled, whilst nobles such as Brutus or Lorenzo, son of the Duke of Castile (The Spanish Tragedy) feel safe in their social positions above the proletariat. Just as the natures and motives of these murderers differ (Brutus, dubbed by his own avenger as "the noblest Roman of them all," (Julius Caesar V.5.67), acted "in a general honest thought" (ibid, l.70)) so do the natures of their avengers.

Hamlet is no Mark Anthony or Macduff, secure in his right to avenge and able to act without delay, "gentle heavens / …Front to front / Bring thou this fiend of Scotland and myself," (Macbeth V.1.-5). Hamlet's introspection, "O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I" (II..57), doubt, "The spirit that I have seen / May be the devil…[who] / Abuses me to damn me" (III.1.575-80) and constant need to evaluate, "That would be scanned" (III..75), point to a character for whom the justification for revenge is as important as the act itself.

Shakespeare uses the characters of Hamlet and Laertes to present two wholly different revenge philosophies. Greeting the news of his father's murder with "Vows to the blackest devil!" (IV.5.17), Laertes may be described as a typical protagonist from a revenge tragedy. Hot blooded and single minded, he is disdainful of the laws of this world and the next, "both the worlds I give to negligence, / …Only I'll be revenged" (IV.5.1-0). Only once does he ask for the facts of his father's murder, "How came he dead?" (16), allowing himself to be manipulated by Claudius' protestations of innocence. Ophelia's appearance only serves to intensify Laertes' need for revenge. "thy madness shall be paid by weight / Till our scale turns the beam" (155-6). The conversation that follows "I pray you go with me" (14) is closed to us but its effects are quickly seen in Act IV Scene 7. Laertes, convinced of Hamlet's guilt, welcomes the opportunity to "tell him to his teeth, / 'Thus diddest thou'" (IV.7.54-5).

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Claudius' manipulative tricks draw Laertes into the king's web of deception, transforming him from a just avenger into a murderer via a series of half-truths and withheld facts about his father's death. This manipulation may be compared with the ghost's manipulation of Hamlet. By echoing Hamlet's own anger towards the "most seeming-virtuous queen" (I.5.46), the ghost is able to set the Prince against his uncle, securing his vow of vengeance against Claudius. Both Hamlet and Laertes become tools for killing, blind to their own damnation. Yet, at the end, Laertes performs a combined act of contrition and pardon, "Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet. / Mine and my father's death come not on thee, / Nor thine on me" (V..71-) as he attempts to secure for himself and Hamlet the opportunity for salvation that was denied their fathers.

By presenting Laertes as one who "dare[s] damnation" (IV.5.1) in the name of revenge, Shakespeare creates a stark contrast to the puzzle that is Hamlet. Sir Francis Bacon wrote, "Revenge is a kind of wild justice" (A Shakespeare Reader P.1). In Laertes, Shakespeare presents revenge as a blind deed without thought, driven by anger or grief. As a typical revenge hero, Laertes is able to brush aside all of the moral objections to revenge that prevent Hamlet from playing the role. Hamlet's intellect allows Shakespeare to both examine the ethical questions posed by revenge and place it in the play's overall theme of humanity.

Long before the ghost's fateful intervention we learn that Hamlet holds emotion "within that passeth show," (I..85). Burdened by grief and a gnawing disgust at his mother's hasty remarriage, "a father killed, a mother stained" (IV.4..47), Hamlet is emotionally vulnerable, longing for "self-slaughter" (I..1) to escape what has become a "weary, stale, flat and unprofitable" (1) world. This indifference to life, prompted by the death of a father and the loss of a mother to "incestuous sheets" (I..157) proves fertile ground for the ghost's demand, "Revenge [my] foul and most unnatural murder" (I.5.5) Hamlet responds to this demand with a plea "…that…wings as swift / As meditation or the thoughts of love / May sweep me to my revenge" (I.5.-1). By favouring meditation and love over the chaotic elements such as fire or flood, Hamlet reveals his nature as a thinker and lover; a nature that draws him to constantly examine the ethics of his proposed vengeance and prompt the ghost to reappear to "whet [Hamlet's] almost blunted purpose" (III.4.101)

Why does Hamlet not rush to confront "The serpent that did sting [his] father's life" (I.5.) ? Is he "a coward" (II..548), "unpregnant of [his] cause" (545) ? His soliloquy in Act Scene highlights his conflicting emotions as he spurs himself to anger, "Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindles villain! / O vengeance!" (558-) before admonishing himself for "fall[ing] a-cursing like a very drab" (564). Finally we understand that Hamlet's procrastination stems from the fact that despite his proclamation, "It is an honest ghost," (I.5.14), Hamlet has yet to answer his own question, "Be thou a spirit of health or goblin damned" (I.4.1). The ambiguities surrounding the ghost's true nature raise questions about the legitimacy of its demand for revenge. If, as it claims, it lies in purgatory "Till the foul crimes done in [its] days of nature / Are…purged away" (I.5.1-1), how may it demand revenge, contrary to God's laws? This contradiction is emphasised as the ghost instructs Hamlet to leave his mother "to heaven" (I.5.86). In Act , this doubt robs Hamlet of the perfect opportunity to avenge his murdered father.

Claudius' admission of guilt in Act Scene is followed by a strikingly honest soliloquy as he attempts to reconcile his desperate need to repent with his desire to retain those "effects for which [he] did murder" (III..54). His question, "May one be pardoned and retain th'offence?" (56) bisects the ethics of killing that have preoccupied Hamlet since the appearance of the ghost. Claudius admits that "In…this world / Offence's gilded hand may shove by justice" (58), implying that corruption may usurp earthly law. However, this undisputable proof of the king's guilt, as with the incriminating aside, "How smart a lash that…doth give my / conscience!" (III.1.5), is only witnessed by the theatre audience. Despite Hamlet's determination to find "grounds / More relative" (II..580-1) than the ghost's word as a justification for a revenge killing, this does not come until he crosses to England and discovers his uncle's request that his "head should be struck off" (V..6).

Lacking this definite proof, Hamlet holds back to consider the implications of killing a man at prayer, extending the theological questions already posed by the king. Throughout the play, Hamlet compares an ideal memory of his father against Claudius, "So excellent a king, that was to this / Hyperion to a satyr" (1..1-40). Now he recalls the manner of his father's death, "With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May" (III.4.81) and acknowledges the likelihood that his spiritual account is a poor one having been denied the opportunity to repent his sins. This prompts the question, "am I then revenged / … / When [Claudius] is fit and seasoned for his passage?" (84-6). Sheathing his sword, Hamlet resolves to wait until he may catch Claudius "about some act / That has no relish of salvation in't" (-), thus sending him to hell. Hamlet's procrastination stems not from a reluctance to kill (as Polonius is about to discover) but a desire to find the perfect time for revenge; an impossible task if one accepts God's prohibition of revenge. This forms a part of the paradox created by the ghost's command, "Taint not thy mind" (I.5.85). Recently described by Peter Brook, in an interview with Richard Eyre, as the most important line in the play, the impossibility of killing without taint is fundamental to the play's philosophical considerations.

Hamlet's preoccupation with life, death and the afterlife is evident throughout the play. After acknowledging, "There are more things in heaven and earth… / Than are dreamt of" (I.5.168-), Hamlet's soliloquies form a series of complex speculations on the natures and states of life and death, God's "canon 'gainst self-slaughter," (I..1), sexuality and relationships. However, amongst all of this speculation, not once does he outwardly consider God's prohibition of revenge, save to negate it, "is't not to be damned / To let this canker…come / In further evil?" (V..6-71). This is particularly surprising when one considers the importance of such issues in Shakespearean England.

The introduction to Sir Francis Bacon's 'Of Revenge' in A Shakespeare Reader notes that Bacon's counsel, "indicates the complex, moral and legal debates about ethics of revenge in Shakespeare England." (P.1). Heaven's laws certainly play their part in other revenge tragedies of the period. In Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy, Hieronimo asks of the "sacred heavens" (III..5), if the murder of his son were to go "unrevealed and unreveng�d" (), how could heaven's dealings be deemed just "If [heaven] unjustly deal[s] with those that in [its] justice trust" (11) Earlier Shakespearean plays such as Titus Andronicus also consider revenge in a spiritual context. Marcus calls, "O heavens, can you hear a good man groan / And not relent, or not compassion him? / … / Revenge the heavens for old Andronicus!" (IV.1.1-8), asking heaven to intervene for a man "so just that he will not revenge" (17).

Hamlet's disregard of his own spiritual account is particularly noticeable after the murder of Polonius. Although he acknowledges that "For this same lord / I do repent," (III.4.156-7), he goes on to suggest that he is now heaven's "scourge and minister" (15), arguing that he is no longer responsible for his actions. This contrasts with his demand that Gertrude, "Confess [her]self to heaven; / Repent what's past, avoid what is to come" (140-1). This double standard suggests that Hamlet has long accepted his own damnation and is now grasping the opportunity he has longed for since the beginning of the play.

Having had to "hold [his] tongue" (I..15) for so long, he now confronts his mother, "speak[ing] daggers to her" (III..66), that "cleft [her] heart in twain!" (III.4.147). Finally, having made Gertrude aware of her perniciousness, Hamlet appeals to her maternal instinct, "when you are desirous to be blest, / I'll blessing beg of you" (III.4.155-6). Her promise, "I have no life to breathe / What thou hast said to me" (181-) confirms her status as Hamlet's ally against the king. Hamlet's "Good night, mother," (11) is a marked contrast to the sarcastic "good-mother," (I..77) with which he first addresses Gertrude, seeming to highlight a restoration of the son's relationship with his mother.

Caught in the destructive tangle of revenge, Hamlet's relationship with Ophelia cannot be restored.

Although it may be argued that Hamlet belongs in the genre of revenge tragedy, any attempt to confine it to this narrow classification would be unproductive. A short essay such as this can only touch upon the myriad of themes to be found in the play, themes that examine what it is to be human. Hamlet asks, "What is a man," (IV.4. .). His memories of his father are untainted by thought's of the old king's "foul crimes" (I.5.1) whilst his description of Fortinbras as "a delicate and tender prince" (IV.4. .8) is more than a little idealistic. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern prove to be "adders fanged" (III.4. 185.) and Polonius is a "wretched…fool" (III.4.0). Only Horatio remains, "Whose blood and judgement are so well commingled / That they are not a pipe for Fortune's finger / To sound what stop she please" (III..6-4). Horatio, unlike Hamlet, "is not passion's slave" (65); he is "as just a man / As e'er…conversation coped withal" (47-8). It is not surprising that it is left to him to tell Hamlet's story, for who else may Hamlet, or we the audience, trust to give an honest account.

Promising a tale of "carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts / … / Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause" (V..5-), Horatio prepares to tell the tale as he has witnessed it. This version, whilst honest, cannot be more than a parody of what the theatre audience has seen. Horatio's sketch, illustrates how we, as an audience, have been given privileged access to the innermost thoughts and feelings of the play's protagonists and how Hamlet becomes, for us, so much more than a conventional revenge tragedy.

Shakespeare, William Hamlet - in The Norton Shakespeare

Edited by Stephen Greenblatt, Walter Cohen, Jean E. Howard

and Katharine Eisaman Maus

Published by W. W. Norton & Company (17)

ISBN 0--7087-7

Greenblatt, Stephen Hamlet - in The Norton Shakespeare

Edited by Stephen Greenblatt, Walter Cohen, Jean E. Howard

and Katharine Eisaman Maus

Published by W. W. Norton & Company (17)

ISBN 0--7087-7

Shakespeare, William Titus Andronicus - in The Norton Shakespeare

Edited by Stephen Greenblatt, Walter Cohen, Jean E. Howard

and Katharine Eisaman Maus

Published by W. W. Norton & Company (17)

ISBN 0--7087-7

Shakespeare, William Julius Caesar - in The Norton Shakespeare

Edited by Stephen Greenblatt, Walter Cohen, Jean E. Howard

and Katharine Eisaman Maus

Published by W. W. Norton & Company (17)

ISBN 0--7087-7

Shakespeare, William Macbeth - in The Norton Shakespeare

Edited by Stephen Greenblatt, Walter Cohen, Jean E. Howard

and Katharine Eisaman Maus

Published by W. W. Norton & Company (17)

ISBN 0--7087-7

Kyd, Thomas - The Spanish Tragedy Reproduced in part in A Shakespeare Reader Sources and Criticism

Edited by Richard Danson Brown and David Johnson

Published by Macmillan Press Ltd & The Open University (000)

ISBN 0--115-

Bacon, Francis Of Revenge Reproduced in A Shakespeare Reader Sources and Criticism

Edited by Richard Danson Brown and David Johnson

Published by Macmillan Press Ltd & The Open University (000)

ISBN 0--115-

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Religion traditions

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Religion

Religion in Australia

Education

Education is an important issue in the Catholic religion. Catholics believeWrite my Essay on Religion traditions cheap

that their children should attend Catholic schools as they believe with their

children½s teaching should come the moral and spiritual Catholic values they

believe in. Education has always been a critical factor in the education

of youth, and after 101 with funding for only secular schools was available.

Catholic½s as above did not want their children attending public schools, so

they payed the prices to send their children to Catholic schools.

There was an outburst of Catholics in Canberra as that was the only place

that would employee them, and this filled a number of Catholic schools.

Around 156 some state aid was offered to the Catholic schools.

In 16 the Goulburn Schools Strike occurred in which the government

request the school be shut down due to lack of boys toilets. The Bishops

and Priests shut down the schools sending the 000 students from the

schools to demand their secular free education in the surrounding public

schools. The schools could only accept ¹ of these students ' and the

Catholics had made the necessity of their schools clear. Funding for

catholic schools thus began.

All Catholic schools are now funded ' and Christians have a strong

influence on Education - Catholics along with large number of

Independent Christian Schools which all do successfully.

Questions they make ask in other language used for this answer

The influence of Christianity on Education since 101

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present

Social Welfare/ Justice.

Christians have the moral value and to help those in need. They feed

the hungry, clothe the poor, ect. It is in their belief systems and it is for that

main reason they are involved in many social welfare and justice issues to

help this cause.

Social Welfare is a system that helps with the systems of problems such as

poverty and unemployment. Groups such as the Wesley Mission, St

Vincent De Paul and the Salvation Army work to set up shelters, raise

money, food, clothing ' and work with many volunteers to provide the

short-term services they need. These services help a lot of needy people.

Religion

Social Justice issues deal with the causes of the problems effecting the

needy. This issue, such as unemployment, poverty, Indigenous and

other rites and health care are assisted by groups such as Caritas

Australia, World Vision, and NCCA (National Council of Churches

Australia).

Christian groups also responded to the great depression by helping achieve

the dole, and getting the government to give them money for their causes.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The influence of Christianity on Social Welfare Since 101

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present

Rural Ministry

As Australia is so vast, to minister to all areas, is not an easy task, and

Christian churches have a great challenge in ministering to these areas.

The Anglican bishop Nathaniel Dawes started the Bush Brotherhood to

solve this problem, and took a group of horse back preachers out to the

rural areas.

The Evangelic Sydney Anglicans formed the Bush Church Aid in

effort to loosen the strength hold of the Bush Brotherhood, and

Catholics ' who had started small developing convents - as they feared the

Catholics aggression (Dr Daniel Manix). John Flynn then began his

Presbyterian ministry ' pioneering the inland mission of his church ' &

recognised for his Royal Flying Doctor Service ' & School Of Air. St

Vincent De Paul also helped people in remote areas & pontifical mission

societies (catholic mission office) collects money in each parish for mission

work.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

Examples of Ministry by Religious Traditions in rural and outback Australia

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present

Aspect of Australian physical and cultural environment

The remoteness and rugged terrain of Australia accounts for the large

distances between the communities ' which in turn makes it difficult for

people to make and build religious communities. Rural ministry then

began with different groups sending ministers to the rural areas in a means

to spread their religion Australia wide.

Religion

Aspect of Australian physical and cultural environment

Historically Christianity was introduced to convicts in means of resentment

and used for punishment. Hence there has become a great lack of respect

for the religion and resentment towards the religion and it½s authorities. In

Australia ' it is socially acceptable to be of no religion.

The festive times of the Christian calendar are set for the Northern

Hemisphere ' and as Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere ' the seasons

are at the opposite time ' eg 'Easter isn½t in the time of spring and new

beginnings ' but autumn and Christmas is in summer not winter.

The role of Christianity within the Indigenous society has been difficult '

starting off with questioning their humanity ' to destructing their society

and religion. The reconciliation processes have now begun ' and

integration of Christianity in Aboriginal religions is now evident.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

Explain unique character of Christianity in Australia deriving from its

physical and cultural environment. And anything asking about that

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present

Labour Movement

The labour party consist of a number of trade unions which run by

communists who wanted an atheists (non religious) society ' yet consisted

of a large number of Catholics. Catholics did not want the communists

enforcing the atheist community ' so a Melbourne Catholic B.A Santamaria

formed "The Movement½ ' which he took Dr Daniel Mannix ' who put it to

the Catholic bishops to fund. "The Movement½ proposed that if a Catholic

member of each of the trade unions would run for president ' and the

bishops and priests could get the community to vote for these people '

each of the trade unions would be run by Catholics ' and hence the labour

party movement.

The labour leaders began to notice the Catholic influence ' and began a

debate which spilt the labour party ' and this placed them out of

government from 150½s till 17.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The attempt by the Catholic Church to influence the labour movement.

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Religion

Conscription

Conscription is the act of forcing Military duty to be compulsory, rather

than a voluntary service. The idea of conscription was favoured by most

Anglican and Protestant Churches, as they believed Australia was in a holy

war ' and those who fought were bless by God.

Dr Daniel Mannix however, didn½t not believe that Catholics ' who were

mainly of Irish descent ' should be forced to fight in an English war '

when the Irish hated the English. He made his opinions public ' and this

became another form of sectarianism - with Protestants accusing Catholics

of not supporting the war effort.

Conscription was denied after referendums ' yet for this happen ' all

the Catholics and at least half the Protestants would have to voted against it.

The Pro-British Protestants were outraged and infuriated and continued

there bitterness throughout the 10½s ' accusing Catholics of being disloyal

to their British empire ' and encouraging Protestants not to hire Catholics.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The attitude of Religious traditions to the conscription debate of World

War I.

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Great Depression

Around 1 - Australia experienced the "Great Depression½ ' a time

where the whole world was at an economic low ' unemployment was high

and thousand of Australians were homeless. The church was also effected

by the depression ' having to cut hired staff and under ' or not pay the

remaining staff. This challenged the churches to meet peoples needs. As

few Christians began to believe that this was a judgment of God 'they

began to raise money and arrange hampers, providing clothing and such for

the needy. Organisation such as St Vincent De Paul and The Salvation

Army - began and setting up soup kitchens and shelter ' which began the

formation of Social Justice and Welfare ' and Catholic began once again to

help the needy people ' according to their belief systems.

These organisations also campaigned for the government to provide a

benefit for the unemployed ' which later became known as "susso½ or the

"dole½

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The actions taken by Religious Traditions during the great depression

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Religion

Wars

During World War I ' most Christians believed that anyone who fought

and supported the war effort was blessed by God. The churches

encouraged people to join the war and this bought high recruitments.

Protestants were the strongest supports ' and Catholics were told to

support them ' and the Quakers were opposed to this and any war even

with "noble cause½ ' yet they were greatly outnumbered. The conscription

issue then arose ' and changed a views on the joining of these wars '

especially the catholic view of entering the war ' but also some unanimous

Protestant opposers

World War II was followed by most Australians as they were fighting for

their own survival ' and churches were in full support ' even when the

issue of conscription was re-established. Although a mass Catholic strike

nearly occurred over arrests of Catholic Germans ' only small numbers of

Quakers ect. opposed the war.

The Vietnam war began with enactment of conscription and leaders such as

B.A. Santamaria supporting the effort 'and the Protestants. Yet a number

of Anglican Bishops and a number of Christian and Secular people objected

the war ' believing simply that Australians had no reason to fight in it ' and

eventually Australia pulled out of the war.

Since 170 ' Church leaders have spoken out against war as a solution to

international problems ' such as The Gulf War.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The positions taken by Religious traditions with regard to Wars involving

Australia since 101.

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Indigenous Rites (Roles and Responses of Religious Traditions.)

S Christians have apologized for their involvement in the Stolen

Generation. This is shown by Church leadership in efforts such as Sea

of Hand ' Sorry day and Pilgrimage to Uluru ect.

S The Christians Churches have helped Indigenous people with areas

such as heath and social issues as well as education and protection

policies to help the stolen generation.

S The Christians Churches have united in public attacks against John

Howard½s 10 point plan to strip Indigenous plans & distinguish Native

title.

Religion

Indigenous Rites (Roles and Responses of Religious Traditions.)

S Islamic leaders have called for a justice debate on issues of Indigenous

self discrimination.

S Jewish groups have called for a week of prayer from Aboriginal

Reconciliation on the Anniversary of the Mabo High Court Decision.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The response of Religious traditions to the issue of Indigenous Rites.

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Poverty (Roles and Responses of Religious Traditions.)

S Christian churches have answered the call to poverty with groups such

dealing with Social Justice and welfare issues such as St Vincent De

Paul and Salvation Army ect. to deal with poverty issues ' with drop

the debt campaigns and soup kitchens ect. .

S Islamic people are advocates for poverty issues with an inbuilt means

of religious tax ' "zakat½ to help the poor.

S Jewish people are debating over the proportion of financial support

that should be directed the local poverty causes in Israel.

S As the Buddhist society increase ' they have formed networks and

youth and aged care centres to help homeless and unfortunate people.

S Churches have united to produce forums and such on issues of

poverty ' example Anglicans , Catholics and Protestants in the NCCA

producing documents on poverty and related issues.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The response of Religious traditions to the issue of Poverty.

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Unemployment (Roles and Responses of Religious Traditions.)

S Christian churches continue to be social advocates for unemployed

with groups in Social Justice and Welfare - assisting with

unemployment issues.

S Christian groups such as Salvation Army have assisted the unemployed

with missions such as Salvation Army Support Plus and Employment

000.

Religion

Unemployment (Roles and Responses of Religious Traditions.)

S Buddhist and Islam communities are relatively small and therefore do

not have widely known organisations working in employment issues

such as Salvation Army etc, they do however provide job networks,

support for unemployed etc within their own communities.

S Catercare in Melbourne has organised jobs for the unemployed

cutting vegetables for restaurants and cafes ' helping the unemployed

and providing a service to the community.

S Churches direct considerable resources and money towards the

unemployed and family welfare of people in their communities.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The response of Religious traditions to the issue of Unemployment

Explain how religion has influenced Australian society from 101 to the

present.

Immigration

As the White Australia Policy distinguished and people began to immigrate

from different areas of the world ' Australia became a larger community '

with more diversity within religions and races of people. It was no longer a

country with mono - cultural /faith (Christians)

There was an increase in Catholics from non-Anglo backgrounds ' which

brought in Orthodox religions. There was also an increase of Buddhist

from Asian backgrounds.

Australians now recognise different religious traditions such as Ramadan '

and have laws against religious discrimination

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The effect of Immigration on Religion in Australia

Account for the increasing diversity in religious adherence from 101 to the

present.

Uniting Church

The Uniting Church formed in 177 from the Methodist, Presbyterian and

Congregational churches, as is the only church with Australian Origin. The

Uniting Church has Ecumenism as its priority and majour goal.

Not all Presbyterians joined to the Uniting Church, some still remain today.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The significance of the formation of the Uniting Church.

Account for the increasing diversity in religious adherence from 101 to the

present.

Religion

White Australia Policy

In 101 the White Australia Policy was declared in which only people of

white skin and Christian religions can enter Australia in order to keep a

mono ' faith and cultural society.

In 17 the Policy ended ' yet it was being too strongly enforced in year

close to this ' and people of all races and religions were allowed to enter.

This caused more diversity within the religions and races of Australia and a

large number of migrants entered.

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The significance of the ending of the White Australia Policy on religion in

Australian society.

Account for the increasing diversity in religious adherence from 101 to the

present.

New Age Religions

"New Age½ is an umbrella term referring to a range of alternative and/or

pseudo religions people are attracted to. Census figures show a slight

dissatisfaction with mainstream religions and alongside this is a strong sense

of longing for spiritual dimensions in life. People therefore tend to

sometimes stay in their mainstream religions and integrate "new age½

religious techniques and ceremonies.

Some examples of new age religions are feng shui, yoga, tai chi, astrology,

tarot cards, numerology etc

Questions they make ask in the other language used for this answer

The development of New Age Religions

Account for the increasing diversity in religious adherence from 101 to the

present.

Religious Conversions

Please note that this sample paper on Religion traditions is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Religion traditions, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Religion traditions will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Extinction of our species

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Of all the species that have lived on the Earth since life first appeared here three billion years ago, only about one in a thousand are still living today. All the others have became extinct usually within ten million years after they first appeared. This in turn has contributed greatly to the current level of biodiversity on the planet.

Extinction is the loss of populations of interbreeding organisms. It can be caused by habitat destruction, predation and the inability to adapt to changing environments. It can also be caused by changes in the climate and environment or by the evolution of new, better-adapted types of organisms that have displaced earlier forms. Commercial exploitation, damage caused by non-native plants and animals introduced in to an area and pollution also contribute to the extinction of species According to many biologists the human population is the primary reason for the increase in the rate of extinction. Since 1600 about 1100 species have became extinct. The rapid disappearance of species was ranked as one of the planets gravest environmental worries, surpassing pollution, global warming and the thinning of the ozone layer, according to the survey of 400 scientists commissioned by New Yorks American Museum of Natural History.

Since the 1600s, worldwide commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. The whaling industry, in which whales are slaughtered for oil and meat, has led many whale species to the brink of extinction. The African black rhinoceros, killed for its horn, which is prized as a medicine and aphrodisiac, is also critically endangered. The great auk and the passenger pigeon became extinct in the 1th and early 0th centuries because of over hunting, and the Carolina parakeet also died as a species because of the combination of over hunting and habitat destruction.

Humans participate in the destruction of species habitats in numerous ways. The habitats are normally destroyed to benefit humans in one way or another. For instance, we drain swamps or fill them so we can build houses or parking lots or anything we want to benefit us. We cut down trees for limber to build houses, and other buildings, also to benefit us. Sometimes we are even destroying species habitats without even realizing it. Every time we drive a motor vehicle sulfur and nitrogen oxide is released into the air creating acid rain, which destroys forests and contaminates lakes and streams making them uninhabitable because of its highly acidic precipitation.Custom writing service can write essays on Extinction of our species

Global warming is also contributing to the factor of the extinction of species. Carbon dioxide and other gases are released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuel such as oil, coal and natural gas. The atmosphere is trapping heat there creating the green house effect. The greenhouse effect is the term for the role played by the atmosphere in maintaining higher temperatures near the earth's surface than could exist if the atmosphere were not present. Global warming could increase an average temperature by three to eight degrees Fahrenheit by the year 050. The higher temperatures will disrupt the biosphere to a great extent. It will raise sea levels, making species more vulnerable to diseases and altering habitats. This will threaten numerous species therefore causing them to migrate in order to survive.

Humans also pollute the earth in many ways. Humans liter all the time. When driving down the road, instead of putting trash aside we just throw it out in the window. Whether its just a gum wrapper or a cigarette or it is a drink cup. Animals will then go and eat it and it can get stuck in their throats and it kills them. Big oil companies will just dump oil into pond or rivers there by polluting the water and killing thousands of species that live in the water.

Habitats with the highest number of threatened mammals and birds are lowland and mountain tropical rainforest. Freshwater habitats are extremely vulnerable with many threatened fish, reptile, amphibian and invertebrate species. In the last 500 years, because of humans 816 species of animals have been forced into extinction. Many species have been eliminated from areas dominated by human influences. Even in preserves, native species are often out-competed or consumed by organisms introduced from elsewhere. Extinction is a natural process, but it is occurring at an unnaturally rapid rate as a consequence of human activities. Already we have caused the extinction of 5%�0% of the species in many groups of organisms, and current rates of extinction are estimated to be 100�1,000 times greater than pre-human rates.

The Carolina parakeet used to range from Mexico to New York State. It was the only parakeet to adapt successfully to the harsh winters of eastern North America, but because of the destruction of America's woodlands to create farmland, this species of parakeets home was destroyed. These birds were also shot to protect farmers' crops, for a sport, and for their beautiful feathers, which the ladies liked to wear on their hats. Once one of the parakeets was wounded or killed, the other ones would fly around it instead of deserting it, which made it easier for the hunters to pick them off one by one. Cause of this species extinction? Humans destroyed their habitats for the benefits of themselves and killed them for a sport.

There used to be thousands and thousands of Passenger Pigeons. So much that they were said to be able to uproot a tree when they all landed on it because of the weight of all of them. During the nineteenth century, hundreds of thousand of the birds were sold to the meat markets of New York City. Hunting for sport also affected the number of the species incredibly. There was a competition that the winner had to kill 0,000 passenger pigeons to retrieve his prize. By the 180's the birds were scarce. In 114 the last passenger died in the Cincinnati Zoo. Cause of this species extinction? Humans hunted them for a sport.

The Blaauwbok, or Blue Antelope, was all ready limited in number when they were first discovered. Their habitat was the grassy countryside of Africa. When the grassland changed into bush and forests as the climate got warmer and livestock was introduced into the habitat, the population of the Blaauwbok declined greatly. Then the Dutch came with their firearm hunting and killed off the remaining of the Blaauwboks. Cause of this species extinction? The change in their habitat, the introduction of live stock by humans and then the Dutch shot them and killed them for no apparent reason which finished them off.

The Great Plains Wolf, who ranged from Missouri to the Dakotas and up into Southern Canada, is now extinct. This wolf would follow the prairie bison and feed on the young and sickly but when humans built railways the bison suffered a massive onslaught. They cut down on the food supply for the Great Plains Wolf so they were forced to go after cattle. The farmers then killed them to protect their cattle. Trappers killed them for their pelts and settlers simply killed them because they were scared of them. Cause of this species extinction? Humans cut down on their food supply, killed them to protect themselves or for their pelts and from fear.

The Burch ell's Zebra, or Dauw, used to populate Africa's plains in great numbers. Settlers report seeing groups of thousands. Over hunting, the cultivation land, and competition with farm animals for grazing land during periods of draught caused the population to be wiped out. Cause of this species extinction? Humans over hunted it, cultivated their habitat and they did not have enough food supply.

The Barbary Lion roamed North Africa from Tripoli through Tunisia and Algeria to Morocco. The Romans may have used these lions in their brutal coliseum shows. Ecological change caused by farming is thought to be the major cause of their extinction. Cattle destroyed forests and the food supplies of deer and the gazelle, which was what the lion ate to survive. In Algeria, Turks encouraged the killing of lions by giving lots of money for their skins. Cause of this species extinction? The ecological change in their habitats, the destruction of their food supplies, and the hunting for their skins.

The Falkland dog was thought to have descended from an abandoned prehistoric domestic dog. It survived for thousands of years on a diet of seabirds and seal pups. The dogs were extremely friendly and trusting. Traders wanted the dogs fur so they would lure the sweet dogs in with a piece of meat in one hand but in the other hand they would have knife so when the dog came up to get the meat, they would stab it to death. The farmers began to believe the dogs were killing their sheep off so they organized an intensive poisoning campaign. Cause of this species extinction? Humans killed them for their skin and then poisoned them.

The Martinique Giant Rice Rat was very plentiful. The islanders loved to eat this delicate meat. They hunted them heavily but this was not the cause of its extinction. In 10 the volcano Mount Pelee erupted and a cloud of poisonous gas killed 0,000 islanders but it also wiped out the species of the Martinique Giant Rice Rat.

It is too late to save the Martinique Giant-Rice Rat, the Falkland dog, the Barbary Lion, the Burch ell's Zebra, the Great Plains Wolf, the Blaauwbok, Passenger Pigeons, the Carolina parakeet and the other thousands of species. There are thousands more species that we can save. There are almost as many endangered or threatened species as there are extinct ones.

The California condor is the largest flying bird in North America. The cultivation of California led to the species' rapid decline. Farmers would set out poisoned carcasses to kill coyotes and squirrels and the California Condors would come and eat the carcass and it would kill them. Running into electrical wires also killed them and humans hunting them almost brought them to the verge of extinction. Between 185 and 187, biologists captured the last nine California Condors in the wilderness and mated them. In 1 the biologists tried to return the birds to the wilderness because the population of the birds had grown. By 17 the population of the birds had increased to 1, which of them live in the wilderness.

The American Bald Eagle was once plentiful near lakes and coasts in North America, but because hunters prized the bird's white head and 7 foot wingspan this species was near extinction. Habitat loss, the cutting of nesting trees, poisoning, and electrocution by high wires also threatened the eagles' survival. The United States government began protecting it in 140 but the pesticide DDT almost killed the species off completely by weakening the linings on eagles' eggshells. DDT was banned in 17, and since the 180's the population has increased. Illegal hunting remains the most fatal threat to American Bald Eagles.

Many of the primates' species are used as laboratory animals. The Cotton-Topped Tamarin or the squirrel monkey are two types of the primate specie that is used for laboratory experiments. At the rate we are going with using these species as laboratory animals, they will become extinct soon. Scientists need to find a substitute for these animals. Anything they use will become extinct soon if they keep using it to conduct experiments but if they used a variety of animals or plants, it would slow down the rate at which these primates are becoming extinct.

There are five species of the rhinoceros. There is the African white, Indian, African black, Javan, and the Sumatran. There are many legends about these animals. People believe that chewing rhinoceros meat is said to cure dysentery; the umbilical stump is boiled to make a soup that heals rheumatism and arthritis; a rhinoceros horn is valued throughout Asia as an aphrodisiac, a poison detector and a remedy for the stomach ailments and the flu. Because of all these legends the rhinoceros is on high demand in the market. Hunters capture and kill the rhinoceros just for their horn. This illegal poaching has caused the species to go down drastically in number. There are barely two thousand animals left in the wild. The rhinoceros is also threatened by habitat fragmentation, which is when the contiguous habitats can be fragmented resulting in a new landscape that differs substantially in a number of ways from the old landscape.

The Javanese Wattled Lapwing once lived in Sumatra, Java and possibly even in Timor. As the population of human increased, lowlands were cultivated, and the birds' homes were destroyed. This bird is characterized as endangered although the last sighting of this bird was in East Java in 1 and it is doubtful that this species has survived.

The New Zealand wren family consists of four species, which are all endangered or extinct. None of the species of this bird can fly. They spend their day hopping about between bushes and shrubs. Since they cannot fly, this makes them easy for prey by the predators. The bush wren is still thought to survive in the rugged territory of Fiord land.

The Sumatran Hare was so shy that the local people of its homeland, West Sumatra, did not even know that they existed. Dutch settlers caught these hares all the time, though, on their coffee plantations. The last specimen was caught in December 1. These animals were thought to be extinct until there were picture of some taken in 18. This species is thought to still survive but their future looks bleak because of the rate of deforestation of their habitat.

Solenodons were always rare and presumed extinct until the twentieth century when two species were discovered. They are now protected in forest reserves, but they are still threatened by dogs, cats, and mongooses. They have a low birthrate, which makes the population particularly vulnerable.

The Green Sea Turtle was common in shallow areas of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Sea Turtles can be kept alive for weeks and not need a refrigerator and still provide good fresh meat. Hunter wanted turtle oil to make cosmetics and the turtle skin for the leather trade. The female turtles would be flipped up side down and slaughtered before they could lay their eggs, so this affected the population because the turtles could not lay eggs in order to increase the population. There are now conservational efforts to protect the Green Sea Turtle such as there is a strict control of the trade in sea turtle products, the protection of nesting beaches and the establishment on hatcheries.

Birdwing Butterflies are highly prized by collectors and many of these species can only be seen in museums and collector's cabinets. The law protects these butterflies but the destruction on the rain forest, which is their home, is still a threat to them.

Habitat destruction continues to threaten the species of the Aye-Aye. In some areas the aye-aye is an omen of disaster and they will kill it on sight. Some even think that if an aye-aye points its long, bony middle finger at someone, then that person will die a swift, unpleasant death.

The Coquerel's Sifaka is threatened by forest destruction and is now restricted almost entirely to Ankarafantsike and Bora nature reserves in northwestern Madagascar.

All these animals can be prevented from becoming extinct but it is all up to us humans. As you can see we are the primary reason for most of these species extinction or endangerment. If we stop destroying their homes, making it a competition of whom can kill the most of what animals, and just stop polluting our earth. It's not just the animals' earth; it is our earth too. If we keep polluting it and killing off all the animals in it, then pretty soon we are going to end up killing off ourselves. We need the animals. We need them for food, to help us with labor, companionship and to keep the biodiversity on the earth.

There are all ready plenty of reservation parks that are trying to help preserve and save our endangered animals. These reservation parks protect the animals. They do not allow for hunters to hunt them, and they provide for them. They have food to eat, shelter, and everything that they would normally have in their own habitat that humans are taking away from them. By staying in these parks, they are able to increase their population.

Everybody can help with saving our endangered animals. We can stop destroying their homes, and polluting our earth. If anything we can help by giving donations to parks that are trying to preserve and save the endangered animals. You can either give money or volunteer your time and help the extinction of species because one day, it might be us humans becoming extinct. That is what will happen if we do not keep other species from becoming extinct. We will eventually, but there is no need to speed the progress up.

Please note that this sample paper on Extinction of our species is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Extinction of our species, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Extinction of our species will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Don't Fire Them

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Don't Fire Them. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Don't Fire Them paper right on time.

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"Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up"

By Frank Pacetta,

With Roger GittensCheap custom writing service can write essays on Don't Fire Them

A book review

By

John Ashby

Course MC 00

"Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up"

Book Overview

Frank Pacetta is an exceptional leader and motivator; in the book he is able to relay countless avenues to motivate employees and to show how a leader/manager can to handle multiple functions throughout a diverse organization. I have decided to break the book out into three areas that I believe will present impact points to show how Frank's leadership style could be implemented in almost any organization.

I. Motivation and Style

a. Application of "impact" leadership

b. Setting the goal and maintaining the vision

c. Getting the right people in the right job.

II. Using the Win/Win mentality with employees and customers

a. Accountability in the work place, goal maker-back breaker

b. Pressing the customer to the sale, and they like it.

c. How to get everyone home happy

III. Developing your leadership styles from mentors, mistakes and motivation

a. Mentorship, if you don't have it get it

b. Mistakes won't kill you (if you don't repeat them)

c. Knowing when to move on

IV. Conclusion

"Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up"

Book Overview

Frank Pacetta works hard and intelligently; he researches extensively to ensure that he makes sound decisions. By being aware of the resources around him, he was able to take the Cleveland Xerox office to the top of the sales peak within the company. He used a variety of quality management tools to reach his goals and motivated his people through reward and appreciation of their results. He did this by establishing himself as a salesman first and leader-manager second. His first steps were impact changes that he gave directly to the sales force of what his expectations were and the consequences of not following through with not complying with company standards. His emphasis on expectations applied not only to the sales force but all employees of his district to include him as well. Also, he established rewards for meeting and exceeding goals, give the employees a full spectrum of what was to come. As a leader of an organization you have to have a distinct understanding of the responsibilities you are about to under take. Having a grasp on the company's strengths and weaknesses allows you to come with a positive impact plan to make changes, set standards, and establish goals.

First and foremost is the establishment of open communication; a lack of communication either up or down the chain of command is vital for success of the organization. Second clearly set the standard, and install a comprehensive system of checks and balances to insure goals are being met. "Expect and inspect", don't be afraid to ask questions, lots of questions. If asking questions makes an employee wiggle than perhaps it's time to take a closer look at their accounts to see if they are meeting the standard. Make sure your people know the consequences of not meeting the standards. He was not afraid to get down in the weeds with his employees and get dirty; in fact his leadership style requires it. Spending time with sales reps is one way he maintained that vision through his term at Cleveland.

Sometimes the problems within the company may just boil down to having the right people in the right place at the right time. By observing and participating in sales meetings and seeing the attitudes of how meetings went you can determine if the relationship between the sales representative and client are working as they should. Making changes and having managers that know their work force both professionally and personally, it is easier to determine when something is wrong with the employee. Another way to ensure customers are delighted with the way their account is being handled is to call and ask, "How are we doing?" getting the skinny from the customer can open up your eyes as a manager and open doors of opportunity. Getting the right people in the right job takes the manager to the next level of knowing his people and their accounts. If a problem starts to arise you should be aware early enough to shut it down and fix it. Taking care of the employees develops a level of trust in the company, when you don't feel like just another number in the masses, it's much easier to put forth the extra effort to reach or exceed the established goals. As a manager if you aggressively pursue having your work force compatible to your clientele, success for the organization is inevitable.

Using the "Win/Win" mentality with employees and customers gets everyone on the road to success. The sales force feels the success and wants more, the customer feels appreciated and taken care of, not "just another account". To get to this level within the company the application of accountability comes into play in the most significant way; Pacetta set the standards of four calls per day and establishing 0, 60, and 0 day projection lists. Establishing this standard for the sales force kept them on top of their accounts and made them dig for new prospects. If a sales representative did not turn in their projections they better have a valid reason why, this part of the compliance with standards was held to keep the sales force at a high-impact level. The customers' intent is to gain a product that will assist them in making more money. It's that simple our job is to provide them with a total product; sales, service and a product that meets both their short and long term needs. By maintaining a constant communication with the customer the sales force can project the needs of the customer by asking them where they see their company in future, knowing your customer goals you can establish the sales pattern that meets their needs. They don't like being told what to buy, and when to buy it, however the presentation of you need this to meet your company goals is an approach to use to show that our product is there for you now and in the future. Once the proposal is completed it is up to you the sales rep to push for the sale, all bets are off until they sign on the dotted line in agreement. When it's all said and done the whole team should be recognized as being successful, an "atta boy" goes a long way in keeping the sales force motivated to go for the next sale.

Developing your leadership styles from mentors, mistakes and motivation; it can be a hard road if you don't learn from your mentors and mistakes. Mentors are a vital part of any organization experience is past down the line from leader to follower if no mentorship occurs in the organization will eventually fall apart. Through continued involvement, the leader offers support, guidance, and assistance as the younger person goes through a difficult period, faces new challenges, or works to correct earlier problems. As a leader you should always be on the look out for who is going to replace you, and guide them through the mistakes and lessons of leadership. If you have mentors to make sure you don't repeat you mistakes or you take them to heart the road will smooth out for you. Making mistakes is just apart of the continuous process of life, we take our mistakes and learn from them and try to never repeat them. One important aspect of mistakes is making sure your co-workers are aware of the problem and how to avoid it themselves. It is important to cross-feed to other team members the experiences we have gone through to maintain a preventive state of mind. The fewer mistakes we make as a team the better the continuity and functionality of the organization.

Knowing when to move on, there are tale-tale signs that it's time to press on to another challenge. When leadership starts to wane and extreme effort is required just to "pay the rent" it's a sure sign that it's time for a leadership change. As a leader you should recognized these signs, if you don't someone else will and it can be a much easier decision to move on if it comes from within yourself that you have accomplished the things you wanted, rather than being told it's time to go from the regional manager.

This book is extremely difficult to summarize as the leadership and management skills are exemplified by Frank Pacetta, he established a blazing pace for his district and maintained it through his entire tenure, by setting the standard applying discipline and incentives for all to follow and attain. His ability to get down in the weeds to make sure his team met the goals established an exceptional leadership style for he peers and subordinates to follow and learn from, his impact was just not on the Cleveland district but the Xerox Corp. This book will stay with me for some time to come because I feel that the references within will have a lasting impact on my leadership and mentorship skills.

"Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up"

By Frank Pacetta,

With Roger Gittens

A book review

By

John Ashby

Course MC 00

"Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up"

Book Overview

Frank Pacetta is an exceptional leader and motivator; in the book he is able to relay countless avenues to motivate employees and to show how a leader/manager can to handle multiple functions throughout a diverse organization. I have decided to break the book out into three areas that I believe will present impact points to show how Frank's leadership style could be implemented in almost any organization.

I. Motivation and Style

a. Application of "impact" leadership

b. Setting the goal and maintaining the vision

c. Getting the right people in the right job.

II. Using the Win/Win mentality with employees and customers

a. Accountability in the work place, goal maker-back breaker

b. Pressing the customer to the sale, and they like it.

c. How to get everyone home happy

III. Developing your leadership styles from mentors, mistakes and motivation

a. Mentorship, if you don't have it get it

b. Mistakes won't kill you (if you don't repeat them)

c. Knowing when to move on

IV. Conclusion

"Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up"

Book Overview

Frank Pacetta works hard and intelligently; he researches extensively to ensure that he makes sound decisions. By being aware of the resources around him, he was able to take the Cleveland Xerox office to the top of the sales peak within the company. He used a variety of quality management tools to reach his goals and motivated his people through reward and appreciation of their results. He did this by establishing himself as a salesman first and leader-manager second. His first steps were impact changes that he gave directly to the sales force of what his expectations were and the consequences of not following through with not complying with company standards. His emphasis on expectations applied not only to the sales force but all employees of his district to include him as well. Also, he established rewards for meeting and exceeding goals, give the employees a full spectrum of what was to come. As a leader of an organization you have to have a distinct understanding of the responsibilities you are about to under take. Having a grasp on the company's strengths and weaknesses allows you to come with a positive impact plan to make changes, set standards, and establish goals.

First and foremost is the establishment of open communication; a lack of communication either up or down the chain of command is vital for success of the organization. Second clearly set the standard, and install a comprehensive system of checks and balances to insure goals are being met. "Expect and inspect", don't be afraid to ask questions, lots of questions. If asking questions makes an employee wiggle than perhaps it's time to take a closer look at their accounts to see if they are meeting the standard. Make sure your people know the consequences of not meeting the standards. He was not afraid to get down in the weeds with his employees and get dirty; in fact his leadership style requires it. Spending time with sales reps is one way he maintained that vision through his term at Cleveland.

Sometimes the problems within the company may just boil down to having the right people in the right place at the right time. By observing and participating in sales meetings and seeing the attitudes of how meetings went you can determine if the relationship between the sales representative and client are working as they should. Making changes and having managers that know their work force both professionally and personally, it is easier to determine when something is wrong with the employee. Another way to ensure customers are delighted with the way their account is being handled is to call and ask, "How are we doing?" getting the skinny from the customer can open up your eyes as a manager and open doors of opportunity. Getting the right people in the right job takes the manager to the next level of knowing his people and their accounts. If a problem starts to arise you should be aware early enough to shut it down and fix it. Taking care of the employees develops a level of trust in the company, when you don't feel like just another number in the masses, it's much easier to put forth the extra effort to reach or exceed the established goals. As a manager if you aggressively pursue having your work force compatible to your clientele, success for the organization is inevitable.

Using the "Win/Win" mentality with employees and customers gets everyone on the road to success. The sales force feels the success and wants more, the customer feels appreciated and taken care of, not "just another account". To get to this level within the company the application of accountability comes into play in the most significant way; Pacetta set the standards of four calls per day and establishing 0, 60, and 0 day projection lists. Establishing this standard for the sales force kept them on top of their accounts and made them dig for new prospects. If a sales representative did not turn in their projections they better have a valid reason why, this part of the compliance with standards was held to keep the sales force at a high-impact level. The customers' intent is to gain a product that will assist them in making more money. It's that simple our job is to provide them with a total product; sales, service and a product that meets both their short and long term needs. By maintaining a constant communication with the customer the sales force can project the needs of the customer by asking them where they see their company in future, knowing your customer goals you can establish the sales pattern that meets their needs. They don't like being told what to buy, and when to buy it, however the presentation of you need this to meet your company goals is an approach to use to show that our product is there for you now and in the future. Once the proposal is completed it is up to you the sales rep to push for the sale, all bets are off until they sign on the dotted line in agreement. When it's all said and done the whole team should be recognized as being successful, an "atta boy" goes a long way in keeping the sales force motivated to go for the next sale.

Developing your leadership styles from mentors, mistakes and motivation; it can be a hard road if you don't learn from your mentors and mistakes. Mentors are a vital part of any organization experience is past down the line from leader to follower if no mentorship occurs in the organization will eventually fall apart. Through continued involvement, the leader offers support, guidance, and assistance as the younger person goes through a difficult period, faces new challenges, or works to correct earlier problems. As a leader you should always be on the look out for who is going to replace you, and guide them through the mistakes and lessons of leadership. If you have mentors to make sure you don't repeat you mistakes or you take them to heart the road will smooth out for you. Making mistakes is just apart of the continuous process of life, we take our mistakes and learn from them and try to never repeat them. One important aspect of mistakes is making sure your co-workers are aware of the problem and how to avoid it themselves. It is important to cross-feed to other team members the experiences we have gone through to maintain a preventive state of mind. The fewer mistakes we make as a team the better the continuity and functionality of the organization.

Knowing when to move on, there are tale-tale signs that it's time to press on to another challenge. When leadership starts to wane and extreme effort is required just to "pay the rent" it's a sure sign that it's time for a leadership change. As a leader you should recognized these signs, if you don't someone else will and it can be a much easier decision to move on if it comes from within yourself that you have accomplished the things you wanted, rather than being told it's time to go from the regional manager.

This book is extremely difficult to summarize as the leadership and management skills are exemplified by Frank Pacetta, he established a blazing pace for his district and maintained it through his entire tenure, by setting the standard applying discipline and incentives for all to follow and attain. His ability to get down in the weeds to make sure his team met the goals established an exceptional leadership style for he peers and subordinates to follow and learn from, his impact was just not on the Cleveland district but the Xerox Corp. This book will stay with me for some time to come because I feel that the references within will have a lasting impact on my leadership and mentorship skills.

Please note that this sample paper on Don't Fire Them is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Don't Fire Them, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Don't Fire Them will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from cheap essay writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Discovering Western America

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The reason that we have the western part of U.S. was because of the successful planed

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mentioned the need for knowing more about the lands west of the Mississippi River." (Field

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Enterprises Educational Corporation1). Once the Congress accepted his proposal he sent a

letter to his private secretary asking him to lead this expedition and he choose William Clark to

lead with him "To lead the exploratory expedition, Jefferson chose Captain Meriwether Lewis ,

his private secretary. To help Lewis, he selected William Clark, ...and a close friend of Lewis."

(Field Enterprises Educational Corporation 1). Although Lewis and Clark both had men with

them to help them on this expedition the journey was not so easy to accomplish.

This expedition had many purposes. In the letter that Thomas Jefferson send to Lewis it

explained their mission

The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it, as, by its course and communication with the waters for the pacific Ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregan, Colorado, or any other river, may offer the most direct and practible water-communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce. (Letter from

President Thomas Jefferson ).

This is just one part of their mission they also had to find out the kind of people that lived near

the Missouri River "Their language, traditions, monuments...food, clothing, and domestic

accommodations...Moral and physical circumstances which distinguish them from the

tribes...Peculiarities in their laws, customs, and dispositions"(Letter from President Thomas

Jefferson ). Lewis and Clark also had to report any supplies that might be useful or unknown by

the United States

The soil and face of the country, its growth and vegetable productions, especially those not of the United States...animals of the country generally...remains and accounts of any which may be deemed rare...mineral productions of every kind, but more particularly metals, lime-stone, pit-coal, and saltpeter; salines and mineral waters, noting the temperature of the last, and such circumstances as may indicate their character (Letter from President Thomas Jefferson ).

Lewis had a fascination with plants mostly because his mother was a practicing herbalist. He

also relied on the plants. Since he was in charge of the health of the men he and Sacagawea were

always looking out for plants that might be useful for medical aid or as a food.

Lewis was entrusted with caring for the health of the men. He and Sacagawea were always alert for plants with medicine value. They were also constantly on the look out for those plants they could use for food. For future reference, Lewis described native plants on which the Indians and members of the expedition relied for food and medicine. He knew such information would aid future travelers to the region (The Discovery of Plants by Lewis and Clark1).

Lewis and Clark found shrubs, wild onions, Bitterroot and flax "Lewis and Clark discovered an

abundance of a shrub called golden current...Lewis collected blossoming Bitterroot

specimen...Wild onions were discovered in the Three Forks area...Lewis also discovered flax in

this area (The Discovery of Plants by Lewis and Clark 1).

Sacagawea was a slave that had been sold to a French trapper, Toussaint Charbonneau.

She originally came from the Shoshone a tribe from the Rocky Mountains. She was kidnaped

by the Hadasta when she was 1 yrs old "When she was 1 years old, she had been kidnaped and

taken as a slave. Her captors were Hidatsa....then sold her to Toussaint Charbonneau"

(Sacagawea 1). Lewis and Clark met her in Mandan, where they had built Fort Mandan, when

Charbonneau looked for them and offered to help on the expedition "At Fort Mandan ,

Charbonneau sought out the party and offered his services as an interperter...Lewis and Clark had

contracted with Charbonneau as an interpreter and Sacagawea had given birth to a

son...Charbonneau , Sacagawea and little Jean Baptiste joined the expedition"(Sacagawea 1).

Sacagawea became an essential part of the expedition. She was the one who could speak

Shoshone and had knowledge of the native plants and the fact that she was a women and had a

child gave them security

Sacagawea became an invaluable member of the expedition. Her courage and knowledge of native plants, languages, and terrain all contributed to the success of the expedition. She served as an interpreter, and was the only person who could speak Shoshone. Sacagawea also offered the party a measure of protection . Since women and infants were never included in war parties (Sacagawea 1).

Sacagawea helped Lewis and Clark during the expedition once the boat that they were traveling

on almost tipped over she stayed in the boat and saved all of the important papers and

instruments "Her husband couldn't swim, and as other members of the party scrambled to paddle

the waterlogged boat to shore, she remained calm and stayed with the boat, reaching out into the

heavy waves to retrieve nearly all of the Corps' important papers and instruments" (Sacagawea

1). When Lewis and Clark reached the Shoshones' in the Rocky Mountains, there they found out

that Sacagawea's brother was the chief of the Shoshones' "In an amazing twist of fate, the tribe's

chief, Cameahwait, was none other than Sacagawea's brother" (Sacagawea 1). This ensured

Lewis and Clark horses and a person to guide them through the mountains "Were it not for

Sacagawea and Cameahwait, the party likely would not be outfitted [for the rest of the

expedition]. Lewis and Clark were able to secure many horses, and even an experienced guide to

take them across the mountains" (Sacagawea 1).

During the expedition Lewis and Clark encountered many different Indian tribes. One of

the tribes that they met was the Sioux. To be able to speak to them Lewis and Clark would send

two of their men to tell them about it first "We sent sergeant Pryor and young Mr. Dorion with

some tobacco, corn, and a few kettles for them to cook in, with directions to inform the chiefs

that we would speak to them tomorrow" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 1804). Since

they had to take notes about all of the tribes that they encountered Sergeant Pryor informed them

all they saw in the Sioux camp

Sergeant Pryor informs me that when they came near the Indian camp, they were met... buffalo robe to carry them. Mr. Dorion informed they were not the owners of the boats and did not wish to be carried. The Sioux's camps are handsome-of a conic form, covered all around. An open part in the center for the fire, with buffalo robes. Each lodge has a place for cooking detached. The lodges contained from fifteen persons. A fat dog was presented as a mark of their great respect to the party, of which they partook heartily, and thought it good and well flavored (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 1804).

In order to meet the chiefs and make a good start with them Lewis and Clark would prepare gifts

for them this way the chiefs would know that they came in peace and did not want to harm them

"After preparing some presents for the chiefs, which we intended to make by giving medals, and

finishing a speech, which we intended to give them" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 0

1804 ). When Lewis and Clark met with the chiefs they did it under a tree "we sent Mr. Dorion

in a pirogue for the chiefs and warriors, to a council under an oak tree, near where we had a flag

flying on a high flagstaff" (the Journal of Lewis & Clark August 0 1804). To show peace they

would all some the pipe of peace "We smoked out of the pipe of peace, and the chiefs retired to a

bower, made of bushes by their young men" (the Journals of Lewis and Clark August 0 1804).

While Lewis and Clark talked to the chiefs they would observe them to make specific reports

about them "The Sioux are a stout, bold-looking people; the young men handsome and well

made. The greater part of them make use of bows and arrows. Some few fuses [rifles] I

observed among them, notwithstanding they live by the bow and arrow" (the Journals of Lewis &

Clark August 0 1804). After the Indians talked amongst themselves over night they met on the

next day this time it was to close the agreement "After the Indians got their breakfast, the chiefs

met and arranged themselves in a row, with elegant pipes of peace all pointing to our seats. We

came forward, and took our seats. The great chief, The Shake Hand, rose, and spoke at some

length, approving what we had said, and promising to pursue the advise" (the Journals of Lewis

& Clark August 1 1804).While they stayed with the Indians they also took notes of what they

did "Last nigh the Indians danced until late in their dances...This nation is divided into twenty

tribes, possessing separate interests. Collectively, they are numerous-say from two to three

thousand men. Their interests are so unconnected that some band are at war with nations with

which other bands are on the most friendly terms" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 1

1804).

While Lewis and Clark were not meeting Indians and taking notes of their acts they

would write about the time they would start walking again and some of the land marks they saw

the rivers they passed or crossed "Set out early...Passed a large island. Opposite this island near

the head, the Ponca River comes into the Missouri from the west. Tins river is about 0 yards

wide" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark September 5 1804 ). Lewis and Clark would keep on

traveling and take notes of everything they saw every animal they found and killed or captured.

"In descending this cupola, discovered a village of small animals that burrow in the

ground...Killed one, and caught one alive, by pouring a great quantity of water in his hole. We

attempted to dig to the beds of one of those animals. After digging 6 feet, found, by running a

pole down, that we were not halfway to his lodge" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark September 7

1804). Lewis and Clark would also make note of the weather that they had "A very cold

morning. Wind S.E. Set out at daylight" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark September 7 1804).

Also, while they were on the expedition they would note all the mountains that they would pass

and how wide and tall they were "We landed after proceeding 51/ miles, near the foot of a

round mountain, which I saw yesterday, resembling a dome. Captain Lewis and myself walked

up to the top, which forms a cone and is about 70 feet higher than the high lands around it. The

base is about 00 feet" (the Journals of Lewis and Clark September 1804). When they would

find an animal that they did not recognize they would give a full description of it. If the

animal had any characteristics of another animal they would compare them "Those animals are

about the size of a small squirrel, shorter [or longer] and thicker, the head much resembling a

squirrel in every respect, except the ears, which they shake, and whistle when alarmed . The

toenails long. They have fine fur and the longer hair is gray" (the Journal of Lewis & Clark

September 7 1804). Lewis and Clark had many of these kinds of reports.

Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to make a better western empire for France. In order to get

what he wanted he would have to get Louisiana back from Spain "Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte

had a vision of a renewed western empire for France, and his schemes included the rapture of

Louisiana from Spain" (The Cabildo 1). Recovering Louisiana from Spain would give him the

opportunity to put a stop to the United States growth and he would supply goods to the French

colonies "Control over this vast territory would halt the westward expansion of the young United

States and would supply French colonies in the West Indies with the goods they needed (The

Cabildo1). Napoleon signed the Treaty of Ildefonso in secret withe Spain, to get Louisiana back "

In 1800, Napoleon signed the secret Treaty of Ildefonso withe Spain" (The Cabildo 1). By

signing this treaty he agreed to give the son-in-law of Spain's king a kingdom "an agreement that

stipulated that France would provide Spain with a kingdom for the son-in-law of Spain's king if

Spain would return Louisiana to France" (The Cabildo 1). All of Napoleon's plans were ruined

when the slaves beat the French resulting for them not to get to Louisiana "Napoleon's plan

collapsed when the twelve-year revolt of slaves and free blacks in the French colony of Saint-

Domingue succeeded, forcing the French troops to return defeated to France and preventing them

from reaching their ultimate destination�Louisiana�and from being able to defeat it" (The

Cabildo 1).

The United State wanted the Louisiana because it was at the mouth of the Mississippi

River and they needed to have free will over how to use the river that way they could use it as

transportation for goods "The United States wanted to acquire the area near New Orleans

primarily to guarantee its right to sail vessels down the Mississippi River through Spanish

territory and unload goods at New Orleans for shipment to the Atlantic coast and Europe.

Moreover, the United States wanted to posses the entire territory of Louisiana" (The Cabildo 1).

When the United States found out about the trading of Louisiana between France and Spain

Robert Levingston was sent to France to try to buy New Orleans from Napoleon "The United

States discovered the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France and sent Robert Livingston to

France 1801 to try to purchase New Orleans" (The Cabildo 1). When Napoleon did not want to

sell the New Orleans Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to make an agreement but before he

could get to France Napoleon offered the United States the whole Louisiana "Napoleon initially

refused, leading President Thomas Jefferson to send James Monroe to secure the deal. However,

in April 180, just days before Monroe was to arrive in Paris, Napoleon offered to sell the United

States not only New Orleans but all of Louisiana (The Cabildo 1). All of the negotiations were

done with James Monroe, Levingston and Barbe-Marbois, the price of Louisiana would be $15

million in total "Napoleon's minister of the treasury, the Marquis de Barbe-Marbois , dealt with

Livingston and Monroe over terms of the Louisiana Purchase. The United States purchased

Louisiana for $11,50,000 and assumed claims of its own citizens against France up to

$,750,000, for a total purchase price of $15 million" (The Cabildo 1). William Charles Cole

Claiborne was elected by Thomas Jefferson to govern the lower part of Louisiana and General

James Wikinson backed Claiborne withe the power of the military "Thomas Jefferson selected

William Charles Cole Claiborne, former governor of the Mississippi territory and highest-

ranking civilian official in the vicinity, to govern lower Louisiana . Backing Claiborne with

military power was General James Wikinson" (The Cabildo ). The United States did not get

Louisiana at once first they got the lower part then they got the rest later on "On December 0.

180, again in The United States took formal possession of the full territory of Louisiana,

although its boundaries were vaguely defined in St. Louis three months later, France handed over

the rights to upper Louisiana" (The Cabildo ).Thomas Jefferson wanted to be remembered for

three accomplishments during his public life he was the third president of the United States he

was governor of Virginia and was the secretary of state under George Washington as vice-

president. "Thomas Jefferson wished to be remembered for three achievements in his public life.

He had served as governor of Virginia, as U.S. minister to France, as secretary of state under

George Washington as vice-president in the administration of John Adams, and as president of

the United States from 1801 to 180 (Thomas Jefferson 1). Even though he wanted people to

remember him for these accomplishments on him tombstone he did not put any of them on it, it

was his will not to "On his tombstone, however, which he designed and for which he wrote the

inscription, there is no mention of these offices. Rather, it reads that Thomas Jefferson was

author "author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statue of Virginia

for the religious freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia" (Thomas Jefferson 1).

If it weren't for the following people and events much of the United States wouldn't have

come into existence Louisiana Purchase, Sacagawea, Jefferson, Lewis, and Clark. Those people

and events are the reason why the western part of the United States exists. Field Enterprises Educational Corporation. The World Book Encyclopedia L. U.S.A.

T 160

Letter from President Thomas Jefferson. AP Online 1August 00

http//www.mt.net/~rojomo/landc.htm

Sacagawea. AP Online 1 August 00

http//montanakids.com/db_engine/presentation.asp?pid=104&sub=The+story+of+sacagawea

The Cabildo. AP Online 1August 00

http//lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cabildo.htm

the Journals of Lewis & Clark. AP Online 1 August 00

http//www.sierraclub.org/lewisandclark/journal/index.asp?date=8/0/1804&source=Clark

The Discovery of Plants by Lewis and Clark . AP Online 0 August 00

http//montanakids.com/db_engine/presentation.asp?pid=17&sub=Plants

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